Woking Borough of Woking | |
|---|---|
 Woking town centre from the west | |
| Motto(s): | |
 The Borough of Woking in Surrey | |
| Coordinates:51°19′13″N00°33′24″W / 51.32028°N 0.55667°W /51.32028; -0.55667 | |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Constituent country | England |
| Region | South East England |
| Non-metropolitan county | Surrey |
| Status | Non-metropolitan district |
| Admin HQ | Woking |
| Incorporated | 1 April 1974 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Non-metropolitan district council |
| • Body | Woking Borough Council |
| • Leadership | Leader & Cabinet |
| • MPs | Will Forster (Liberal Democrats) |
| Area | |
• Total | 24.6 sq mi (63.6 km2) |
| • Rank | 232nd(of 296) |
| Population (2021)[2] | |
• Total | 103,900 (estimated) |
| • Rank | 228th(of 296) |
| Ethnicity(2021) | |
| • Ethnic groups | |
| Religion(2021) | |
| • Religion | List
|
| Time zone | UTC0 (GMT) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (BST) |
| ONS code | 43UM (ONS) E07000217 (GSS) |
| OS grid reference | TQ0040358550 |
| Website | www |
Woking (/ˈwoʊkɪŋ/WOH-king) is a town andborough in northwestSurrey, England, around 23 mi (36 km) fromcentral London. It appears inDomesday Book asWochinges, and its name probably derives from that of aSaxon landowner. The earliest evidence of human activity is from thePaleolithic, but the low fertility of the sandy local soils meant that the area was the least populated part of the county in 1086. Between the mid-17th and mid-19th centuries, new transport links were constructed, including theWey Navigation,Basingstoke Canal andLondon to Southampton railway line. The modern town was established in the mid-1860s, as theLondon Necropolis Company began to sell surplus land surroundingthe railway station fordevelopment.
Modern local government in Woking began with the creation of the WokingLocal Board in 1893, which became WokingUrban District Council (UDC) in 1894. The urban district was significantly enlarged in 1907 when it took in the parish ofHorsell, and again in 1933 when it took in the parishes ofByfleet andPyrford. The UDC wasgranted a coat of arms in 1930 and Woking gainedborough status in the1974 reorganisation of local government. In 2022, a total of 30 elected representatives serves on the council, each with a term length of four years.
The Borough of Woking covers 64 km2 (25 sq mi) and had a population of 103,900 in 2021.[2] The main urban centre stretches fromKnaphill in the west to Byfleet in the east, but the satellite villages ofBrookwood,Mayford, Pyrford andOld Woking retain strong individual identities. Around 60% of the borough is protected by theMetropolitan Green Belt, which severely limits the potential for further housebuilding. Recent developments have included the construction of two residential tower blocks in the town centre and the conversion of former industrial buildings to apartments. There are sixSites of Special Scientific Interest within the borough boundaries, of which three form part of theThames Basin HeathsSpecial Protection Area.
Almost the entire town centre dates from the 20th and 21st centuries. Elsewhere in the borough, there are several historic buildings, including the ruins ofWoking Palace, a royal residence ofHenry VII andHenry VIII. Parts ofSt Peter's Church in Old Woking date from the reign ofWilliam I andSutton Place, built forRichard Westonc. 1525, is one of the earliest unfortified houses in England. TheShah Jahan Mosque, constructed in 1889, was the first purpose-builtMuslim place of worship in the UK. There are numerousworks of public art in the town centre, including a statue of the author,H. G. Wells, who wroteThe War of the Worlds while living in Maybury Road. Much of the novel is set in the Woking area.
The earliest surviving record of Woking is fromDomesday Book of 1086, in which the manor appears asWochinges. In the 12th century, it is recorded asWokinges,Wokkinges,Wokinge andWochinga.[4] The "monastery atWocchingas" is mentioned in ac. 1200 copy of an early 8th-century letter fromPope Constantine to Hedda, Abbot of Bermondsey and Woking.[5][note 1] The first part of the name "Woking" is thought to refer to anAnglo-Saxon individual, who may have been called "Wocc" or "Wocca". The second part is derived from theOld English -ingas and means "people of" or "family of".[4][7][note 2]
Show Woking town centre
Show Woking town centre, Horsell,
Show Borough of WokingThe Borough of Woking covers an area of 64 km2 (25 sq mi) in northwest Surrey. Woking town, the main population centre, is surrounded by smaller, distinct settlements, such asWest Byfleet andByfleet in the east andKnaphill to the west. The villages ofBrookwood andMayford retain strong individual identities and lie just outside the primary built-up area of the borough.[12]
Around 60% of the land in the borough is part of theMetropolitan Green Belt, which severely limits the potential for urban expansion.[13] Of the sixSites of Special Scientific Interest, five are areas of heathland[12] and the sixth covers the majority of theBasingstoke Canal.[14][note 3]
Woking town centre is around 23 mi (36 km) from central London. It covers an area of about 50 ha (120 acres) to the north and south of the station, although the primary shopping and office spaces are between the railway line and the Basingstoke Canal.[16] The two main shopping centres, The Peacocks and Wolsey Place, adjoin Jubilee Square.[17] A second public space, Victoria Square, was completed in 2022 as part of a project to construct two high-rise residential apartment blocks and a 23-storey hotel.[18][19][20]
Old Woking, around 1 mi (1.6 km) south of the town centre,[21] close to the River Wey, is the location of the original settlement of the manor of Woking. The village is thought to have grown as an unplanned settlement surroundingSt Peter's Church, parts of which date from the 11th century. The basic street layout is likely to have been established in medieval times,[22] and there was a period of strong growth following the grant of a market in 1662.[21][22] The settlement expanded northwards during theinterwar period, and Old Woking is now contiguous with the main urban area of the borough.[23]
The majority of the borough is drained by the River Wey, which flows along the southeastern boundary of the borough, fromJacobs Well to Byfleet. The Hoe Stream, which joins the Wey nearPyrford Village, runs from Fox Corner through Mayford.[24][note 4] The Basingstoke Canal runs from west to east, broadly following the course of the partlyculverted Rive Ditch, and the northern part of the borough is drained by the tributaries of theRiver Bourne.[24] There have been major flooding events in Woking in 1968, 2000,[26] 2014[27] and 2016.[28]
Thestrata on which the borough sits were deposited in theCenozoic. The sandyBagshot Beds are the main outcrop around the town centre and to the north.[29] In the west of the borough, around Knaphill and Brookwood, are the youngerBracklesham Beds.[30] The Bracklesham Beds have a higherclay content than the Bagshot Beds, and brickmaking has historically taken place at Knaphill.[30] The River Wey primarily runs acrossalluvium[31] and the settlements of Old Woking and West Byfleet are built on river gravels.[32]
The earliest evidence of human activity in the Woking area is from thePaleolithic. Flints dated toc. 13000years before present (BP) have been found at Horsell, and knife blades fromc. 12000 – c. 11000 BP have been discovered at Pyrford.[34] Twobell barrows and adisc barrow at Horsell are thought to date from the earlyBronze Age.Pollen samples taken from the westernmost barrow suggest that the local environment at the time of construction was predominantly open heathland with some areas ofdeciduous woodland.[35][note 5] Aerial photographs suggest that there may have beenfield systems on Horsell Common, Smarts Heath and Whitmoor Common in the same period, although the local soils are relatively infertile and could not have sustained the farming practices of the time for very long.[36]
Roman occupation in the borough appears to have been concentrated in the Old Woking and Mayford areas. The sites excavated to date show evidence of low-status dwellings, possibly connected to iron working and pottery making.[37][38] Roman tiles can be found in the lower part of the tower of St Peter's Church.[39]
.jpg)
.jpg)
The earliest documented reference to Woking suggests that there was a religious foundation in the area in the early 8th century.[5] Around this time, the settlement was the administrative centre for northwest Surrey, with its western border as thewatershed between the RiversMole and Wey and its southern border as theNorth Downs.[41] By 775, there was aminster in Woking, which may be the forerunner of St Peter's Church[42] and by the mid-late 9th century, the settlement was the centre of aroyal vill.[43] Towards the end of the Saxon period, Surrey was divided intohundreds, of whichWoking Hundred was one.[44]
Woking appears in Domesday book asWochinges. In 1086, it was partly held byWilliam I and partly by two lesser tenants of theBishop of Exeter. Together the two holdings had sufficient land for15+1⁄2 ploughteams, 46 acres (19 ha) of meadow and woodland for 160swine. Between them, the manors had two mills and one church, and the settlement was among the largest 20% of those recorded in the country in 1086.[45]
Three other manors in the modern borough are listed in Domesday Book: Byfleet and Pyrford were held by the abbeys ofChertsey andWestminster respectively;[46][47] Sutton was held by Durand Malet as lesser tenant and byRobert Malet astenant-in-chief.[48][note 6]
Woking was held by the Crown until 1189, whenRichard I granted it toAlan Basset,[50][51] who later received the manor of Sutton fromKing John.[52] Woking was inherited by his descendants until it passed, through marriage, toHugh le Despenser. It remained in the Despenser family until 1326 when it was granted toEdmund Holland, the fourth Earl of Kent.[52] In the mid-15th century, the manor was inherited byMargaret Beauchamp. It was briefly held by the Crown before it was passed to her daughter,Margaret Beaufort, in 1466.[53] On her death in 1509, Woking was inherited by her grandson, the futureHenry VIII.James I sold the manor toEdward Zouch, but it reverted to the Crown in 1671. In 1752, it was bought byRichard Onslow, the third Baron Onslow and remained in his family's possession until the mid-19th century.[52]
Byfleet became a royal property at the start of the 14th century.Edward II granted it toPiers Gaveston, but following Gaveston's downfall in 1312, it reverted to the Crown.[49]Anne of Denmark, wife ofKing James I was the manor's last royal owner and thereafter it was held by a series of private individuals.[55] Thecurrent manor house dates from 1686, but it was restored and extended in 1905.[56]
Pyrford was held by Westminster Abbey until thedissolution of the monasteries when it became the property of the Crown.Elizabeth I granted the manor toEdward Clinton, the first Earl of Lincoln in 1574 and it was sold repeatedly until the mid-17th century. In 1677,Richard Onslow, the first Baron Onslow purchased Pyrford, and it was owned by his family until 1805.[49]
Reforms during the Tudor period reduced the importance ofmanorial courts and the day-to-day administration of towns became the responsibility of localvestries.[57] By this time, the modern Borough of Woking was divided between four parishes: Woking, Byfleet,Horsell and Pyrford.[58] The vestries appointed constables, distributed funds to the poor and took charge of the repair of local roads. From the 17th century, the roles ofJustices of the Peace were expanded to take greater responsibility for law and order in the area.[59]
Following thePoor Law Amendment Act 1834, the parish of Woking was included in theGuildford Poor Law Union, whilst the parishes of Byfleet, Horsell, and Pyrford were included in theChertsey Poor Law Union. These unions then formed the basis for therural sanitary districts established in 1872, which gradually took on more local government responsibilities.Surrey County Council was established in 1889 under theLocal Government Act 1888 to operate as a higher-tier authority alongside the sanitary districts. In 1893 a separatelocal board was established for the parish of Woking, making it its own urban sanitary district, independent from the Guildford Rural Sanitary District.[60] After elections, the first meeting of the Woking Local Board was held on 4 October 1893.[61][62]
Under theLocal Government Act 1894, the Woking Local Board became anurban district council (UDC). Byfleet, Horsell and Pyrford became part of the Chertsey Rural District, although the parish of Horsell was transferred into the Woking Urban District in 1907,[63][64] It was not until 1933, when the Chertsey Rural District was abolished, that both Byfleet and Pyrford joined the Woking Urban District.[63][note 7] The council wasgranted a coat of arms in 1930 and three years later it applied to thePrivy Council forborough status, but without success.[64] A similar request made in 1955 was also declined. It was not until the1974 reorganisation of local government that Woking finally became a borough.[67] The parishes within the borough were abolished at the same time, making it anunparished area.[68][69]
Acivil parish council for Byfleet was created in 1990,[67] but was abolished in April 2010.[70] As of 2022, there are no parish councils in the borough.[71]
The unimproved River Wey is thought to have been used for the transport of goods and passengers from ancient times. In the early Tudor period, there was a wharf at Woking Palace and in 1566 there is a reference to a "certaein locke... between Woodham lands and Brook lande upon the water of the Weye".[72] TheRiver Wey Navigation was authorised byAct of Parliament in 1651. Twelvelocks (including two flood locks), and 9 mi (14 km) of newcuts were constructed between the Thames andGuildford,[73][74] of which three are in the borough.[75] The opening of the new navigation had a modest effect on the local area, and, by the 18th century, flour produced by watermills at Woking was being shipped to London from a new wharf at Cartbridge nearSend.[76]
TheBasingstoke Canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1778 and was intended to provide a route for the transport of farm produce and timber from Hampshire to London. The section between the Wey Navigation and Horsell opened in 1791[77] and the canal was finally completed in 1794. Although the route was too far from Old Woking for it to have an effect on its development,[78] a wharf was provided at Horsell for the use of local farmers. In the first half of the 19th century, bricks were manufactured in the area now occupied by Goldsworth Road and were transported to London via a wharf adjacent to the Rowbarge pub.[79] The canal declined sharply after the opening of theLondon and Southampton Railway in the late 1830s and traffic west of Woking had ceased by 1921.[80] The final commercial delivery, a consignment of timber to Woking, was made via the canal in 1947.[81] By the mid-1960s, the canal was derelict, but between 1970 and 1976 it was purchased by Surrey and Hampshire county councils. Restoration of the canal was completed in 1991 and the canal is now open for navigation from the Wey to the eastern portal ofGreywell Tunnel.[82][note 8]
The construction of theLondon and Southampton Railway began in October 1834[84] and the first train ran betweenNine Elms andWoking on 12 May 1838.[85][note 9] When it opened, Woking station was surrounded by open heath[86] and was 2 km (1.2 mi) from what is now the village of Old Woking.[88] Nevertheless, it quickly became therailhead for west Surrey and the main entrance was positioned on the south side of the tracks for the convenience of those travelling by stagecoach from Guildford.[86] The station became a junction in May 1845 when thebranch to Guildford was opened.[87] Three other railway stations were built in the present borough:Brookwood (opened in June 1864),[89]Worplesdon (opened in March 1883)[90] andWest Byfleet (opened in December 1887 as Byfleet).[91] The track through Woking station was quadrupled in 1904 andelectrified in 1937.[92]
TheLondon Necropolis Company was established by an Act of Parliament in 1852 to createBrookwood Cemetery. New burials had been banned in central London graveyards in 1850, and the company was able to purchase 2,268 acres (918 ha) of common land in the Woking area in 1854.[93] The cemetery was consecrated by theBishop of Winchester in November 1854.[94] Coffins were transported toBrookwood by train and the cemetery was served bya short single-track branch line with two stations.[95] The company ran funeral trains to Brookwood at least twice a week until April 1941, whenthe London terminus was bombed.[96]
_(5).JPG)
Construction ofSt John's, the only significant area where housebuilding was directly stimulated by the opening of the Basingstoke Canal, began in the first decades of the 19th century. In the 1790s, there had been a few scattered smallholdings and squatters' cottages to the south of Knaphill, but the opening of a wharf to serve thenurseries and new brickworks attracted new workers, requiring more extensive accommodation. By the late 1830s, the new village, initially known as Kiln Bridge, was large enough to support the construction of a chapel dedicated toSt John the Baptist. The chapel wasreplaced by a larger church, designed byGeorge Gilbert Scott and consecrated in 1842,[97][98] and the surrounding area acquired the name "St John's" at around the same time.[99] Further expansion in the area continued with the opening of theWoking Convict Invalid Prison andBrookwood Hospital in the mid-19th century.[99]
Modern Woking began to develop between the mid-1860s and late-1880s, as the London Necropolis Company sold excess land that had not been used for Brookwood Cemetery.[100][note 10] The High Street had been laid out by 1863, and a post office opened there in 1865. By 1869, the first houses had appeared on Ellen Street (now West Street), Providence Street (now Church Street) and Commercial Road.[102][103] By the 1890s, most of the land to the north of the railway line had been sold, but the London Necropolis Company had been unable to find a buyer for Hook Heath, to the south. The company decided to develop the area itself and divided it into plots for large, detached houses. A golf course was built on part of the heath to attract residents and visitors.[104][note 11]
The firstcouncil housing in Woking was constructed following the end of the First World War, and by the summer of 1921, around 100 families had moved into new properties in Old Woking, Horsell, Knaphill and Westfield. In the same year, Chertsey Rural District Council developed their own schemes in Byfleet and Pyrford,[107][108] and, in the two decades to 1939, Woking UDC constructed a total of 785 houses.[109] Following the end of theSecond World War, the borough council began to build estates at Maybury, Barnsbury and St Mary's Byfleet.[110]
In the 1944Greater London Plan, Pyrford and Byfleet were identified as areas foroverspill development and homes for 3,250 former London residents were expected to be built in the borough. In 1947,London County Council purchased 230 acres (93 ha) atSheerwater and by 1951 had constructed 1,279 houses and flats for new tenants.[111][note 12] In 1965, much of the remaining open space in the borough was placed into theMetropolitan Green Belt, restricting the potential for future development ofgreenfield land.[112] Nevertheless, housebuilding continued in the 1970s, including the 20 ha (49-acre) Lakeview development and the construction of 440 homes on the formerInkerman Barracks site.[110][113][114]
.jpg)
Redevelopment has resulted in the demolition of the majority of the Victorian buildings in the town centre. Since 2012, the policy of the borough council has been to permit high-density residential development in this area,[115][116] exemplified by two residential towers completed in Spring 2022 as part of the Victoria Square project.[18] Elsewhere in the borough, the conversion of formerindustrial land to residential use is encouraged in preference to building on greenfield sites.[116] Recent examples include the redevelopment of the former Unwins' Print Works at Old Woking into the Gresham Mill apartment complex.[117][118]
Until the mid-19th century, the local economy was dominated by agriculture, although large areas of the modern borough were covered by infertile waste land.[119]Acts of Inclosure were passed for Byfleet, Sutton and Pyrford in 1800, 1803 and 1805, respectively, allowing landowners to rededicate land for pasture and growing crops.[120][note 13] Inclosure was not completed at Woking until the London Necropolis Company purchased the common land in 1854.[93][120] No Act was passed for Horsell, and the large area of common land to the north of Woking remains free of development as a result.[120]
.jpg)
The opening of the Basingstoke Canal in 1794 enabled new industries to be established in the west of the borough. Brickmaking had been taking place on a small scale at Knaphill since at least 1709,[123] but the works expanded following the opening of a wharf at Kiln Bridge.[124] Although the local soils were unsuitable for large-scale agriculture,nurseries were established on the Bracklesham Beds in the 1790s, to satisfy the increasing demand for ornamental garden plants from the growing middle class in London.[58][122][note 14] TheClematis specialist,George Jackman, was among those who established nurseries at Mayford and Goldsworth Park.Cultivars first grown by his firm include the'Jackmanii' and the 'Belle of Woking'. By 1900, horticulture was one of the most important industries in the area, but following the end of the Second World War, most firms closed or relocated, and their land was sold for housebuilding.[122]
Heavy industry arrived in Woking during the First World War with the establishment of theMartinsyde Aircraft Works on Oriental Road. The founders, H. P. Martin and George Handasyde were unable to expand their existing factory atBrooklands and set up a new factory, known as the Lion Works, on the site of the formerOriental Institute. By 1919, over 600Buzzard biplanes had been produced in Woking, but following the end of the war, demand for aircraft declined, and the company closed in 1924.[125][126]
In 1926, the site of the Lion Works was purchased by James Walker, whose company specialised in the production of packaging materials.[125][127] By 1939, the factory was the largest employer in Woking[126] and, in the mid-1950s, 8% of the local workforce was working for the company.[128] Manufacturing ceased in Woking in 1993, but the company headquarters is still based in the town. The factory site was redeveloped into the Lion Retail Park.[125]
The Sorbo Rubber Works opened in 1920 on the site of the former steam laundry on Maybury Road. It specialised in the manufacture of rubber sponges but also made toys for children.[126] Production moved to Arnold Road in 1922,[129] and during the Second World War, the company made self-sealing aircraft fuel tanks for theRoyal Air Force.[126] The company was acquired by its competitors, P. B. Cow Ltd, in 1948.[130]
The first known brewery in the area was founded in Old Woking in 1715 and continued to trade until 1890. Brewery Road in Horsell is named for the business owned by the Stedman family, which operated from the 1860s until the 1910s. Byfleet Brewery, the largest in the modern borough, was active for much of the second half of the 19th century, but production was moved to Guildford after the company was taken over byFriary Ales in the 1890s.[131] The multinational brewing and beverage company,SABMiller, was based in Woking from 1999 until it was bought byAnheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV in 2016. As part of the takeover deal, several former SABMiller brands, includingPeroni andGrolsch, were purchased by the Japanese firm,Asahi Breweries.[132][133] As of 2022, the UK headquarters of Asahi Breweries is in Woking.[134]
TheMcLaren Group was founded in 1981 byRon Dennis following his acquisition of theMcLaren Formula One team. TheMcLaren Technology Centre, designed byFoster + Partners as the headquarters of the group, was formally opened byElizabeth II in 2004.[135][136] The 50 ha (120-acre) site, to the north of the town centre, includes the McLaren Production Centre, the primary manufacturing facility forMcLaren Automotive.[136][137][138] In 2013, McLaren was the largest employer in the borough.[139]
During the Second World War, the defence of Woking and the surrounding area was coordinated by the 11th Battalion of the South EasternHome Guard.[140] Training was carried out at Mizens Farm, Horsell, and included a mock battle with Canadian, Polish and Free French troops in 1941.[141] Dedicated Home Guard units were responsible for guarding the Woking Electric Supply Company power station, the GQ parachute factory and the Sorbo Rubber Works.[142][143] Woking railway station was defended by troops operating light anti-aircraft artillery.[144]
Air raid shelters were opened on Commercial Road and at Wheatsheaf Recreation Ground in 1939, followed in 1941 by further shelters, including at Victoria Gardens.[142] The presence of a major railway junction as well as several Vickers factories making aircraft parts, made Woking an obvious target for enemy bombing.[145] The most severe attack took place in January 1941, in which seven people were killed.[146] By the end of 1944, the borough had experienced 58 air raids, during which around 25 houses had been destroyed and almost 2300 damaged.[145] The final bomb attack on Woking, aV-2 rocket, fell on 2 March 1945.[147]
The town is in the parliamentary constituency ofWoking and has been representedat Westminster since July 2024 byLiberal DemocratWill Forster.
Councillors are elected toSurrey County Council every four years. The borough is covered by seven divisions, each of which elects one councillor. The seven divisions are: "The Byfleets", "Goldsworth East and Horsell Village", "Knaphill and Goldsworth West", "Woking North", "Woking South", "Woking South East" and "Woking South West".[148][149]
Elections tothe borough council take place in three out of every four years. A total of 30 councillors serve at any one time, ten of whom are elected at each election. The council is led by an executive committee consisting of the Leader and six portfolio holders.[150] Each year, one of the councillors serves as Mayor of Woking for a period of twelve months. The role of mayor is primarily ceremonial and the post has little political power.[151][152] Among the people and organisations to have received theFreedom of the Borough areHoward Panter,Rosemary Squire[153] and theArmy Training Centre Pirbright.[154]
Woking istwinned with:Amstelveen, Netherlands (since 1989);[155]Le Plessis-Robinson, France (since 1993);Rastatt, Germany (since 2001).[156][157] In December 2014, the borough council announced that it would establish a task group to explore potential twinning opportunities with towns inBrazil,Russia,India,China andSouth Africa.[158]
In 2021, the population of the Borough of Woking was 103,900.[2] According to the2011 Census, 83.6% of the inhabitants werewhite, 11.6% were ofAsian descent and 2.4% weremixed race.[159]
There has long been a large Italian community in Woking, most of whom originated from theSicilian town ofMussomeli.[160] The majority of the original arrivals worked in theBritax factory in Byfleet and others on the mushroom farms inChobham or for the James Walker company. Many started their own landscaping or ice cream businesses.St Dunstan's Catholic Church in Woking holdsmasses in Italian. The Italian population in Woking, including second- and third-generation members, numbers between two and three thousand.[161] There is a largePakistani population in Woking, centred on Maybury and Sheerwater.[162]
| Area | Population | Households | Owned outright | Owned with a loan | Social rented | Private rented |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borough of Woking | 79,185 | 40,964 | 31.6% | 38.9% | 11.9% | 15.7% |
| South East Region | 8,634,750 | 3,555,463 | 35.1% | 32.5% | 13.7% | 16.3% |
| Ward | Detached | Semi-detached | Terraced | Flats and apartments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borough of Woking | 32.1% | 24.3% | 19.5% | 24.8% |
| South East Region | 28.0% | 27.6% | 22.4% | 21.2% |
In the early 21st century, Woking has a strong economy relative to the rest of the UK; the borough was awarded first place in the UK Vitality Index of Local Authorities, compiled by Lambert Smith Hampton in 2021,[163] and was placed in the top 20% of all Local Authorities for economic vibrancy byGrant Thornton in 2016.[164]University graduates comprise more than 60% of the workforce,[165] although around 53% of all working residentscommute out of the borough on a daily basis. According to the 2015–2016 Annual Population Survey, 85% of the working-age population are in employment (compared to the Surrey average of 80%) and 14% areself-employed (compared to the county average of 12%).[164] However, economic prosperity is not spread uniformly across the borough; two areas of Sheerwater are the mostdeprived parts of Surrey.[166]
In the mid-2010s, the industries providing the largest number of jobs in the borough wereinformation technology,food and beverage services, andmotor vehicle design and manufacture. Woking also has a significant cluster of companies operating in theoil and gas industries,financial and business services industry, as well as theenvironmental technologies sector.[164]
In May 2023, a government review revealed that the council would have debts of £2.4bn by 2026, 100 times the size of its annual £24m budget, including investments in hotels and residential skyscrapers and a £6.4m loan to a local private school.[167][168] On the same day, the Minister for Local GovernmentLee Rowley announced that the council was to be overseen by a team of expert commissioners until the council could "address their commercial and financial challenges, and make transformative change across its entire operations."[169]
On 7 June 2023 Woking council declared bankruptcy with £1.2bn deficit due to risky investments involving hotels and skyscrapers overseen by its former Conservative administration.[170]
Woking Gas and Water Company began supplying the growing town with drinking water in 1883.[171] The supply was pumped from a 40 m deep (130 ft)borehole atWest Horsley,[172] allowing the villages to the south of the town to be fed from the same supply. Horsell and Pyrford were connected to the Woking mains by 1895, and in 1900, the South West Suburban Water Company started to supply Byfleet.[173] The water companies serving the borough merged with their neighbours in 1973 to form the North Surrey Water Company, which became part ofVeolia Water UK in October 2000. Following further changes of name in 2009 and 2012, Veolia Water UK is now known asAffinity Water.[174][175]
As Woking grew in the second half of the 19th century, much of itswastewater was stored incesspools, emptied into ditches, or discharged into the street. Thesewage works at Woking Park Farm, Carters Lane were opened in December 1896.[171][176]Sewers had been laid to the majority of the town centre by 1899 and to Horsell by 1907. A separate sewage works was created atWisley to serve Byfleet, West Byfleet and parts of Pyrford.[176]
The publicgasworks opened in Boundary Road in 1892[171] and, until 1936, the coal required was supplied via the Basingstoke Canal.[81][177] Gas mains were laid to Horsell in 1897 and to West Byfleet in 1899.[178] From 1929, additionalgas was supplied fromLeatherhead via a connection atEffingham Junction.[179] By December 1935, the Woking District Gas Company had laid around 120 mi (190 km) of gas mains and was supplying over 9000 customers in a 52 sq mi (130 km2) area.[180] The Wandsworth and District Gas Company acquired a controlling stake in the Woking company in 1936.[181]
Woking Electric Supply Company was founded in 1889 and openedits power station in Board School Road the same year.[171][182] Initially the generator only ran in the hours of darkness and there were only 180 connected properties by 1895. Electric streetlights were installed in Woking in 1893, but in 1902, they were replaced by gas lamps. Electric street lighting was reinstalled in the town in 1931.[171] Under theElectricity (Supply) Act 1926, Woking was connected to theNational Grid, initially to a 33 kVsupply ring, which linked the town to Guildford, Godalming,Hindhead andAldershot. In 1932, a 132 kW substation was installed at West Byfleet, which connected the Woking ring toLuton andWimbledon.[183] The Board School Road power station closed in 1959, by which time it had aninstalled capacity of 7000 kW.[182]
Since the mid-1990s, the borough council has commissioned a series ofrenewable energy installations to generate heat and electricity to power local homes and offices. Operated by the council-owned subsidiary, ThamesWey, the scheme includescombined heat and power plants,photovoltaic arrays and a 200 kWhydrogenfuel cell at Woking Park.[184][185] The council aims to generate 15% of the electricity used in the borough from photovoltaics by 2032 and to increase the installed capacity of renewable energy generators to 11 MW by 2030.[186][note 15]
The first fire brigade in the borough was formed in Byfleet in the mid-1880s.[188] In October 1895, the brigade in Woking was formed and was initially equipped with a hand cart, ladders and leather hoses. The first Woking fire engine, a horse-drawn waggon with a steam-powered pump, was purchased by the UDC in 1899. It was replaced in 1919 with a diesel fire engine with telescopic ladders. A second engine was added in 1925.[189] In September 1939, the Woking and Byfleet brigades were merged with others serving nearby towns into a single, combined force covering the whole of Surrey.[188]
In 2022, thefire authority for Woking is Surrey County Council and thestatutory fire service isSurrey Fire and Rescue Service.[190] Ambulance services are run by theSouth East Coast Ambulance Service.[191]
At end of the 19th century, a police sergeant and two constables were working in Woking and there was a second sergeant at Knaphill. By 1908, the local force had grown to 31, including a superintendent.[192] In 2022,Surrey Police is responsible for policing in the borough.[193] Since January 2020, the force has operated a front counter at Woking Civic Offices in the town centre.[194] The current police station, opened in 1990 in the former boys' grammar school in Station Approach,[195] is due to close in around 2029.[196]
Brookwood Hospital was founded in 1867 as thepsychiatric hospital for west Surrey on land purchased from the London Necropolis Company.[197][198] By 1875, there were 675 patients undergoing treatment, but numbers had grown to 1,477 by 1931.[198] During the Second World War, it served as an emergency war hospital[199] and became part of the NHS in 1948.[197] Brookwood Hospital closed in 1994, the majority of the buildings were demolished, and the site was used for commercial and residential development.[197][198]
The first general hospital in Woking was a voluntary hospital opened in Bath Road in 1893. It was followed by the 13-bed Victoria Cottage Hospital on the corner of Boundary Lane and Chobham Road. The hospital was extended several times, and by the start of the Second World War, its capacity had increased to 100 in-patient beds.[189] In 1933, Woking UDC and neighbouring councils began to develop plans to concentrate health services at what would becomeSt Peter's Hospital, Chertsey. Nevertheless, the Victoria Hospital continued to provide non-emergency medical services in the town until its closure in 1993.[200]
Woking Community Hospital, on Heathside Road, offersa walk-in centre for patients with minor injuries and an in-patient rehabilitation ward. The Bradley Unit is a specialist facility for those recovering from brain injuries.[201] The Bedser Hub, opened in March 2016, was funded by a legacy fromSir Alec Bedser and provides support to enable older people to remain independent and active.[202] In 2022, the nearest hospitals with anA&E department areSt Peter's Hospital, Chertsey,Royal Surrey County Hospital andFrimley Park Hospital.[203]
The borough has good transport links to London and the wider south east region: It is linked to the national motorway network via junction 11 of theM25 and junction 3 of theM3.[204] However, Woking is poorly connected by road to local towns in northwest Surrey and there are only two north–south routes for road vehicles across the London to Southampton railway line in the town centre, both of which suffer from congestion at peak times.[164] Addressing the capacity of the local road network was identified as a priority in the 2018 Woking Forward Programme, published by the county council.[205]
Woking railway station is to the south of the town centre. It is managed bySouth Western Railway, which operates all services. Trains run toLondon Waterloo viaClapham Junction, toSouthampton Central andSalisbury viaBasingstoke, toAlton viaFarnham and toPortsmouth Harbour viaGuildford orEastleigh.[206] South Western Railway also runs all train services from Brookwood,[207] Worplesdon[208] and West Byfleet stations.[209]
Woking town centre is linked by a number of bus routes to surrounding towns and villages in north and west Surrey.[12] Operators serving the town include Carlone Buses, Falcon Bus,Stagecoach andWhite Bus.[210] ARailAir coach service links Woking station toHeathrow Airport.[211]
The River Wey is navigable fromWeybridge toGodalming and thenavigation authority is theNational Trust.[212] The Basingstoke Canal is open for navigation from the Wey at Byfleet to Greywell Tunnel when the water supply permits. The navigation authority is the Basingstoke Canal Authority. The majority of the locks have set opening times, and passage must be pre-booked.[213][214]
National Cycle Network Route 221 connects Pirbright toNew Haw and runs alongside the Basingstoke Canal. Route 223, which connectsChertsey toShoreham-by-Sea, passes through Woking,[215] as does the "Woking and Egham link" of the Surrey Cycleway.[216] In 2009, the borough council received funding to develop a 26 km (16 mi) off-road cycle network, resulting in the creation of 21 routes, collectively known as the "Planet Trails".[217] The trails celebrate the area's connections toThe War of the Worlds byH. G. Wells[218] and each route is named after either aplanet or amoon in theSolar System.[215] A 9.8 km diameter (6.1 mi)crater on the planet Mars was named after the town in 2006.[219]
The Fox Way, a 39 mi (63 km) footpath that circles Guildford,[220] passes through the south of the borough at Sutton Green and Worplesdon railway station.[221] TheE2 European long distance path runs along thetowpath of the River Wey Navigation from Sutton to Byfleet.[222]
The oldest surviving record of a school in the modern borough is from 1725 when there appears to have been a small school at Byfleet. In the same year, the vicar of Woking reported that there was "one poore writing master" living in his parish and that younger children attendeddame schools to learn to read. There is a record of a Church of England-affiliated school in Horsell in 1788 and, in the 1790s, a school for non-conformists opened nearby.National schools were established at Pyrford in 1847 and at Old Woking in 1848.[223]
The Winston Churchill School is a mixed comprehensive school for pupils aged 11 to 16.[224] It opened in January 1967 on part of the former Inkerman Barracks site and its buildings were designed by the County Architect, Raymond Ash.[114][225] The schoolplanetarium was opened in 2019 by former pupil andDoctor Who actor,Peter Davison.[226] Outside of school hours, the planetarium is open to the public and regularly hosts films and lectures on astronomy.[227]
TheSt John the Baptist School is a mixedCatholic school for pupils aged 11 to 18. It has been sponsored by the Xavier Catholic Education Trust since September 2016, when it gainedacademy status.[228] The school, on Elmbridge Lane, was founded in 1969.[229][230]
Woking High School was founded in 1970 as Horsell Secondary School, replacing the former Chobham and Goldsworth Schools.[231][232] It gained academy status in August 2013 and educates pupils aged 11 to 16.[233]
TheBishop David Brown School, in Sheerwater, is a mixed academy for pupils aged 11 to 16.[234] It was formed in 1982 through the merger of the Sheerwater Secondary and Queen Elizabeth II Schools. It was named in honour ofDavid Brown, Bishop of Guildford who died in July of that year.[235][236] Since 2015, it has been operated by the Unity Schools Trust.[234]
Hoe Valley School opened in September 2015 at Woking Park[237] and moved to its current site on Egley Road three years later.[238][239] The free school currently educates children up to the age of 16, and the sixth form is due to open in 2023.[240]
Woking College, in Rydens Way, opened in September 1977 with an initial intake of 730 students.[241] It educates pupils aged 16–19 and gained academy status in September 2017.[242][243] In November 2021, the sixth form college was awarded £3M funding to construct a new teaching block. The facility will enable student numbers to rise by 200 from the current enrollment of 1,450.[244]
The Gordon Ramsay Academy opened in Commercial Way in September 2021.[245] The site was previously theTante Marie Culinary Academy, founded in 1954.[246][247]
TheChurch of England churches in the borough belong to the Woking Deanery, part of theDiocese of Guildford.[248] Eight of the churches arelisted, including three that are Grade I listed.
St Peter's Church, Old Woking is the oldest surviving building in the borough. There is thought to have been a wooden church on the site during the Saxon period, but it was replaced with a stone building in the decades following theNorman Conquest. The lower part of the walls of thenave date from the reign of William I and theoak west door is fromc. 1100.[249][250] The oldest parts of the Church of St Mary the Virgin, in Byfleet, date from the 13th century, but the building was extended in the mid-19th century.[251] Also Grade I-listed is the 12th-century St Nicholas' Church in Pyrford, the interior of which has remnants of medieval wall paintings.[252]
The Grade II*-listedChurch of St Mary the Virgin at Horsell was built as a stone chapel in the mid-12th century. It was rebuilt in the 14th century, and the tower was constructed in the 15th century in flint,clunch and heathstone. The church is noted for its oakpulpit, which dates from 1602.[253][254] The Grade II-listed churches in the borough areChrist Church, in Woking town centre,[255] the Church of All Saints, in Woodham Lane,[256] theChurch of St Mary of Bethany, on Mount Hermon Road,[257] and the Church of St John the Baptist, in Parvis Road.[258]
_(3).jpg)
The first Catholic church in the borough was built at Sutton Park in 1875–6. The Church of St Edward the Confessor was designed in theearly-English Gothic style by James Harris. The south porch includes a seated statue ofEdward the Confessor above the door.[259][260] The present St Dunstan's Church, on Shaftesbury Road, was opened in 2008. It replaced an earlier church of the same name that had been opened in 1925 on White Rose Lane.[261]
_(4).JPG)
The firstMethodist chapel in the borough was opened in College Road in 1863 and there were open-air services taking place close to the railway station in 1871.[262] A church was built in the town centre in 1872 and, five years later, the Woking Circuit was established. A larger church was erected in 1884, which in turn was replaced in 1905.[263] As part of the redevelopment of the town centre, the old premises were sold and a new Methodist Church, known as Trinity Methodist Church, was opened in June 1965. The design of the building was inspired by the Anglican Cathedral inMbale, Uganda.[262]
The two Baptist churches in the borough are part of the North Downs Network of the South Eastern Baptist Association.[264] Knaphill Baptist Church was constructed in 1882 and was originally called “Hope Chapel”.[265] The New Life Baptist Church began as an offshoot of the former Percy Street Baptist Church in Old Woking in 1929, but became independent in 1956.[266]
TheShah Jahan Mosque, the first purpose-built mosque in the country, was constructed in 1889 byGottlieb Wilhelm Leitner on the grounds of theOriental Institute. It was funded, in part, bySultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal and was designed by William Isaac Chambers in thelate-Mughal style. The central prayer hall is roofed by anonion dome, topped by a crescentfinial, and the northern façade has four open turrets, linked by triangularcrow-stepped battlements.[267][268] The mosque closed following Leitner's death in 1899, but reopened in 1912 following a restoration project byKhwaja Kamal-ud-Din.[269]
The Woking Buddhist Temple at Knaphill is one of 15Thai Buddhist temples in England and is the headquarters of theDhammakaya Movement in England.[270] It occupies the former chapel of Brookwood Hospital, which closed in 1994.[271] The Meditation Garden opened in the temple grounds in October 2021.[272]
Much ofThe War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells is set in the Woking area. The author wrote the majority of the novel between 1895 and 1898, when he lived in Maybury Road.[274][275][276] During the early part of the story, a Martian cylinder lands onHorsell Common.[277][278] A bronze statue of Wells, by the artist Wesley Harland, was unveiled in Woking town centre in September 2016.[279] A 7 m high (23 ft) sculpture of a Wellesian Martian Tripod by Michael Condron, was installed at one end of Crown Square in April 1998.[273]
Briarbrae, the Woking home of aForeign Office employee, Mr Percy Phelps, is a key setting in SirArthur Conan Doyle's 1892Sherlock Holmes short story "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty".[280][281]Douglas Adams defined 'Woking' inThe Deeper Meaning of Liff as: "Standing in the kitchen wondering what you came in here for".[282]
TheWoking News and Mail was first published in 1894 asThe Woking News and was later merged with its rival,The Woking Mail, to create the combined title.[283] In March 2011, it was closed by its owners,Guardian Media Group, but two months later, it was restarted as a monthly newspaper by local businessman, Philip Davies. Weekly editions resumed in November 2012[284] and in May 2017 theWoking News and Mail had a print circulation of 2,500.[285]Tindle Newspapers Ltd acquired the paper in October 2022.[286]
The members ofThe Jam met as students at Sheerwater County Secondary School in the early 1970s. They began to perform inworking men's clubs in Woking,[287][288] before releasing their first single in 1977.[287] Their 1982UK Number 1 single "Town Called Malice" describes the experiences of the band growing up in Woking.[289] Lead singer,Paul Weller named his 1995albumStanley Road after the street where he grew up.[288]
Other musicians born in Woking, includeRick Parfitt, singer-songwriter andrhythm guitarist forStatus Quo,[290] and songwriterLes Reed, who wrote the songs "It's Not Unusual" and "Delilah" forTom Jones.[291] The pop group, theSpice Girls, began their musical careers in 1994, with dance rehearsals at the Trinity Studios in Knaphill. The venue is now known as the Woking Youth Arts Centre.[292][293]
Among the works of public art in the town are a series ofpolychrome statues by Woking-born sculptorSean Henry. Initially, the sculptures were intended to be displayed on a short-term basis as part of an art trail, but in November 2017, the borough council announced it had agreed to buy the statues and display them in the town on a permanent basis.[294] At either end of the Bedser Bridge over the Basingstoke Canal, there are statues of cricketing brothers, Sir Alec and Eric Bedser byAllan Sly. Sir Alec is shown bowling on the south bank and Eric batting on the north bank.[295][296] TheWinning Shot, byChristine Charlesworth, depicts thewheelchair basketball player,Ade Adepitan, and celebrates theLondon 2012 Paralympic Games.[297]
Until the early 1970s, Christ Church Hall was the only performing arts venue in Woking. It was demolished and replaced with the first purpose-built theatre, theRhoda McGaw Theatre, which opened in 1975. It, too, was demolished and replaced by the Ambassadors Theatre Complex, which opened in 1992.[298] The complex houses two theatres, the 1,300-seatNew Victoria Theatre and a 230-seat studio theatre, also named the Rhoda McGaw Theatre.[299]
The Ambassadors' Cinema, also accessed via the top floor of The Peacocks, opened with three screens in April 1993 and a further three were added in February 1997.[300] It closed for refurbishment in 2019[301] and re-opened as Nova Cinema in May 2021.[302] The new venue has seven screens, including a luxury screen.[303]
The Lightbox, adjacent to the Basingstoke Canal in the centre of Woking, was opened to the public in 2007.[304] The arts and heritage centre was designed by the architects' firm, Marks Barfield, and includes a permanent museum of local history.[305][306] It hosts temporary exhibitions of works by local and international artists and the first Woking Literary Festival took place at the venue in 2017.[304]
Woking Leisure Centre opened on Kingfield Way in 1976[307] and offers a gym and facilities forbadminton,basketball andfive-a-side football.[308][309] The centre underwent a £2M refurbishment, which was completed in June 2013.[310] Elsewhere in the borough, the Woking Sportsbox, adjacent to Hoe Bridge School, opened in July 2018[311] and the Eastwood Leisure Centre, in Sheerwater, opened in October 2021.[312]
Before the first open-air pool was opened in Woking Park in 1910, local people swam in the canal and the River Wey.[313] The first pool was replaced in 1935 by the Woking Lido, which was in turn replaced by Pool in the Park in 1989.[314] The firstwater slides were opened at Pool in the Park in 1992[307] and were replaced by new flumes, named "The Martian" and "The Time Traveller" in July 2019.[315][note 16] The Eastwood Leisure Centre offers a 25 m, 6-lane main pool and a teaching pool for children.[318]
Woking F.C., nicknamed "the Cardinals" or "the Cards", was formed in 1887.[319] Initiallyhome games were played at Wheatsheaf Common, but had moved to Kingfield by 1923.[320] The club won theFA Amateur Cup in 1958[321] and theFA Trophy in 1994,[322] 1995[323] and 1997.[324]As of the 2024/25 season the team competes in theNational League,[325]the fifth tier of english football.
The borough also supports three clubs playingNon-League football:Westfield F.C. (founded 1953),[326]Sheerwater F.C. (founded 1958)[327] andKnaphill F.C. (founded 1924).[328]
Pyrford Cricket Club was founded in 1858[329] and its main ground is Pear Park on Coldharbour Road.[330] Westfield Saints Cricket Club was founded in 1875 and plays its home games at Greenmead near Mayford.[331]
Byfleet Cricket Club was founded in 1876 and has played its home games at the club ground in Parvis Road ever since. The first pavilion was constructed around 1890, and the current brick building dates from 1979. The unusual dimensions of the ground means that, since 1922, it has had two narrow cricket squares, laid end-to-end, rather than a single full-width square.[332]
Woking and Horsell Cricket Club was founded in 1905 as Horsell Cricket Club. Initially, it played its home games at the Vicarage field, but moved in 1923 to its current ground on Brewery Road. The club adopted its current name in 1968.[333] Old Woking Cricket Club was founded in 1962 and has played at its current ground, on Queen Elizabeth Way, since 1967. Previously known as Woking Remnants Cricket Club, it adopted its current name in 1997.[334]
Woking Hockey Club was founded in 1904. It is based atGoldsworth Park, and its facilities include twoAstroTurf pitches.[335] The Hockey Museum opened in Butts Road in 2012[336] and moved to its current premises in the High Street in December 2017.[337][338]
Woking Rugby Football Club (R.F.C.) traces its origins to Vickers R.F.C., which was founded in Byfleet in 1931. Following the closure of theBritish Aerospace (BAe) works atBrooklands in the late 1980s, the club was reformed under its current name in 1990. Initially, the club used the former BAe ground, but has played its home games at the Byfleet recreation ground since 1993.[339] The Clubhouse is at the Camphill Social Club at West Byfleet.[340]
Old Woking War Memorial was unveiled in November 1920 in St Peter's Churchyard. It takes the form of a Cornish granitewheel cross, decorated with Celtic-style tracery. There are two inscriptions on the base, one for each of the world wars, but no names are recorded on the memorial itself.[341][342]
The Woking War Memorial was unveiled in Victoria Garden in May 1922 and moved to its current location in Jubilee Square in 1975. It consists of a sandstone column supporting a statue of a wingedfigure of Victory by the sculptor,Francis William Doyle Jones. The names of 520 people who died in the First World War are inscribed on the plinth, and a dedication to those who died in the Second was added in April 1950.[343][344]
Byfleet War Memorial takes the form of a stonecenotaph, supported on a brick plinth. It records the names of 72 people who died in the First World War and of 14 people who died in the Second.[345]
The first manor house on the site of Woking Palace is thought to have been built by Alan Basset, who was granted the manor by Richard I in 1189.[50][note 17] The manor was held by various families, including the Bassets and Despensers,[347] and, in the 15th century, the building was described as "substantial" and capable of accommodating up to 100 guests.[50] In 1466, the manor was granted toLady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of the futureHenry VII,[53] who lived there with her third husband,Henry Stafford, from 1467[348] until at least 1471.[50][349]
The palace was frequently visited by Henry VII and his son,Henry VIII, who commissioned the construction of a new kitchen, royal apartments, a new wharf on the River Wey and two bowling alleys. Further improvement works were carried out during the reign ofElizabeth I.[347] In contrast,James I is not thought to have taken any interest in Woking and the buildings were allowed to decay. In 1620, he granted the manor toEdward Zouch, who partly demolished the structure to provide building materials for a new house at Hoe Place.[50] By the reign ofCharles II, the site was being used as a farm, and the remaining buildings had probably been converted to barns.[347] Today, the only visible traces of the palace are the perimetermoat (filled in the winter months), the former fishponds and a single stone building.[346]
.jpg)
The tallest buildings in Woking are Victoria Square Tower 1 and Tower 2 at 104 m (341 ft) and 98 m (322 ft) respectively.[350] The two buildings contain residential apartments[351][352] and a third, the 23-storey Tower 3, has a Hilton Hotel.[353] The project was designed by the architects' firm,Benoy, and was managed jointly by ThamesWey, a subsidiary of Woking Borough Council, and Moyallen Holdings Limited.[354][355]
The 73 m tall (240 ft)Export House was completed in 1974. It is known locally as "The BAT Building" (pronounced B-A-T), from the initials of its first tenant,British American Tobacco[356][357] and hasperegrine falcons nesting on top.[358]
Woking Crematorium, close to St John's, was opened in March 1885 as the first purpose-builtcrematorium in the UK.[359] The required land was purchased from the London Necropolis Company in 1878 bySir Henry Thompson, founder ofThe Cremation Society.[360] The crematory andcolumbarium were built in 1879[361] and the chapel was added in 1888.[362]
The Living Planet Centre, to the north of the town centre, adjacent to the Basingstoke Canal, was opened in 2013 byDavid Attenborough.[363] It was designed by Hopkins Architects and has abarrel-vaulted roof, which covers the centralatrium.[364] The building is the headquarters of the UKWorld Wide Fund for Nature and has a Learning Zone that is open to visitors.[363]
TheSurrey History Centre, in Goldsworth Road, was opened in March 1999 byPrince Charles.[365] It was designed to replace the Surrey Record Office, which was previously based atKingston upon Thames.[366] The building also houses collections from the Guildford Muniment Room and the former Surrey Local Studies Library.[367]
Sutton Place, was built forRichard Westonc. 1525 and is one of the earliest unfortified houses constructed in England.[368][369] The present house was constructed as a replacement for the medieval manor house of Sutton, which had been described as "ruinous" in 1329.[370] It was originally built around four sides of a central courtyard, but the north range was demolished in 1786. The building includes a two-storeygreat hall, decorated with royal coats of arms, and apanelled long gallery.[368]
Horsell Common is a 355 ha (880-acre) open space, owned and managed by the Horsell Common Preservation Society.[371][372] Some 152 ha (380 acres) are designated a biologicalSite of Special Scientific Interest[373][374] and form part of the Thames Basin HeathsSpecial Protection Area.[375] The common includes a range of heathland habitats, includingacid grassland andpeat bogs. It is noted for the diversity of insects, and it provides a habitat for 168Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and ants) species. Rare plants found in the area includemarsh pennywort,the lesser water-plantain andthree-lobed water crowfoot.[376]
.jpg)
TheMuslim Burial Ground on Monument Road was completed in 1917 as the resting place for Muslim soldiers fromBritish India who died in theFirst World War. It was designed by T. Herbery Winny, and the rectangular enclosure is surrounded by 2.5 m high (8.2 ft) walls. The entrance gate takes the form of a red brickchattri with a central dome. In 1921, the site was taken over by theCommonwealth War Graves Commission, by which time 19 soldiers had been buried there. A further eight soldiers who died in the Second World War were subsequently interred at the ground.[377][378]
After repeated instances ofvandalism, the soldiers wereexhumed in 1968 and reburied at Brookwood Cemetery.[377] In the following decades, the site was neglected and became overgrown. In 2011, a restoration of the burial ground, part-funded byEnglish Heritage, began. A memorial garden, known as the Peace Garden, was created at the site, centred around a rectangularreflecting pool.[378] AHimalayan birch tree was planted for each of the 27 soldiers who had previously been buried at the site.[379] The Peace Garden was opened in November 2015 byPrince Edward, Earl of Wessex.[378]
The land for Brookwood Cemetery was purchased by the London Necropolis Company in 1854[93] and the southern part of the site was consecrated as an Anglican burial ground in November of that year.[94] The northern part, closer to Brookwood station, was designated a non-conformist cemetery. The initial designs for the area were by the company architect, Henry Abraham, but the chapels were designed by his successor,Sydney Smirke. Smirke, working in collaboration with William Broderick Thomas, was responsible for design of the landscaping, including the extensive planting of evergreen trees and shrubs. The site remains a working cemetery; by 2009, over 233,300 people had been buried there.[380]
In 1917, a military cemetery was laid out to the west of the main site and was subsequently extended to receive those who died in the Second World War. The area was acquired by theCommonwealth War Graves Commission in 1919 and is now closed for new burials.[380][381]
The 18.6 ha (46-acre) Brookwood Country Park, to the south of Knaphill, is on the north bank of the Basingstoke Canal. Much of the site is a semi-natural green space with four wildlife ponds, but it also has two football pitches and a sports pavilion. The country park is managed by Woking Borough Council and has been protected by the charity,Fields in Trust, under the Queen Elizabeth II Fields programme, since January 2013.[382]
Smart's Heath and Prey Heath, to the south west of Mayford, together comprise the 38 ha (94-acre)Smart's and Prey Heaths Site of Special Scientific Interest. The two adjacent areas are separated by the Hoe Stream and are managed by the borough council.[383] They were not included in the land purchase by the London Necropolis Company in 1854 and have remained as areas of common land ever since.[384] The heaths provide a habitat for theEuropean nightjar and twoinsectivorous plant species, thelong-leaved andround-leaved sundews.[383]
Until the early 20th century, the area now occupied by Woking Park was open farmland. It was sold to the UDC in 1902 by the Brettel family on the condition that it would be used as a recreation ground and public park.[385][386] The two ponds in the centre of the park provide a habitat for frogs, birds, ferns and aquatic plants.[387]
Neighbouring areas of Surrey | |
|---|---|
| Towns, villages and hamlets | | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parks | |||||
| Places of worship | |||||
| Education | |||||
| Transport | |||||
| Buildings and structures | |||||
| Sport |
| ||||
| People | |||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
