| Battle of Lone Jack | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theTrans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War | |||||||
 Lone Jack Battlefield | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 United States (Union) |  CSA (Confederacy) | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Emory S. Foster | Vard Cockrell | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 800 | 1,500–3,000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 160 | 118 | ||||||
TheBattle of Lone Jack took place during theAmerican Civil War on August 15–16, 1862 inJackson County, Missouri. The battle was part of theConfederate guerrilla and recruiting campaign in Missouri in 1862.
During the summer of 1862 many Confederate andMissouri State Guard recruiters were dispatched north fromArkansas intoMissouri to replenish the depleted ranks of the Trans-Mississippi Confederacy. In Western/West-Central Missouri these included then CaptainJo Shelby, ColonelVard Cockrell, ColonelJohn T. Coffee,Upton Hays, John Charles Tracy,John T. Hughes, and DeWitt C. Hunter. Most of these commands were working independently and there was no clear sense of seniority yet established. On August 11 the Federal commander GeneralJohn Schofield was stunned to learn thatIndependence, Missouri had fallen to a combined force of Colonel John T. Hughes,William Quantrill, Gideon W. Thompson and Upton Hays. Schofield ordered GeneralJames Totten to concentrate his forces to deal with the threat.[1]
On August 15, 1862UnionMajorEmory S. Foster, under orders from Totten, led a 740-man combined force fromLexington toLone Jack. Other forces were dispatched from Kansas under GeneralJames G. Blunt (2,500 men) and Missouri under GeneralFitz Henry Warren (600 men), but they would not arrive in time for the engagement. Upon reaching the Lone Jack area, Foster received intelligence that 1,600rebels under Col. Coffee and Lt. Col. Tracy were camped near town and prepared to attack them. The estimate of the rebel command was revised down to only 800 and at about 11:00 p.m., Foster and his men attacked the Confederate camp and dispersed the enemy. The firing of his cannon during this brief skirmish proved to be Foster's undoing, for it alerted ColonelVard Cockrell and other rebel commands in the area of Foster's position and intent to fight. Foster's men returned to town to rest along the main street, having spent several days in the saddle. Colonel Cockrell conferred with Upton Hays, Lt. Col.Sidney D. Jackman, and DeWitt C. Hunter and determined to give battle the next morning with the intent of overwhelming the much smaller Union force.[1]
Cockrell's plan was to clandestinely deploy Hunter, Jackman and Tracy's forces in a field to the west of town well before sunrise on August 16 and await the opening of the fight. Hays was to initiate the battle with a mounted attack from the north as daylight approached, whereupon the others would launch a surprise flank attack.[2] Hays did not attack as early as planned, instead reconnoitering the other commands before advancing. As daylight appeared Foster's pickets became aware of Hays' advance. This gave Foster's men a brief opportunity to deploy, spoiling the element of surprise.[3]
With sunrise exposing them while awaiting Hays' tardy advance, Jackman, Hunter, and Tracy attacked but were held in check. Hays then performed a dismounted attack from the north. Together his force and Tracy's crumpled the Union right flank, forcing the 7th Missouri Cavalry (commanded by Captain Milton H. Brawner) back onto the artillery. The cannoneers now began a desperate fight. Union Captain Long's 2nd Battalion Missouri State Militia Cavalry concealed behind a hedge row ofOsage orange trees poured a crossfire on the Confederates, temporarily repulsing them.[4]
On the other side of the field Hunter's force was stalled by three companies of Captain Plumb's 6th Missouri State Militia Cavalry. A mounted force (possibly Coffee's) approached on Hunter's flank and he mistook them for Federals. The mounted men attacked but were surprised and repulsed by fire from Capt. Slocum's company of the 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry behind another Osage orange hedge. Hunter, now short of ammunition, abandoned the field for the ammunition train, exposing Jackman's flank. Jackman was also short of ammunition and retired as well.[5]
Tracy's and Hays' commands renewed their attack to the north, eventually displacing the Indiana artillerists. With no remaining Confederate threat to the south, Captain Plumb now counterattacked to the north, reclaiming the artillery. Jackman and Hunter's resupplied men then returned to the field. Hays attempted to counterattack but a counter-charge by Plumb forced him to retreat. Much of the fighting then devolved into a war of attrition between Confederates on the western side of the street, Union men on the right with their artillery in the middle. The artillerists were soon routed and the guns changed hands several times. Foster recaptured the guns a final time, being severely wounded himself in the process.[6]
After five hours of fighting and the loss – by wounding – of Foster, rebel Col. Coffee and his 800 men reappeared north of town causing Foster's successor, Capt. Milton H. Brawner, to order a retreat. The men left the field in good order and returned to Lexington. The cannon were hastily spiked or disabled and hidden before the Federals departed. The Confederates secured a victory, but the approach of Union forces including Blunt and Fitz Henry Warren forced the Rebels to withdraw on August 17. General Fitz Warren occupied the town that day.[7]
Foster was later criticized for attacking on the first day while being outnumbered and for not awaiting reinforcement. However, Fitz Warren's command did not arrive until two days later, and Blunt's three days after Foster arrived. The Federals fought more vigorously because many believedQuantrill's Raiders were present and would be brutal to prisoners.[citation needed]
Federal Capt. Brawner reported Union losses as 43 killed, 154 wounded, and 75 missing/captured, a casualty rate of 34 percent and this was almost certainly too low. Rebel Colonel Hunter reported burying 119 Federals and 47 Rebels, but the true losses are unknown. Excluded from Hunter's total were an unknown number of dead Confederates claimed by their friends and families for burial elsewhere.[7] A recent roll call list of Federals killed at the action as compiled in service records by Wayne Schnetzer reveals 65 killed and at least 29 who later died from wounds received at Lone Jack.[8] The list of known Confederate participation and deaths is less complete, but at least 55 names are listed as killed, with at least 4 others later succumbing to their wounds.[9]
Colonel Cockrell succeeded in locating the two cannon and removed them from the field and back to Arkansas. One was later credited with firing the shot that disabled theQueen City on the White River.[10] Because they were in possession of the field, the Confederate recruits gained a substantial quantity of needed firearms. As many as half of the recruits were initially unarmed.[citation needed]
This was the only Civil War battle fought by futureSecretary of War and U.S. SenatorStephen B. Elkins. Elkins was to say that he disgusted of war after what he witnessed in the battle:[11]
Confederate guerrilla and later outlaw leaderThomas Coleman Younger was notable for his actions at Lone Jack. Though most of Quantrill's Raiders were still inIndependence, Missouri, looting after victory in theFirst Battle of Independence, 18-year-old Cole Younger was present at Lone Jack riding along the front lines to supply the troops. The wounded Foster was briefly held by the Confederates in a cabin and was threatened with execution by a Confederate officer who had been his bitter enemy since before the war. Younger physically pushed Foster's would-be executioner, Dr. Josiah Hatcher Caldwell, out of the cabin, despite the fact that Caldwell was a ranking officer in the CSA.[12][13] When Younger was captured in theJames-Younger Gang robbery of theNorthfield, Minnesota First National Bank, Foster (who was then editor of theSt. Louis Evening Journal) argued for clemency for Younger.[14]
In the 1969 movieTrue Grit, characterRooster Cogburn (played byJohn Wayne) tells Mattie Ross that he lost aneye at the Battle of Lone Jack, calling it "a scrap outside of Kansas City."[15]
Union: Major Emory S. Foster
Confederate: Colonel Jeremiah "Vard" Cockrell
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