Battle of Orašje
Part of theBosnian War
Orašje Orašje on the map of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Date 5 May – 10 June 1995 Location NorthernBosnia and Herzegovina Result Croat victory No territorial changes Herzeg-Bosnia retains Orašje
Belligerents
Republika Srpska	Herzeg-Bosnia  Croatia
Commanders and leaders
Dragoslav Đurkić Momir Talić Ratko Mladić	Đuro Matuzović
Units involved
Army of Republika Srpska	Croatian Defence Council Police ofHerzeg-Bosnia Croatian Army
Strength
8,000 soldiers	6,000 soldiers

TheBattle of Orašje was fought during theBosnian War, from 5 May to 10 June 1995, between theBosnian SerbArmy of Republika Srpska (Vojska Republike Srpske – VRS) and theBosnian CroatCroatian Defence Council (Hrvatsko vijeće obrane – HVO) for control of the town ofOrašje and its surrounding area on the south bank of theSava River. The offensivecodenamedOperation Flame-95 (Operacija Plamen-95) and referred to by Croatian sources asOperation Revenge (Operacija Osveta) was actually fought with varying intensity, with periods of combat interspersed by lulls lasting two to seven days. The heaviest fighting was reported on 15 May, when the VRS managed to break through a portion of the HVO defences near the village of Vidovice, but the breach was successfully contained and the lost ground was recovered by the HVO.

The HVO, supported byCroatian Army artillery deployed north of the river, managed to withstand the offensive and the front line remained unchanged from the commencement of the battle. This demonstrated the changed balance of power at this stage of the war. At the commencement of the war, the VRS had greater military capabilities than its opponents, particularly in terms of heavy weapons and organisation, but over three years from mid-1992 its capabilities had been matched by its adversaries.

As theYugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska narodna armija – JNA) withdrew from Croatia following the acceptance and start of implementation of theVance plan, its 55,000 officers and soldiers born in Bosnia and Herzegovina were transferred to a newBosnian Serb army, which was later renamed theArmy of Republika Srpska (Vojska Republike Srpske – VRS). This reorganisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992, ahead of the referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina that took place between 29 February and 1 March 1992. This declaration would later be cited by the Bosnian Serbs as a pretext for theBosnian War.^[1] Bosnian Serbs began fortifying the capital,Sarajevo, and other areas on 1 March 1992. On the following day, the first fatalities of the war were recorded in Sarajevo andDoboj. In the final days of March, Bosnian Serb forces bombardedBosanski Brod with artillery, resulting in a cross-border operation by theCroatian Army (Hrvatska vojska – HV) 108th Brigade.^[2] On 4 April 1992, JNA artillery began shelling Sarajevo.^[3] There were other examples of the JNA directly supported the VRS,^[4] such as during the capture ofZvornik in early April 1992, when the JNA provided artillery support from Serbia, firing across theDrina River.^[5] At the same time, the JNA attempted to defuse the situation and arrange negotiations elsewhere in the country.^[4]

The JNA and the VRS in Bosnia and Herzegovina faced theArmy of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine – ARBiH) and theCroatian Defence Council (Hrvatsko vijeće obrane – HVO), reporting to theBosniak-dominated central government and theBosnian Croat leadership respectively, as well as the HV, which occasionally supported HVO operations.^[2] In late April 1992, the VRS was able to deploy 200,000 troops, hundreds oftanks,armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and artillery pieces. The HVO and theCroatian Defence Forces (Hrvatske obrambene snage – HOS) could field approximately 25,000 soldiers and a handful of heavy weapons, while the ARBiH was largely unprepared with nearly 100,000 troops,small arms for less than a half of their number and virtually no heavy weapons.^[6] Arming of the various forces was hampered by a United Nations (UN)arms embargo introduced in September 1991.^[7] By mid-May 1992, when those JNA units which had not been transferred to the VRS withdrew from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the newly declaredFederal Republic of Yugoslavia,^[5] the VRS controlled approximately 60 percent of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[8] The extent of the control was extended to about 70 percent of the country by the end of the year.^[9]

A significant portion of the territory controlled by the VRS was located in westernBosnia, including the Bosnian Serb capital ofBanja Luka. This portion of Bosnian Serb-held territory was dependent on resupply from theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia using a single road spanning the BosnianSava Basin from west to east throughDerventa andBrčko. The same road was also used to resupply theRepublic of Serbian Krajina (RSK), theCroatian Serb-controlled areas of Croatia. After the capture of Derventa by the HVO and the HV in May 1992,^[10] the VRS launchedOperation Corridor 92 and regained control of the resupply route in late June. By October, it had eliminated all HV or HVO-held pockets along the southern bank of the Sava and the border of Croatia, except a single bridgehead around the town of Orašje. Even though the fighting secured the route for the VRS, the corridor remained merely 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) wide at its narrowest point.^[11]

The balance of military power in the Bosnian War had started to shift against the VRS in early 1994, despite its advantages in heavy weapons.^[12] In early 1995, the ARBiH exerted increasing pressure on the VRS, especially in the area ofMount Vlašić.^[13] While the HV and the HVO advanced west ofLivno (Operation Leap 1),^[14] the VRS launched its own offensive—Operation Joint Action 95 (Serbian:Operacija Sadejstvo 95). Operation Joint Action 95 was intended as a war-winning offensive, and was launched south of the Derventa–Brčko corridor, but was also designed to widen the critical resupply route.^[15] Launched on 19 April, the VRS offensive faced determined resistance from the ARBiH and the HVO and had bogged down by the end of the month.^[12]

In early May, the HV launched a successful offensive,codenamedOperation Flash, against a RSK-held part of westernSlavonia in Croatia. The move caused the VRS to reorient its attention to the Orašje pocket, the only territory outside its control between the Derventa–Brčko road and the Sava River. The shift of VRS focus to Orašje may have been the result of a desire to retaliate for the defeat suffered by the RSK in western Slavonia, or meant as a quick land-grab before a peace settlement was accepted.^[16]

The VRS earmarked Tactical Group 5 (TG-5) for the offensive, normally deployed against HVO positions in the Orašje pocket. TG-5, commanded byColonel Dragoslav Đurkić, normally consisted of approximately 6,000 troops drawn from four infantry or light brigades, but for the offensive it received further 2,000 reinforcements. Those included elite assault units assigned to the 1st Krajina Corps, elements of the 1st Armoured Brigade and corps-level artillery. Furthermore,Colonel GeneralsMomir Talić andRatko Mladić were present to directly supervise the operation.^[16]

The Orašje pocket was defended by the 6,000-strong HVO Orašje Corps, consisting of one guards brigade and three Home Guard regiments. Overall command of the corps was held byStaff Brigadier Đuro Matuzović. The defences lacked depth, and did not exceed 10 kilometres (6.2 miles). To offset this, the HVO had prepared strong forward defences, including trenches and bunkers,^[17] built along the 18 km (11 mi) front line.^[18] The HVO positions were supported by HV artillery andmultiple rocket launchers deployed north of the Sava River, in Croatia.^[17]

On 5 May, the 1st Krajina Corps launched its offensive aimed at capturing the Orašje pocket, codenamed Operation Flame-95 (Serbian:Operacija Plamen-95). It is also referred to by Croatian sources as Operation Revenge (Croatian:Operacija Osveta).^[16] The offensive started off with a substantial artillery bombardment and ground assault,^[20] directed atOštra Luka, at the centre of the front line. According to Croatian sources, the 5 May attack was not coordinated very well and it gave the HVO the chance to bolster its defences.^[21] While the fighting was in progress, the VRS artillery bombarded the town of Orašje itself.^[22] The attack was quickly defeated, and after this initial setback, the VRS paused for five days.^[20]

The offensive resumed on 10 May, when a number of VRS9K52 Luna-M short-rangeartillery rockets, commonly known by theirNATO designation of "FROG–7", were fired at HVO positions.^[20] The opposing forces blamed each other for the resumption of fighting—the VRS accused the HVO of bombarding the Derventa–Brčko road to interdict traffic, while the HVO accused the VRS of bombarding the town of Orašje first. During the morning of 10 May, UN observers counted more than 1,000 explosions in the area and described the fighting as "intense", but said that it had lost some momentum by the afternoon.^[23] The primary axes of the attacks, directed at the centre and the east of the pocket and aiming towards Orašje and the village of Vidovice failed to gain ground. The secondary effort on the left flank made some progress towardsGrebnice before being beaten back by the HVO.^[20] During the fighting, rumours circulated that the Orašje area would be surrendered in exchange for territory lost to the HV in western Slavonia.^[21]

The VRS attacked at least seven more times over the next thirty days, with pauses of two to seven days between each attack. Some lasted for several days, and during each attack UN observers counted from 2,000 to 5,000 explosions. The most successful attack occurred on 14–15 May, when the VRS nearly reached Vidovice on the southern bank of the Sava River.^[20] On that occasion, a combined armour and infantry assault broke through three lines of trenches,^[21] with the assistance of strong artillery support including the bombardment of HVO positions with approximately 5,000 shells and two 9K52 Luna-M rockets. In the fierce combat to gain control of Vidovice,^[24] the VRS was pushed back by the 4th Guards Brigade and the 106th Home Guard Regiment to its start positions.^[20] According to Bosnian Serb sources, the HV fired six rockets from its positions in thePosavski Podgajci andRajevo Selo areas against targets in Brčko, causing substantial damage but no casualties.^[25] Even though the fighting continued, including skirmishes between the VRS and the ARBiH in the area south of Orašje, its overall intensity had declined by 15 May.^[26] On 4–10 June, the HV and the HVO launchedOperation Leap 2 against VRS-held positions west of Livno. Even though the operation was not directly linked to the Battle of Orašje, its planners thought that it might force the VRS to redeploy a portion of its forces in the Orašje area to shore up its positions near theLivanjsko field. By 10 June, the VRS had called off Operation Flame-95 and the Battle of Orašje effectively ended.^[20]

The VRS failure in the battle demonstrated its declining capabilities relative to its adversaries over the preceding three years. The failure was despite the offensive being conducted competently, and applying VRSmilitary doctrine calling for the use of armoured and assault infantry supported by artillery. By 1995, the VRS was facing well-organised militaries employing a comparable number of artillery pieces and good defensive fortifications. In consequence, the VRS was no longer capable of defeating its opposition by relying heavily on artillery superiority, and it was unwilling to commit its dwindling numbers of infantry to a decisive but risky attack. The battle resulted in no territorial changes,^[20] but both belligerents reported dozens of casualties, both military and civilian.^[27] Even though the battle was over, intermittent artillery exchanges continued in the area, and as early as 19 June, the VRS bombarded Orašje again.^[28]

Books

News reports

Other sources

44°58′55″N18°43′36″E / 44.982072°N 18.726690°E /44.982072; 18.726690

• Conflicts in 1995
• 1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Battles involving Croatia
• Military operations of the Bosnian War
• May 1995 in Europe
• June 1995 in Europe
• Army of Republika Srpska
• Battles of the Bosnian War

• Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Good articles
• Use dmy dates from July 2014
• Articles containing Serbian-language text
• Articles containing Croatian-language text
• Pages containing links to subscription-only content
• CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)
• Coordinates on Wikidata