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BRM Type 15

Category	Formula One Formule Libre
Constructor	British Racing Motors
Designer(s)	Peter Berthon
Successor	BRM P25
Technical specifications[1]
Chassis	Steel box-sectionladder.
Suspension (front)	Porsche-typetrailing arms, withLockheedoleo struts.
Suspension (rear)	de Dion tube, with Lockheed air struts.
Axle track	F: 52 in (132.1 cm) R: 51 in (129.5 cm)
Wheelbase	104 in (264.2 cm)
Engine	British Racing Motors V16 1,496 cc (91.3 cu in)V16supercharged,front-mounted.
Transmission	BRM 5-speed, transverse shaft.ZFdifferential.
Weight	1,624 lb (736.6 kg)(Unladen)
Fuel	Petrol/alcohol mix.
Tyres	Dunlop.
Competition history
Notable entrants	BRM Ltd. Owen Racing Organisation
Notable drivers	Reg Parnell Juan Manuel Fangio José Froilán González Ken Wharton Stirling Moss Peter Collins
Debut	1950 BRDC International Trophy
Races Wins Poles F/Laps 2 0 0 0
n.b. Unless otherwise stated, all data refer to Formula One World Championship Grands Prix only.

TheBRM Type 15 was aFormula One racing car of the early 1950s, and the first car produced byBritish Racing Motors. The car was fitted with a revolutionary and highly complexsupercharged 1.5-litreBritish Racing Motors V16 which produced considerably more power than any of its contemporaries.

The distinctive noise of the car made it a favourite with crowds wherever it appeared, but the initial unreliability of the car, its inability to live up to the hype that the project's leading figures had created around it, and the change to Formula Two regulations in 1952 meant the project never achieved the hoped-for level of success on the Grand Prix stage; the car's complexities meant it had a longer development time than its competitors and was not properly competitive until 1953 (3 years after it first raced), where it saw success at non-championship events.

After the end of theSecond World War motor racing slowly returned, based on whatever machinery could be found, largely consisting of the pre-warVoiturette cars conforming to a formula ofsupercharged 1.5-litre engines. One of the more successful voiturette constructors of the late 1930s had beenEnglish Racing Automobiles, founded byRaymond Mays and others. Mays was a very patriotic British driver with an enviable reputation, but despite considerable success in lesser races he had been given little opportunity to race in Grands Prix, since there were very few significant British attempts to build suitable cars to challenge the dominant Italian and later German cars. In early 1939, ERA's wealthy backerHumphrey Cook withdrew his funding, and Mays along with talented and imaginative ERA engineerPeter Berthon founded Automobile Developments Ltd, a project to build a fully-fledged British Grand Prix car along the lines ofMercedes-Benz andAuto Union.^[2] Throughout the war, the idea gestated in the two men's minds, with Berthon latching on to the idea of a supercharged 135° V16 engine as had been proposed to power the British Union Grand Prix car. With the end of the war in sight, Mays began to look for backers within British industry for his project.

Designers Berthon andEric Richter were expecting 500 bhp and at least 12,000rpm from their newBritish Racing Motors V16 engine, which was a 1.5-litre 135°V16 designed to meet the 1947 "Formula A" or "Formula 1" regulations that would go on to become the formula for the Drivers' World Championship in 1950. AV8 configuration had also been considered but it has been suggested that the V16 was chosen in part to bolster the car's image when approaching potential sponsors.^[3]

After Germany fell, Mays had access to several of theMercedes andAuto Union designs, as well as other relevant German wartime technology. This showed in the design of the chassis, with Auto Union derived trailing arm suspension at the front and Mercedes inspiredde Dion radius arms at the rear. This arrangement did little for the car's road-holding, although few cars of the period handled particularly well. However the car used Lockheedoleo-pneumatic struts in place of the conventional coil spring and damper units, it being thought at the time that this aviation-derived system would become a common road car arrangement.

Another significant departure from previous designs was the use of twincentrifugal rather thanRoots-type superchargers, developed byRolls-Royce based on the units used on later versions of theMerlin aero engine. This was to prove one of the car's main shortcomings. While it allowed for tremendous power at high revs, the engine produced significantly less power lower down the rev range. This meant drivers were constantly struggling to keep the revs within a very small power band.^[4]

The chassis itself was not particularly advanced, essentially a ladder chassis with pairs of tubes running down either flank of the car each linked with welded sheet metal, with cross members running across the car between the two. Much attention was paid to keeping the centre of gravity low, and the Type 15 has a significantly lower profile compared with other Formula One cars of the time. Steering was byrecirculating ball and nut, and continued to be so despite calls fromStirling Moss in particular to switch to a rack and pinion system to increase responsiveness. Initially the car haddrum brakes developed by Girling with three shoes per corner, but in late 1951 the team began to fitdisc brakes, a first for a Formula One car.^[5]

Mays set about persuading British engineering businesses of the merits of being associated with the project. His main thrust was that it was a matter of British prestige for the country to finally build a World-beating Grand Prix car. With the country still awash with post-war patriotism more than three hundred companies includingLucas, Girling,Rolls-Royce,Vandervell,Rubery Owen,David Brown andStandard Motors enthusiastically backed the project either with cash or help in kind in the form of parts, staff secondments, access to testing equipment and technical information. On 25 April 1947 the British Motor Racing Research Trust was formed with the engine already under development.

The large number of companies involved in the project led to an organisational nightmare which, combined with continuedrationing, the difficult financial conditions of post-war Britain and the low priority of work on the project within companies that had agreed to help, meant that the first car was not ready to start running until December 1949. Mays wanted to keep the car under wraps while development continued but was overruled, and after the Type 15 was revealed for the first time a major public relations operation was mounted, with articles in the press (including a very supportive leading article in The Times), features in boys' magazines, pamphlets and even a book titled "BRM Ambassador for Britain: The Story of Britain's Greatest Racing Car". The car ended up costing an astonishing £200,000 (£8,037,000 in 2023, or US$10 million)- at least 20 times more expensive than any other car of the time.^[6] A Pathé newsreel of the car's unveiling confidently declared:

"Seldom has so much money been better spent... In the BRM Britain has found a winner!"^[7][8]

With all the delays the team found themselves well behind as the new World Championship began at theBritish Grand Prix in May. Not being in a position to enter the race itself, Mays gave the car a demonstration run in front of the very large Silverstone crowd and donations from the public flooded in. A second car was completed later in 1950 and the team set theInternational Trophy as the car's first full race meeting, in part due to pressure from the team's backers and also theDaily Express who in addition to sponsoring the event had prepared a brochure about the car which was to be distributed amongst the spectators.

The much anticipated début by the new machines could not have gone much worse. Of the two cars, onlyRaymond Sommer's car was fit to start at the back of the qualifying race after the car had been flown down overnight, and at the start the car lurched forward only a few inches before being stranded by adrive shaft failure, putting it out of both that race and the final. Loud boos rang out from the crowd and as the car was wheeled away some even mockingly threw pennies at the car.^[9]

The car's second race meeting atGoodwood a month later was considerably more encouraging despite very wet conditions, withReg Parnell winning not only the minor Woodcote Cup but also the full Formula OneGoodwood Trophy later that same day. "All we need now is a little longer time to develop it and then we hope to show the continent what we really can do"^[10] said Parnell after the race, but in truth the cold conditions had masked overheating problems that would later come back to haunt the team. The final outing for 1950 came with a two car entry at thePenya Rhin Grand Prix, but after qualifying fourth and fifth Parnell was out early when his supercharger's drive shaft snapped beforePeter Walker retired at two-thirds distance because of an oil leak in his gearbox.

For 1951 two new cars were built with improvements to the brakes, steering and fuel tanks, and were entered into the team's first full Championship Grand Prix atSilverstone. Problems with the cars prevented them setting qualifying times, but both cars were ready to start from the back. The exhausts of the cars had been designed to run within the bodywork, but with this being the first race the cars had run to a full Grand Prix length the drivers found themselves dealing with almost unbearable heat within the cockpit, to the point that they had to have burns dressings applied during pitstops to act as insulation and protect the arms from the hot exhaust piping. With the thought of all the effort that had gone into the project Parnell and Walker steeled themselves to struggle on to the finish and came home in fifth and seventh, albeit several laps down on the winningFerrari ofJosé Froilán González.

The car's next race was deep within "enemy territory", atMonza for theItalian Grand Prix. BRM turned up with two cars and a very impressive transporter, with Parnell now partnered with BRM mechanic and test driverKen Richardson. In practice the pair were unable to run their cars to the full but set the eighth and tenth fastest times, but then Richardson's entry was cancelled on the grounds that he had insufficient racing experience. Mays turned down the organisers' requests that he step in, but 50-year-oldHans Stuck agreed to drive and did a few practice laps. However an inspection of the gearboxes showed they were not too far from seizure, and both cars were withdrawn before the race on safety grounds.

There were to be no further races in 1951, a car entered for Parnell in theGoodwood Trophy failing to arrive. Parnell still managed to finish second in a Ferrari entered byTony Vandervell, who by now had grown tired of the BRM project and left to conquer Formula One in his own way, becoming a bitter rival to the BRMs.^[11]

At the start of 1952Alfa Romeo announced the withdrawal of theirAlfettas from the World Championship, and with 1951 ChampionJuan Manuel Fangio now a free agent Mays saw an opportunity to sign him up for BRM. Mays invited Fangio to test the car atFolkingham, and in an all-out effort to curry favour with the busy driver he decided that having a working car on hand for testing at a time convenient for Fangio was more important than entering April'sGran Premio del Valentino in Turin, and with financial problems also weighing on Mays' mind BRM withdrew their three entries from the race.^[12]

It turned out to be an error for BRM. With not only no Alfa Romeos but now no BRMs to challenge them either, Ferraris romped home in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th, withPeter Whitehead'sThinwall Special Ferrari in 4th.^[13] Faced with the prospect of a season dominated by just a single serious Formula One team, the FIA bowed to pressure from race organisers and decreed that the World Championship Grands Prix would be run to Formula Two regulations, for which the Type 15 was not admissible. As it turned out Ferrari won every championship Grand Prix that year anyway, but with no car eligible for the World Championship BRM had to content themselves with various non-championship Formula one,Formula Libre and minor British races.

Fangio and fellow Argentine González both started on the front row in the BRMs at the Albi GP but after running one and two both suffered overheating problems that put them out. For the Ulster Trophy Moss partnered Fangio, but clutch issues did for Moss at the start and Fangio had to retire with a blocked oil filter.

The next day Fangio's season was terminated by a serious crash in Italy, soKen Wharton lined up at the Formula Libre race that supported the British Grand Prix with González, who set fastest time in practise but slid off and damaged a radiator while running second in the race. He took over Wharton's car but had to retire from third when his gearbox failed with only three laps left. Neither car managed to finish the International Trophy either, but Reg Parnell did manage to win an FL race in Scotland. BRM entered three cars in each of the races atGoodwood, with first and third closely followed by a one-two-three in two races, another second place following in the car's last race of the year atCharterhall.

By now though many of BRM's backers had already had enough and decided to sell the team toAlfred Owen. Stirling Moss later spoke of the Type 15 and did not have warm feelings of the experience of racing it; he called the car "without doubt the worst car I ever raced - it was a disgrace."^[14]

With the new team in place for 1953, the Type 15 finally started to produce some consistent results. The Type 15, needing a longer development time due to its complexity had finally started to reach its peak development point. At the Easter Goodwood races Wharton was second in the first race ahead of Parnell in fourth, with Wharton winning the second race. He also finished third at Charterhall. At Albi the Type 15 struggled with tyres throwing their treads but managed first, second and fifth in the heat, with González second in the final as the other two cars dropped out. At Silverstone for the Grand Prix meeting Fangio came second with Wharton third. Wharton then won three races in succession atSnetterton and Charterhall, and after three podium places in two races for the team at Goodwood Wharton won the last race of the year atCastle Combe.

The table below details the complete World Championship Grand Prix results for theBRMFormula One team.

(key)

(key)

Source^[15]

Date	Event	Circuit	Driver	Grid	Race	Notes
6 April1953	Glover Trophy	Goodwood	Reg Parnell	3	Ret	Supercharger
			Ken Wharton	1	1	Damaged, car written off

For 1954 an updated version of the Type 15 was produced which weighed over 200 lb (91 kg) less than the original car and featured a shorter wheelbase and a much smaller fuel tank, since the car was no longer taking part in long races. Wharton raced the old car in two races in New Zealand but could do no better than two third places because of car problems. The two new P30s, as the Mk.2 cars came to be known, appeared in thirteen races at ten different meetings in the year, driven by Wharton andRon Flockhart. Between them they won five of the first six races, but various spins and problems prevented them from adding to their tally. By now though the team was working to get back into Formula One and 1955 was the car's last year of racing. From six racesPeter Collins took two wins and Flockhart picked up two second places.^[16]

A total of four Type 15s were produced, one of which was written off by a collision during the Glover Trophy and salvaged for spares, while another car that crashed at Albi was used as the basis for one of the two P30s produced. One Type 15 is on display at theNational Motor Museum inBeaulieu, the other is on display as part of theDonington Grand Prix Exhibition in its original light green paint scheme alongside a P30 and a cutaway V16 engine. The fourth surviving car, another P30, is in the ownership ofBernie Ecclestone, having previously been owned byPink Floyd drummerNick Mason. The cars can sometimes be seen in action at the various historic racing events such as theGoodwood Festival of Speed.

• 1951 Formula One season cars
• BRM Formula One cars

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