| Balad al-Shaykh massacre | |
|---|---|
| Location | Balad al-Sheikh |
| Coordinates | 32°46′21″N35°02′34″E / 32.7725°N 35.0427°E /32.7725; 35.0427 |
| Date | December 31, 1947 (1947-12-31) – January 1, 1948 (1948-01-01) |
| Target | Palestinian Arab civilians |
| Deaths | 60–70 Arab villagers,[a][b][c] 2 Haganah soldiers[d] |
| Injured | 41 Arab villagers,[citation needed] 2 Haganah soldiers[e] |
| Perpetrators | Haganah |
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TheBalad al-Shaykh massacre[f] was the killing of a large number ofPalestinians by theHaganah in the village ofBalad al-Shaykh during the early stages of the1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine. It was one of thelargest, and earliest, massacres during the1948 Palestine war.
Between 60 and 70 Arab villagers were killed in the attack, which was conducted as a retaliation to theHaifa Oil Refinery massacre.[1] The killings had a significant effect on morale amongst Palestinian civilians in the Haifa region and contributed to the 1947-1949 Palestinian expulsion and flight.
The incident was part of the 1947–1948 civil war between Jews and Arabs in Mandatory Palestine. It was preceded by a number of violent incidents, perpetrated one in retaliation for the other. AHaganah attack on the village on December 11th or 12th killed six Palestinians.[2][g]
TheHaifa Oil Refinery massacre took place on 30 December 1947, the day before the second Balad al-Shaykh attack.[3] In this case, it was theZionist paramilitary group, theIrgun, which threw a number of grenades at a crowd of some 100Arab day laborers who had gathered outside the main gate of the British-ownedHaifa oil refinery looking for work, resulting in 6 deaths and 42 wounded.[3] Arab refinery workers and others attacked Jewish workers, killing 39 of them.[4]
The conclusion of a committee of inquiry established by the Jewish community of Haifa was that the Arab attack was unpremeditated, being a response to the Irgun assault. TheJewish Agency condemned the same group for what it called an 'act of madness' that was responsible for the catastrophic loss of Jewish lives. At the same time, it authorized the Haganah to undertake an operation of retaliation.[5]
On the night of December 31, 1947, to January 1, 1948, thePalmach, an arm of theHaganah, attacked the town ofBalad al-Shaykh while the residents were asleep, firing from the slopes ofMount Carmel.[4]
Israeli historianBenny Morris writes:
The Haganah massively retaliated on the night of 31 December 1947 - 1 January 1948 raiding the villages of Balad al Sheikh and Hawassa, in which many of the refinery's workers lived. The raiding unit's orders were to 'kill maximum adult males'. The raiders penetrated to the center of Balad al Sheikh, fired into and blew up houses, and pulled out adult males, and shot them. According to the HGS, 'the penetrating units... were forced to deviate from the line agreed upon and in a few cases hit women and children' after being fired upon from inside houses. The Haganah suffered two dead and two injured. Haganah reports put Arab casualties variously at 'about 70 killed', and 21 killed ('including two women and five children') and 41 injured.[6]
According to Zachary Lockman, about 60 men, women and children were killed and several dozen houses were blown up.[5]
During the latter attack, 70 village residents – including men, women and children – were murdered in their homes, and in some cases in their beds, by Palmach members who managed to surprise the villages toward daybreak.
