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Baltic Noble Corporations ofCourland,Livonia,Estonia, andOesel (Ösel) were medievalfiefdoms formed by German nobles in the 13th century under vassalage to theTeutonic Knights andDenmark in modernLatvia andEstonia. The territories continued to have semi-autonomous status from 16th to early 20th century under Swedish and Russian rule.
The four knighthoods are united in theVerband der Baltischen Ritterschaften.e.V. (Association of Baltic Noble Corporations )[1]
The Teutonic Knights entered the area of what is now Latvia and Estonia in the beginning of the 13th century in order to Christianize the region. After the conquest much of the Order's land was divided among the German noble families originally fromWestphalia and regions along theRhine river. The towns also saw the development of a Germanmercantile class. The noble families constituted a minority amongst the local German-speaking population, and overall, the German-speakers constituted a small minority of the total population. During the second half of the 16th century, this area fell under the sovereignty of Poland and Sweden, which at that time dominated theBaltic Sea. While this resulted in the suppression of theTeutonic Order, local self-government remained in the hands of the four aristocratic corporations of Livonia, Estonia, Courland and Oesel.
With the growth of Russian power following the defeat of Sweden in theGreat Northern War (1700-1721), Livonia, Estonia (with the island of Oesel (Saaremaa)) and Courland (obtained in the second half of the 18th century from Poland) all became Russian provinces.Imperial Russia recognized the four aristocratic corporations' traditional privileges –German language,Lutheran religion andself-government.
The growth ofLatvian andEstonian nationalism and the collapse of the Russian Empire led to the founding in 1918 of Latvia and Estonia as independent nations. As a result, the traditional aristocratic corporations lost their legal privileges and political status, and were reduced to charitable organizations. Most of the property belonging to the Baltic Germans, including their estates, was confiscated. Many of these families emigrated, the majority to Germany but also overseas. In 1939, following the signing of theMolotov–Ribbentrop pact, the agreement between Hitler and Stalin to divide up Poland and the Baltic states, the remainingBaltic Germans were evacuated to German-occupied Poland. In 1949, the presentAssociation of Baltic Noble Corporationse.V. was founded in which all four Baltic Noble Corporations are integrated together with the objective "to uphold the traditions of old and the knowledge of the history we share with the Baltic states, while also intensifying international awareness of the Baltic states in the Western part of the world".[1]
The earliest written reference of the Estonian Knighthood (Estländische Ritterschaft) dates from 1252. Its origins date back to the time of Danish rule, when two northern Estonian provinces ofHarjumaa (German:Harrien) andVirumaa (German:Wierland) were allied together. The process of the development of the corporation into a political entity was completed by the end of the Rule of the Teutonic Order in 1561, resulting in the control of the region and its peasant population, although excluding the cities.
The island of Oesel or Ösel (Saaremaa) was conquered by crusaders between in 1227. During this period most of the island and the county of Wiek (Läänemaa) on neighboring mainland, became episcopal property, while the island of Moon (Muhu) and the eastern section of Oesel fell to the Teutonic Order. In 1238, theSeeland Convention recognized the Oesel Knighthood's right of co-govern the territory with the episcopal chapter.
The island and its noble corporation were subordinated to the Kings of Denmark from 1560 to 1645, to the Swedish Crown from 1645 to 1713, and the Russian Tsar between 1713 and 1917. In 1920 the newly independentRepublic of Estonia abolished the institution of nobility and its privileges, liquidating the Oesel Knighthood and expropriating the vast majority of their estates.
"Esthonia" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 797.
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