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Bats language

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Northeast Caucasian language

Not to be confused with the MayanTzotzil language, also known as Bats'i.

Bats
ბაცბა მოტტ Batsba Moṭṭ batsba motjiti
Pronunciation	[batsʰbamotʼː] [batsburmɔt'ː]
Native to	North Caucasus
Region	Zemo-Alvani inKakheti
Ethnicity	Bats people
Native speakers	(500 cited 1997)^[1] far fewer than 3,000 active (2007)
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Nakh Bats
Writing system	Georgian script^[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`bbl`
Glottolog	`bats1242`
ELP	Batsbi
Bats
Bats is classified as Severely Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Bats (Batsbur Mott, orBatsba Moṭṭ, ბაცბა მოტტ,[batsʰbamotʼː]), also known asBatsbi,Batsi,Batsb,Batsaw, orTsova-Tush) is theendangered language of theBats people, aNorth Caucasian minority group living in theRepublic of Georgia. Batsbi is part of theNakh branch ofNortheast Caucasian languages. It had 2,500 to 3,000 speakers in 1975, with only one dialect. Batsbi is only used for spoken communication, as Bats people tend to useGeorgian when writing.

			Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal(ized)	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal			m	n
Plosive	aspirated	lenis	pʰ	tʰ	t͜sʰ	t͡ʃʰ	kʰ	qʰ		ʔ
	voiceless	fortis		tː				qː
	voiced		b	d	d͜z	d͡ʒ	g
	ejective	lenis	pʼ	tʼ	t͜sʼ	t͡ʃʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	ejective	fortis		tʼː				qʼː
Fricative	voiceless	lenis			s	ʃ	x		ħ	h
		fortis			sː		xː
		lateral			ɬ
	voiced		v		z	ʒ	ɣ		ʕ
Approximant		lenis		l		j			ʕ
Approximant		fortis		lː
Flap					ɾ

C1	C2	Example		English
Stop	Fricative	Example		English
b	ʒ	bʒã	ბჟა^ნ	livestock
p	ħ	pħe	ფჰჾე	village
tʃ	x	tʃxotʼ	ჩხოტ	waterfall
kʼ	ʕ	kʼʕokʼ	კჺოკ	hole
m	ʕ	mʕal	მჺალ	common
Stop	Stop	Example		English
tʼ	qʼ	tʼqʼa	ტყა	twenty
kʼ	n	kʼnatẽ	კნათე^ნ	boy
tʃʼ	qʼ	tʃʼqʼempʷʼ	ჭყემპუ	throat

C1	C2	C3	Example		English
p	s	tʼ	pstʼu	ფსტუ	wife
t	x	ɾ	txɾil	თხრილ	ditch
tʼ	kʼ	m	tʼkʼmel	ტკმელ	dust
tʼ	qʼ	v	tʼqʼve	ტყვე	prisoner
g	ɾ	d	gɾdeml	გრდემლ	anvil

C1	C2	Example		English
ɾ	kʼ	tsaɾkʼ	ცარკ	tooth
p	x	vepx	ვეფხ	tiger
t	x	matx	მათხ	sun
v	r	skʼivɾ	სკივრ	chest, trunk
n	tʼ	abʒontʼ	აბჟონტ	stirrup

Schiefner, 1856^[9]	Imnaishvili, 1977		Kadagidze, 1984		Holisky & Gagua (1994)	Mikeladze, 2012		Desheriev, 1953	Chrelashvili, 1999	IPA
Schiefner, 1856^[9]	Georgian transcription	Latin transcription	Georgian transcription	Latin transcription	Holisky & Gagua (1994)	Georgian transcription	Latin transcription	Desheriev, 1953	Chrelashvili, 1999	IPA
a	ა	a	ა	a	a	ა,⁀ა	A a,⁀A ⁀a	а	а	a
	ა	a	ა	a	a		Ǎ ǎ, â	а͏̆	а͏̆	ă
		ā		ā	a:		Ā ā	а̄	а̄	aː
		ā		ā	a:		ā̄	а̄	а̄	aː
	აჼ	aⁿ	აჼ	aⁿ	aⁿ	აჼ,⁀აჼ	Ã ã,⁀Ã ⁀ã	а̃	а̃	ã
	აჼ	aⁿ	აჼ	aⁿ	aⁿ		Ā̃ ā̃	а̃	а̃	ãː
b	ბ	b	ბ	b	b	ბ	B b	б	б	b
g	გ	g	გ	g	g	გ	G g	г	г	ɡ
d	დ	d	დ	d	d	დ	D d	д	д	d
e	ე	e	ე	e	e	ე	E e	е, э	е	e
	ე	e	ე	e	e	⁀	Ē ē,⁀Ē ⁀ē	е, э	е̄	eː
		ĕ		ĕ	_		ě, ê	е͏̆	е͏̆	ĕ
	ეჼ	eⁿ	ეჼ	eⁿ	eⁿ	ეჼ	Ẽ ẽ	е̃	е̃	ẽ
	ეჼ	eⁿ	ეჼ	eⁿ	eⁿ		Ē̃ ē̃	е̃	е̃	ẽː
w	ვ	v	ვ	v	v	ვ	V v	в	в	v
z	ზ	z	ზ	z	z	ზ	Z z	з	з	z
t̔	თ	t	თ	t	t	თ	T t	т	т	tʰ
t̔	თთ	tt	თჾ	tჾ	t:	თჾ	tჾ	тт	тт	tː
i	ი	i	ი	i	i	ი,⁀ი	I i,⁀I ⁀i	и	и	i
	ი	i	ი	i	i		Ī ī	ӣ	ӣ	iː
		ĭ		ĭ	I		î	и͏̆	и͏̆	ĭ
	იჼ	iⁿ	იჼ	iⁿ	iⁿ	იჼ	Ĩ ĩ	и̃	и̃	ĩ
	იჼ	iⁿ	იჼ	iⁿ	iⁿ		Ī̃ ī̃	и̃	и̃	ĩː
k	კ	ḳ	კ	ḳ	kʼ	კ	Ḳ ḳ	кӀ	кӀ	kʼ
l	ლ	l	ლ	l	l	ლ	L l	л	л	l
l	ლლ	ll	ლჾ	lჾ	l:	ლჾ	lჾ	лл	лл	lː
l͓	ლʻ	lʻ	ლʻ	lʻ	ɫ	ლʻ	lʻ	лъ	лъ	ɬ
m	მ	m	მ	m	m	მ	M m	м	м	m
n	ნ	n	ნ	n	n	ნ	N n	н	н	n
j	ჲ	j	ჲ	j	j	ჲ	J j	й	й	j
j	ჲ	j	ჲ	j	j	ჲჼ	j̇̃	й	й	j̃
o	ო	o	ო	o	o	ო,⁀ო	O o,⁀O ⁀o	о	о	o
							Ō ō	о̄	о̄	oː
							ō̄	о̄	о̄	oː
		ŏ		ŏ	O		ǒ, ô	о͏̆	о͏̆	ŏ
	ოჼ	oⁿ	ოჼ	oⁿ	oⁿ	ოჼ	Õ õ	о̃	о̃	õ
	ოჼ	oⁿ	ოჼ	oⁿ	oⁿ		Ō̃ ō̃	о̃	о̃	õː
p	პ	p̣	პ	p̣	pʼ	პ	P̣ p̣	пӀ	пӀ	pʼ
z̔	ჟ	ž	ჟ	ž	ž	ჟ	Ž ž	ж	ж	ʒ
r	რ	r	რ	r	r	რ	R r	р	р	ɾ
r	რʻ	rʻ	რ	r	r	რʻ	rʻ	р	р	ɾ̥
s	ს	s	ს	s	s	ს	S s	с	с	s
s	სს	ss	სჾ	sჾ	s:	სჾ	sჾ	сс	сс	sː
t	ტ	ṭ	ტ	ṭ	tʼ	ტ	Ṭ ṭ	тӀ	тӀ	tʼ
t	ტტ	ṭṭ	ტჾ	ṭჾ	tʼ:	ტჾ	ṭჾ	тӀтӀ	тӀтӀ	tʼː
u	უ	u	უ	u	u	უ,⁀უ	U u,⁀U ⁀u	у	у	u
	უ	u	უ	u	u		Ū ū	у	ӯ	uː
		ŭ		ŭ	U		Ǔ ǔ, û	у͏̆	у͏̆	ŭ
	უჼ	uⁿ	უჼ	uⁿ	uⁿ	უჼ,⁀უჼ	Ũ ũ,⁀Ũ ⁀ũ	у̃	у̃	ũ
p̔	ფ	p	ფ	p	p	ფ	P p	п	п	pʰ
k̔	ქ	k	ქ	k	k	ქ	K k	к	к	kʰ
g̔	ღ	ɣ	ღ	ɣ	ǧ	ღ	Ɣ ɣ	гӀ	гӀ	ɣ
q	ყ	q̣	ყ	q̣	qʼ	ყ	Q̣ q̣	къ	къ	qʼ
q	ყყ	q̣q̣	ყჾ	q̣ჾ	qʼ:	ყჾ	q̣ჾ	къкъ	къкъ	qʼː
s̔	შ	š	შ	š	š	შ	Š š	ш	ш	ʃ
s̔	შ	š	შ	š	š	შჾ	šჾ	ш	ш	ʃː
c̔	ჩ	č	ჩ	č	č	ჩ	Č č	ч	ч	t͡ʃʰ
c	ც	c	ც	c	c	ც	C c	ц	ц	t͡sʰ
ʒ	ძ	ʒ	ძ	ʒ	ʒ	ძ	Ʒ ʒ	дз	дз	d͡z
c̣	წ	c̣	წ	c̣	cʼ	წ	C̣ c̣	цӀ	цӀ	t͡sʼ
c̣̔	ჭ	č̣	ჭ	č̣	čʼ	ჭ	Č̣ č̣	чӀ	чӀ	t͡ʃʼ
x	ხ	x	ხ	x	x	ხ	X x	х	х	x
x	ხხ	xx	ხჾ	xჾ	x:	ხჾ	xჾ	хх	хх	xː
q	ჴ	q	ჴ	q	q	ჴ	Q q	кх	кх	qʰ
q	ჴჴ	qq	ჴჾ	qჾ	q:	ჴჾ	qჾ	ккх	кхкх	qː
ʒ̔	ჯ	ǯ	ჯ	ǯ	ǯ	ჯ	Ǯ ǯ	дж	дж	d͡ʒ
x̣	ჰ	h	ჰ	h	h	ჰ	H h	хӀ	хӀ	h
ḥ	ჰჾ	hჾ	ჰ_⌝	h_⌝	ħ	ჰ⁊	H⁊ h⁊/Ⱨ ⱨ	хь	хь	ħ
ḥ	ჵ	ꞷ	ჵ		_	ჵ	ꞷ	Ӏъ	Ӏъ	ʡ
ʼ	ʻ	ʻ	ჺ	ʻ	ʕ	ჺ/ع	ʻ	Ӏ	Ӏ	ʕ
—	ʼ	ʼ	ჸ	ʼ	ʔ	ჸ	ʼ	ʼ	ъ	ʔ
—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	ф	—	f
—		w	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	w

	Singular		Plural
	First	Second	First Exclusive	First Inclusive	Second
Nominative	სო so	ჰჾო ħo	ვე/ვაი ve/vai	თხო txo	შუ šu
Ergative	ას as	აჰჾ aħ	ვე ve	ათხ atx	ეშ eš
Genitive	სე^ნ sẽ	ჰჾე^ნ ħẽ	ვაი^ნ vaĩ	თხე^ნ txõ	შე^ნ šũ
Dative	სონ son	ჰჾონ ħon	ვაინ vain	თხონ txon	შუნ šun
Allative	სოგუ sogu	ჰჾოგუ ħogu	ვაიგუ vaigu	თხოგუ txogu	შუგუ šugu
Adverbial	სოღ soǧ	ჰჾოღ ħoǧ	ვაიღ vaiǧ	თხოღ txoǧ	შუღ šuǧ
	I	You (Thou)	Us but not you	You and us	You (Ye)

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ო o	ობი obi
Ergative	ოჴუს oqus	ოჴარ oqar
Genitive	ოჴუი^ნ oquĩ	ოჴრი^ნ oqrĩ
Dative	ოჴუინ oquin	ოჴარნ oqarn
Instrumental	ოჴუვ oquv
	s/he	they

	Proximal	Medial	Distal
Absolutive	ე e	ის is	ო o
Oblique	ეჴ eq	იცხ icx	ოჴ oq
	this	that	that yonder

	who?	what?	when?	how much?	where?	which one?
Absolutive	მე^ნ mẽ	ვუხ vux	მაცა^ნ macã	მელʻ meɬ	მიჩ, მიჩა mič, miča	მენუხ menux
Ergative	ჰჾა^ნ ħã	სტევ st'ev	მაცა^ნ macã	მელʻ meɬ	მიჩ, მიჩა mič, miča	მენხუიჩოვ menxuičov

Noun class	Subject	Verb group	Translation
Noun class	Intransitive (subject agreement)
M	ვაშუ vašu	ვახე^ნ v-axẽ	Brother M-left
F	ჲაშუ jašu	ჲახე^ნ j-axẽ	Sister F-left
D	ბადერ bader	დახე^ნ d-axẽ	The child D-left
Bd	ფჰჾუ pħu	ბახე^ნ b-axẽ	The dog Bd-left
	Transitive (object agreement)
M	ნანას nanas	ვაშუვიკე^ნ vašuv-ik'ẽ	Mother M-took brother (lit. "Mother brother took")
F	დადას dadas	ჲაშუჲიკე^ნ jašuj-ik'ẽ	Father F-took sister (lit. "Father sister took")
D	ნანას nanas	ბადერდიკე^ნ baderd-ik'ẽ	Mother D-took the child
Bd	დადას dadas	ფჰჾუბიკე^ნ pħub-ik'ẽ	Father Bd-took the dog

Label	Singular	Plural	Description	Nouns	Adjective "big"	Verb To Be	English
M	v-	b-	male humans	მარmar ჺუვʕuv ვოჰჾvoħ	ვაჴჴო^ნ v-aqqõ	ვა v-a	"the husband is big" "the shepherd is big" "the son is big"
F	j-	d-	female humans	ნანnan ფსტუpstʼu ჲოჰჾjoħ	ჲაჴჴო^ნ j-aqqõ	ჲა j-a	"the mother is big" "the wife is big" "the daughter is big"
D	d-		various, default class for unknown gender^[7]	ბადერbader კუიტიkʼuit'i დოკdokʼ დითხditx	დაჴჴო^ნ d-aqqõ	და d-a	"the child is big" "the cat is big" "the heart is big" "the meat is big"
Bd	b-	d-	animals	ფჰჾუpħu ჩაča	ბაჴჴო^ნ b-aqqõ	ბა b-a	"the dog is big" "the bread is big""the bear is big"
J	j-		various	ცარკcarkʼ მაიჴიmaiqi ყარq'ar	ჲაჴჴო^ნj-aqqõ ჲ-ავი^ნ j-avĩ	ჲა j-a	"the tooth is big" "the milk is light""the rain is light"
*Bd	b-	d-	body parts (15 nouns)	ბაქbak ბჺარკbʕarkʼ ჭყემპუčʼqʼempʷʼ	ბაჴჴო^ნb-aqqõ	ბა b-a	"it is a big fist" "the eye is big"throat is
*D/J	d-	j-	body parts (4 nouns)	ბატრbatʼr ლარკlarkʼ ტოტtʼotʼ ჭამაღčʼamaǧ		d-ais	lip is ear ishand ischeek is
*B/B	b-		only 3 nouns	ბორაგborag ჩექამčekam ქაქამkakam		b-ais/are	knit slipper bootautum wool

Adjective agreement (singular)
Gender (sg/pl)	-aqqõ	-ut'q'ĩ	-avĩ	-acĩ	-uq'ĩ	-asẽ	-acũ	-axxẽ
Gender (sg/pl)	-აჴჴო^ნ	-უტყი^ნ	-ავი^ნ	-აცი^ნ	-უყი^ნ	-ასე^ნ	-აცუ^ნ	-ახხე^ნ
M (v-/b-)	v-aqqõ	v-ut'q'ĩ	v-avĩ	v-acĩ	v-uq'ĩ	v-asẽ	v-acũ	v-axxẽ
F (j-/d-)	j-aqqõ	j-ut'q'ĩ	j-avĩ	j-acĩ	j-uq'ĩ	j-asẽ	j-acũ	j-axxẽ
D (d-)	d-aqqõ	d-ut'q'ĩ	d-avĩ	d-acĩ	d-uq'ĩ	d-asẽ	d-acũ	d-axxẽ
J (j-)	j-aqqõ	j-ut'q'ĩ	j-avĩ	j-acĩ	j-uq'ĩ	j-asẽ	j-acũ	j-axxẽ
Bd (b-/d-)	b-aqqõ	b-ut'q'ĩ	b-avĩ	b-acĩ	b-uq'ĩ	b-asẽ	b-acũ	b-axxẽ
English	"big"	"small"	"light"	"heavy"	"thick"	"empty"	"short"	"long"

Nominative
Suffix	Nom-Singular	Nom-Plural	English
-i	საგ sag	საგი sag-i	deer
-iš	ნიყ niq'	ნიყიშ niq'-iš	road(s)
-bi	ხე^ნ xẽ	ხენბი xen-bi	tree(s)
-mi	დოკ dok'	დაკმი dak'-mi	heart(s)
-arč	ფჰჾუ pḥu	ფჰჾარჩ pḥ-arč	dog(s)
-erč	ტჺირ tʼʕir	ტჺირერჩ tʼʕir-erč	star(s)
-ar	კეჭ kʼeč̣	კაჭარ kʼač̣-ar	bundle(s)
-er	ჲოპყ jopʼqʼ	აპყერ apʼqʼ-er	ash(es)

	ნეკ nekʼ 'knife'		ცოკალ t͜sʰokʼal 'fox'		დოკ dok' 'heart'
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nekʼ	nekʼi	t͜sʰokʼal	t͜sʰokʼli	dok'	dak'bi
Genitive	nekʼẽ	nekʼã	t͜sʰokʼlẽ	t͜sʰokʼlã	dak'ĩ	dak'bĩ
Dative	nekʼen	nekʼin	t͜sʰokʼlen	t͜sʰokʼlin	dak'an	dak'bin
Ergative/Instrumental	nekʼev	nekʼiv	t͜sʰokʼlev	t͜sʰokʼliv	dak'av	dak'bav
Contacting	nek'ex	nekʼax	t͜sʰokʼlex	t͜sʰokʼlax	dak'ox	dak'bax
Allative	nekʼegʷ	nekʼigʷ	t͜sʰokʼlegʷ	t͜sʰokʼligʷ	dak'ogʷ	dak'bigʷ
Adverbial	nekʼeɣ	nekʼiɣ	t͜sʰokʼleɣ	t͜sʰokʼliɣ	dak'oɣ	dak'biɣ
Comitative	nekʼt͜sʰĩ, nekʼet͜sʰĩ	nekʼicĩ	t͜sʰokʼlet͜sʰĩ	t͜sʰokʼlit͜sʰĩ

		Singular	Plural
First	Ergative to cut	თეტოს tet'o-s	თეტოთხ tet'o-tx
First	Absolutive to take	-იკესუ -ikʼe-sʷ	-იკესთხუ -ikʼe-txʷ
Second	Ergative to cut	თეტოჰჾ tet'o-ħ	თეტუიშ tet'w-iš
Second	Absolutive to take	-ისკეჰჾუ -ikʼe-ħʷ	-ისკეშუ -ikʼe-šʷ
Third	Ergative to cut	თეცტ^უ tet'ʷ
Third	Absolutive to take

Postposition	Example	English
მაქ mak	ტივენმაქ ბა t'iv-enmak ba	They (M)are on the bridge (lit.bridge on they.are)
on	ტივენმაქ ბა t'iv-enmak ba	They (M)are on the bridge (lit.bridge on they.are)
კიკელ kʼikʼel	ტივენკიკელ ვაიხნას tʼiv-enkʼikʼel vaixnas	I (M)walked under the bridge (lit.bridge under I walked)
under	ტივენკიკელ ვაიხნას tʼiv-enkʼikʼel vaixnas	I (M)walked under the bridge (lit.bridge under I walked)
ფეხ pex	ნანენფეხ nan-enpex	Next to mother (lit.mother next to)
next to	ნანენფეხ nan-enpex	Next to mother (lit.mother next to)
ჰჾათხ(ე) ħatx(e)	წენინჰჾათხე c'en-inħatxe	In front of the house (lit. house in front of)
in front of	წენინჰჾათხე c'en-inħatxe	In front of the house (lit. house in front of)

1	cħa	11	cħajtʼtʼ	1+10
2	ši	12	šiitʼtʼ	2+10
3	qo	13	qoitʼtʼ	3+10
4	Dʕivʔ	14	Dʕevajtʼtʼ	4+10
5	pxi	15	pxiitʼtʼ	5+10
6	jetx	16	jetxajtʼː	6+10
7	vorɬ	17	vorɬajtʼtʼ	7+10
8	barɬ	18	barɬajtʼtʼ	8+10
9	isː	19	tʼqʼexc'	20–1
10	itʼtʼ	20	tʼqʼa

21	tʼqʼacħa	20+1
22	tʼqʼaš	20+2
30	tʼqʼaitʼtʼ	20+10
31	tʼqʼacħaitʼtʼ	(20+1)+10
32	tʼqʼašiitʼtʼ	(20+2)+10
40	šauztʼqʼ	2×20
50	šauztʼqʼaitʼtʼ	(2×20)+10
60	qouztʼqʼ	3×20
70	qouztʼqʼaitʼtʼ	(3×20)+10
80	Dʕe(v)uztʼqʼ	4×20
90	Dʕe(v)uztʼqʼaitʼtʼ	(4×20)+10
100	pxauztʼqʼ	5×20
120	jexcʼatʼqʼ	fromjetxcʼatʼqʼ 6x20
160	barɬcʼatʼqʼ	8×20
200	icʼatʼqʼ	fromitʼːcʼatʼqʼ 10x20
1000	atas	from Georgian

Movatterモバイル変換

History

Classification & Distribution

Geographic distribution

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Phonotactics

Spelling systems

Comparison table of various spelling systems for Batsbi

Morphosyntax

Pronouns

Personal pronouns - first and second persons

Third person pronouns/Demonstratives

Adnominal demonstratives

Interrogative pronouns

Noun classes

Number of classes

Exceptions and Nouns without inherent gender

Gender agreement in adjectives

Grammatical number and case

Verbs

Postpositions

Word order

Numerals

References

External links