| Battle of Sankt Michael | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theNapoleonic Wars | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 First French Empire |  Austrian Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Paul Grenier | Franz Jellacic | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 12,000[2] to 15,000[3] | 8,000[3] to 9,000[2] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 670[2] | 6,573[2] | ||||||
In theBattle of Sankt Michael (orSankt Michael-Leoben) on 25 May 1809,Paul Grenier'sFrench corps crushedFranz Jellacic'sAustrian division atSankt Michael in Obersteiermark,Austria. The action occurred after the initial French victories during theWar of the Fifth Coalition, part of theNapoleonic Wars. Sankt Michael is located approximately 140 kilometers southwest ofVienna.
Originally part of theDanube army ofArchduke Charles, Jellacic's division was detached to the south before theBattle of Eckmühl and later ordered to join the army ofArchduke John atGraz. As it retreated southeast toward Graz, Jellacic's division passed across the front ofEugène de Beauharnais' Army of Italy, which was advancing northeast in pursuit of Archduke John. When he learned of Jellacic's presence, Eugène sent Grenier with two divisions to intercept the Austrian column.
Grenier's lead division duly intercepted Jellacic's force and attacked. Though the Austrians were able to hold off the French at first, they were unable to get away. The second French division's arrival secured a clear numerical superiority over Jellacic, who was critically short of cavalry and artillery. Grenier's subsequent French assault broke the Austrian lines and captured thousands of prisoners. When Jellacic joined John it was with only a fraction of his original force.
In the opening encounters of the 1809 war between France and Austria,Emperor Napoleon beatFeldmarschall-LeutnantJohann von Hiller at the battles ofAbensberg andLandshut on 20 and 21 April.[4] The following day, Napoleon defeatedGeneralissimo Archduke Charles at theBattle of Eckmühl, forcing him to retreat throughRegensberg (Ratisbon) to the Danube's north bank with the main army.[5] On the south bank, Hiller fell back to the east with his own VI Armeekorps, Feldmarschall-LeutnantArchduke Louis' V Armeekorps, and Feldmarschall-LeutnantMichael von Kienmayer's II Reserve Armeekorps, pursued byMarshalAndré Masséna.[6]
At the beginning of the 1809 war, Feldmarschall-Leutnant Jellacic's division formed part of VI Armeekorps and consisted of two brigades of line infantry underGenerals-Major Konstantin Ettingshausen and Josef Hoffmeister von Hoffeneck.[7] However, when Bavaria was invaded, Archduke Charles detached Jellacic to advance fromSalzburg and occupyMunich on the extreme south flank.[8] To better perform this mission, Hoffmeister's brigade was exchanged for General-Major Karl Dollmayer von Provenchères' cavalry-infantry brigade from the corps light division.[9] After the Austrian retreat began, Jellacic was ordered to fall back on Salzburg. Accordingly, elements of his command began assembling in Salzburg beginning on 29 April.[2] Believing cavalry was of little use in the mountains, Jellacic sent Provenchères toward Vienna on 1 May with theO'Reilly Chevauxlegers # 3.[10] Hiller fought theBattle of Ebersberg on 3 May, then crossed to the north bank of the Danube on 11 May.[11] On 4 and 5 May, Jellacic fought a successful rearguard action atLueg Pass, 40 km south of Salzburg. In the clash, a few hundred Hungarian regulars andGrenz infantry repulsed a brigade of pursuingBavarians under the overall command of MarshalFrançois Joseph Lefebvre.[12]
In Italy, General of Cavalry Archduke John defeatedViceroy Eugène at theBattle of Sacile on 16 April.[13] Eugène fell back toVerona where he gathered reinforcements until he was superior in numbers to his Austrian opponent. After hearing news that Archduke Charles was in retreat, John withdrew from hisAdige River defenses on 1 May.[14]
On 8 May, Eugène and John fought theBattle of Piave River and the Austrian retreat continued.[15] John split his army, sending Feldmarschall-LeutnantIgnaz Gyulai along a southerly route toLjubljana (Laybach), while taking his attenuated main body northeast toVillach. SendingGeneral of DivisionJacques MacDonald and 20,000 soldiers after Gyulai, Eugène followed John with 25,000 troops.[16] As John's columns slipped away towardKlagenfurt andGraz, Eugene entered Villach on 20 May.[8]
On 15 May, Jellacic held Salzburg with 10,200 troops and 16 artillery pieces of the Northern Division. His force included 2,880 poorly trainedLandwehr and only 60 cavalrymen.[17] After receiving orders from Archduke John to join him at Graz, Jellacic evacuated Salzburg on 19 May. By this time his isolation had become dangerous.[2] Eugène at Villach was only 130 km from Graz, while Jellacic at Salzburg was 200 km distant from Graz.[a]
On the evening of 23 May, Jellacic's column marched intoMautern in Steiermark, 16 km northwest of Sankt Michael on theMur River and 60 km northwest of Archduke John at Graz. At the same time, Eugène's main body reachedJudenburg on the Mur, 33 km southwest of Sankt Michael, with elements only 20 km away. For his part, Archduke John warned Jellacic that Eugene was heading forBruck an der Mur, 40 km north of Graz. The axes of advance for both Eugene and Jellacic intersected at Sankt Michael. At about this time, Eugene became aware of Jellacic's presence and ordered General of Division Grenier to force-march the two nearest divisions, those of Generals of Division Jean Mathieu Seras andPierre François Joseph Durutte, to the northeast and intercept the Austrians.[3] At some point, Jellacic sent away the bulk of theSalzburger Landwehr and most of his artillery, retaining only four cannons.[2]
Jellacic's advance guard arrived at Sankt Michael on the morning of 25 May, and by 9:00 am the bulk of his division had reached a location just to the north. However, Grenier's advance elements soon appeared to the southwest. Jellacic sent his 60 horsemen and General-Major Ignaz Legisfeld's light brigade to hold off the French on a ridge just west of the town. At 10:00 am, Seras attacked Legisfeld's line but his troops were driven back. Seras kept up the pressure and soon the Austrian division commander brought Ettingshausen's brigade of approximately 5,000 soldiers into action. Jellacic anchored his left flank on the Mur and planted his right flank in the hills to the north. Durutte's division arrived in the afternoon, giving Grenier a superiority of about 15,000 to 8,000.[3] Another authority gives the French numerical advantage as 12,000 to 9,000 troops.[2]
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Grenier prepared a two-division assault. He placedGeneral of Brigade Louis Gareau's brigade of Seras in the first line. General of Brigade François Valentin of Durutte's division stood in the second line. Seras' second brigade under General of Brigade Roussel was sent through the hills to envelop Jellacic's right flank and cut the road leading back to Mautern. Durutte's remaining brigade, led by General of BrigadeJoseph Marie, Count Dessaix, was held in reserve by Grenier. The French commander also sent two battalions of the 62nd Line Infantry Regiment along the south bank of the Mur to turn the Austrian left flank.[3]
With only one landwehr and one Grenzer battalion to face Roussel's envelopment, Jellacic withdrew one battalion of theEsterhazy Infantry Regiment # 32 from the center to shore up his right flank. Other troops had to be sent to face the threat from the 62nd Line. At 4:00 pm, Grenier's assault smashed the weakened Austrian center. Roussel also broke through on the flank to cut the road to the north. The Austrian fled in rout to the northeast along the Mur valley, closely pursued by the French. Grenier harried his beaten foes through Leoben, 7 km northeast, and Bruck an der Mur, 20 km northeast. At Bruck, Jellacic's survivors turned south, following the Mur valley to Graz. Only 2,000 of Jellacic's troops reached Graz the next day.[23]
Grenier wrecked the Northern Division. Instead of providing a substantial reinforcement to Archduke John, Jellacic brought in less than one-third of his command. The Austrians suffered 423 dead, 1,137 wounded, 4,963 captured, and 50 missing. French losses numbered 200 killed, 400 wounded, and 70 captured. HistorianDigby Smith blames the disaster on Jellacic remaining in Salzburg too long and his error in sending away most of his cavalry and artillery.[2] Austrian army historianGunther E. Rothenberg calls Jellacic, "a remarkably unlucky and inept general."[24] Archduke John retreated first toKörmend then toGyőr, pursued by Eugène. The main French and Austrian armies fought theBattle of Raab on 14 June.[25]
Media related toBattle of Sankt Michael at Wikimedia Commons| Preceded by Battle of Alcañiz | Napoleonic Wars Battle of Sankt Michael | Succeeded by Battle of Stralsund (1809) |
