| Battle of Ordal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of thePeninsular War | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 First French Empire |  United Kingdom Spain | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Marshal Suchet | Lord William BentinckFrederick Adam (WIA) | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Ordal: 17,000[1] Vilafranca: 1,750 | Ordal: 20,000[1] Vilafranca: 770 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Ordal: 300[1] Vilafranca: 107 | Ordal: 2,000[1] Vilafranca: 134 | ||||||
TheBattle of Ordal on 12 and 13 September 1813 saw aFirst French Empire corps led byMarshalLouis Gabriel Suchet make a night assault on a position held byLieutenant GeneralLord William Bentinck's smaller Anglo-Allied and Spanish advance guard. The Allies, under the tactical direction ofColonelFrederick Adam, were defeated and driven from a strong position at the Ordal defile largely because they failed to post adequate pickets. In an action the next morning atVilafranca del Penedès, the Allied cavalry clashed with the pursuing French horsemen. The actions occurred during thePeninsular War, part of theNapoleonic Wars. Ordal and El Lledoner are located on Highway N-340 betweenMolins de Rei and Vilafranca.
Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Wellington's triumph at theBattle of Vitoria made Suchet's positions inValencia andAragon untenable. Accordingly, the marshal withdrew his soldiers from those two places and concentrated them nearBarcelona. As the French withdrew, they were followed up by Bentinck's army of 28,000 Spanish, British, Germans, and Italians. Suchet resolved to strike at Adam's advance guard near Ordal with 12,000 soldiers whileCharles Mathieu Isidore Decaen's 7,000 men advanced from the northeast. After Adam's defeat, Bentinck abandoned Vilafranca and fell back toTarragona. Soon after, he resigned his command.
Suchet's victory did not salvage the French position inCatalonia. As his troops were steadily siphoned away to defend eastern France, the marshal was forced to retreat to thePyrenees, leaving behind several garrisons. These were picked off one by one until only Barcelona remained in French hands at the end of the conflict.
After theSiege of Valencia ended with a Spanish capitulation on 9 January 1812,[2] the victorious French army was temporarily halted by the illness ofMarshalLouis Gabriel Suchet. The withdrawal of troops for EmperorNapoleon's planned invasion of Russia made additional conquests out of the question.[3] Suchet, suffering from strategic overstretch, remained fairly quiet that year. On 21 July 1812, one of his division commanders, General of DivisionJean Isidore Harispe drubbed General José O'Donnell's Spanish army at theFirst Battle of Castalla. This persuadedThomas Maitland to abandon his amphibious invasion ofCatalonia and land his small Anglo-Allied army at Spanish-controlledAlicante instead. That summer and fall,Arthur Wellesley, Marquess Wellington defeated the French at theBattle of Salamanca, captured Madrid, and was subsequently driven back to Portugal after theSiege of Burgos. During these important events Suchet and Maitland remained mostly inactive.[4]>
After Maitland became ill in September, he was replaced in turn by Generals John Mackenzie,William Henry Clinton, James Campbell, andJohn Murray, 8th Baronet.[5] The last-named general repulsed Suchet's attack at theBattle of Castalla on 13 April 1813, but the overcautious Murray withdrew after his victory.[6] At the prompting of Wellington, Murray mounted a sea-borne attack in June. In theSiege of Tarragona, Murray's timidity caused him to pass up a chance to conquer the weakly defended port. Fearing relief efforts by Suchet and General of DivisionDavid-Maurice-Joseph Mathieu de La Redorte, he ordered a hasty retreat, needlessly abandoning 18 heavy siege cannons. Murray was immediately superseded by Lord Bentinck.[7]
Wellington's decisive victory at theBattle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 made it impossible for Suchet to hold onto the provinces ofValencia andAragon. Severely harassed byFrancisco Espoz y Mina's guerillas, General of Brigade Marie Auguste Paris abandonedSaragossa on 10 July and fled over thePyrenees to France.[8] Suchet evacuated the city ofValencia on 5 July[9] and deliberately pulled back toTarragona, leaving several French garrisons in his wake. Largely untroubled by Bentinck, the French marshal dismantled the fortifications of Tarragona and fell back towardBarcelona.[8]
Suchet paused in his retreat at Vilafranca at the end of July. After staying there about one month, the French withdrew to theLlobregat River. Cautiously, Bentick moved forward to occupy the abandoned territory, reaching Vilafranca on 5 September.[9] At length, the British general linked withFrancisco Copons y Navia so that he controlled 28,000 troops distributed between Tarragona,Vilafranca del Penedès, and Ordal.[8]
Holding 10,500 troops at Vilafranca, Bentinck accompaniedFrederick Adam's 1,500-man Advanced Guard east to the Ordal Cross heights early on 12 September. This position, which blocked a good road, was well known for its defensive strength. The Spanish army built some field works there, which were largely demolished in 1810. Moving southeast fromSant Sadurni d'Anoia, Colonel Torres arrived at the Ordal heights with 2,300 Spanish troops from GeneralPedro Sarsfield's division. A cavalry patrol was sent 5 miles (8 km) east and found no Frenchmen. Before riding back to Vilafranca, Bentinck assured Adam that the position was secure.[9]
Adam's unit consisted of the 2nd battalion of the27th Foot, one rifle company each fromDe Roll's Swiss Regiment and the 4th Line Infantry Battalion of theKing's German Legion, one battalion of theit:Calabrian Free Corps, and four pieces of artillery. Torres commanded theBadajoz, theTiradores de Cadiz, andVolunteers of Aragon Infantry Regiments.[10] Another source substitutes theGrenadiers of Ultonia for theBadajoz and notes that each Spanish unit had only one battalion each.[9]
Adam posted theCalabrian Free Corps on his left flank. Four guns were placed across the highway and supported by the two rifle companies and two companies of the 27th Foot. Torres deployed his men in line to the right of the guns. At the far right, Adam placed the remaining eight companies of the 27th Foot. A group of 150 horsemen waited in the rear;[9] these were from theBrunswickHussar Regiment.[10] As evening came on, Adam had his men sleep in their battle positions. He neglected his local security by not sending out patrols or picketing the Lledoner bridge, which spanned a deep ravine only 0.75 miles (1.21 km) in front of the Ordal heights.[9]
That evening Suchet started west from Molins de Rei with 12,000 troops[11]> in the 2nd Division of Harispe, the 3rd Division of General of DivisionPierre-Joseph Habert, and cavalry. Harispe's division was made up of two battalions each of the 7th, 44th, and 116th Line Infantry Regiments. Habert's division comprised two battalions each of the 14th, 16th, and 117th Line Infantry Regiments. Suchet's 1,750-strong cavalry contingent included four squadrons each of the 4thHussar, 13thCuirassier, andWestphalianChevau-léger Regiments, plus three squadrons of the 24thDragoon Regiment. HistorianDigby Smith listed General of DivisionAndré Joseph Boussart as the cavalry division commander and General of Brigade "Meyers" as his second in command,[10] probably Friedrich Fridolin Meyer von Schauensee.[12] However, another source states that Boussart died one month earlier.[13] Other evidence suggests that General of BrigadeJacques-Antoine-Adrien Delort led Suchet's cavalry at this time.[13] Gates specifies that Jacques-Antoine-Adrien Delort fought at Castalla in 1812. Mullié mistakenly puts the biography of Jacques-Antoine-Adrien Delort under Marie-Joseph-Raymond Delort. Confusingly, both were promoted to General of Brigade in 1811 and died in 1846.[14]
A second French column under General of DivisionCharles Mathieu Isidore Decaen that numbered 7,000 men started fromMartorell and marched southwest. Like Suchet's column, its goal was to attack Bentinck's force at Vilafranca. The sources do not give the composition of Decaen's force.[15]
Suchet left Molins de Rei in the early evening. Marching rapidly, his troops arrived in front of the Ordal position at 11:00 PM. To his amazement, he found that the Allies failed to post any pickets. Suchet hustled his troops across the unguarded bridge and moved them uphill toward the drowsy Allies. As the French troops moved forward, telltale noises aroused the interest of a Spanish cavalry patrol, which trotted forward to see what was happening. These horsemen were greeted by a blast of musketry, which awakened Adam's men.[15] At the front of Harispe's division,General of Brigade Jean Mesclop led the 7th Line to the attack. Halfway up the hill, the 7th Line bumped into an entrenchment held by four Spanish infantry companies. The defenders fell back to a second field work higher up the hillside. After being joined by more Spaniards, these soldiers mounted a counterattack, which briefly pushed back the 7th Line.[9]
Joined by the 44th Line, the 7th Line attacked again and rolled over the Spanish redoubt, killing many of its defenders. Suchet fed troops into the fight, sending Habert's division to the left and placing Harispe's second brigade in support of Mesclop. As the French attack developed, it spread farther and farther to the left to put pressure on the Allied right flank.Thomas Robert Bugeaud, then only a captain in the 116th Line, led his troops across the ravine on a narrow path just to the south of the bridge. This battalion arrived in front of the main body of the 27th Foot. Early in the action, Adam was wounded and handed over command to Colonel Reeves who was later wounded as well. Meanwhile, the Spanish fought well under their commanders, including Colonel Antony Bray of theTiradores de Cadiz and the Grenadiers under Rafael Larruda. However, the weight of the French attack finally flanked and broke the Anglo-Spanish right. As the allied soldiers fled, Suchet launched Delort in pursuit with the 4th Hussars. The Brunswick Hussars momentarily checked the pursuit, but the 4th Hussars managed to overrun and capture all four British guns which had been withdrawn before the end of the fight. Altogether the 4th Hussars rounded up nearly 500 prisoners.[9]
After losing very few men in the action, the Calabrians under Colonel Carey retreated to the northwest. During the night, they ran into the head of Decaen's column and had to quickly reverse course to the south. After passing behind Suchet's advancing column, Carey's men reached the coast where they were taken off by Allied shipping, having lost 51 men. Torres' troops and about 150 men of the 27th Foot made off in the direction of Sant Sadurni and, from there, reached Vilafranca without incident.[9]
Spanish casualties numbered 87 killed, 239 wounded, and 132 missing. Adam's brigade suffered 75 killed, 109 wounded, and 333 missing. Altogether, the Allies lost 975 men at Ordal. French losses are estimated at 300.[10] Another authority states that the French lost 270 men and that the 27th Foot alone suffered 360 casualties.[15] A third source reported far heavier French losses, 171 killed and 600 to 700 wounded.[9]
After hearing the news of Ordal and finding that Decaen was bearing down on him from the northeast, Bentinck evacuated Vilafranca. On the opposite side of town, he personally deployed his cavalry as a rear guard.[9] His 770 troopers included two squadrons each of the20th Light Dragoons, Brunswick Hussars, and Sicilian Cavalry Regiments, plus one troop of the Foreign Hussar Regiment. Anglo-Allied losses were 25 killed, 69 wounded, and 40 missing for a total of 134. French casualties numbered 7 officers and 100 men out of 1,750 sabers in four regiments. With this action, Suchet's pursuit ended.[10]
After the battle, Bentinck admitted his defeat in a dispatch to Wellington. He praised the bravery of his British and Spanish soldiers. Then he turned over command to Lieutenant GeneralWilliam Henry Clinton and sailed back toSicily. After the war, Torres and Bray were decorated for bravery in action.[9]
By late 1813, Suchet's forces in Catalonia numbered 46,000 men. His field force included General of DivisionLouis François Félix Musnier's 3,561-man 1st Division, General of BrigadeClaude Marie Joseph de Valdotte Pannetier's 3,073-strong 2nd Division, Mathieu's 2,373-man 3rd Division, Habert's 3,975-strong 4th Division, General of DivisionJean Maximilien Lamarque's 4,205-man 5th Division, 2,501 cavalry, and 3,000 gunners and others. The French had 9,493 troops in garrisons atTortosa,Lleida, andSagunto, 1,605 atGerona, 1,742 atFigueras, 5,844 at Barcelona, and 4,918 at smaller fortresses.[16]
The new commander, Clinton declined to tangle with the wily Suchet. With no action forthcoming, the Anglo-Allied army in eastern Spain was broken up and sent to reinforce Sicily or Wellington's army. Meanwhile, Suchet was forced to disband his German units as their states abandoned the French alliance. After Napoleon ordered many of his troops away to defend eastern France, Suchet had only 17,000 men left in his field army. He evacuated most of Catalonia except for Barcelona and Figueras. By forging Suchet's signature, a rogue staff officer namedJuan Van Halen was able to secure the surrender of 1,900 troops and the fortresses of Lleida,Mequinenza, andMonzón. Only General of BrigadeLouis Benoît Robert at Tortosa was not fooled by the trick.[17]
Eventually, Suchet was compelled to fall back to thePyrenees.[17] By April 1814, his army counted only 16,110 troops. Of these, Lamarque's division had 8,491 men in 11 battalions, Mesclop's brigade numbered 3,990 soldiers in seven battalions, the cavalry included 1,449 troopers in seven squadrons, and the artillery had 2,180 artillerists and others to man 24 guns.[16] By the end, the fortified places had all fallen to the Anglo-Spanish except at Barcelona where Habert maintained a fanatical resistance. Weeks after Napoleon abdicated, Habert was finally persuaded to surrender and the last vestige of French occupation finally flickered out.[17]
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