The Australian Open typically starts around the middle of January and continues for two weeks, concluding with the men's final traditionally held on the last Sunday of the month. It features men's and women's singles, men's, women's and mixed doubles, juniors’ championships, wheelchair, legends, and exhibition events.
Until 1987, it was played ongrass courts, but since then three types ofhardcourt surfaces have been used: green-colouredRebound Ace up to 2007 and bluePlexicushion from 2008 to 2019. Since 2020, it has been played on blueGreenSet.[1]
First held in 1905 as theAustralasian championships, the Australian Open has grown to become one of the biggest sporting events in theSouthern Hemisphere.[2] Nicknamed "the happy slam",[3] the Australian Open is the highest attendedGrand Slam event, with more than 1,200,000 people attending the2025 tournament, including qualifying. It was also the first Grand Slam tournament to feature indoor play during wet weather or extreme heat with its three primary courts,Rod Laver Arena,John Cain Arena and the refurbishedMargaret Court Arena equipped with retractable roofs.
The Australian Open is known for its fast-paced and aggressive style of play. The tournament has been held at the Melbourne Park complex since 1988 and is a major contributor to the Victorian economy; the2020 Australian Open injectedA$387.7 million into the state's economy, while over the preceding decade, the Australian Open had contributed more thanA$2.71 billion in economic benefits to Victoria and generated 1775 jobs for the state, with these jobs being predominantly in theaccommodation,hotels,cafés andtrade services sectors.[4]
The Australian Open is managed byTennis Australia, formerly the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia (LTAA), and was first played at theWarehouseman's Cricket Ground in Melbourne in November1905. The facility, now known as the Albert Reserve Tennis Centre, was agrass court.[5]
Although it began in 1905, the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) did not designate it a major championship until 1924, following a meeting held in 1923. The tournament committee changed the tournament structure to include seeding at that time.[7] In the period of 1916–1918, no tournament was organised due toWorld War I.[8]
DuringWorld War II, the tournament was not held from 1941 to 1945.[9]In 1972, it was decided to stage the tournament inMelbourne each year because it attracted the biggest patronage of any Australian city.[5] The tournament was played at theKooyong Lawn Tennis Club from 1972 until its move to the newFlinders Park complex in 1988.
The new facilities at Flinders Park were envisaged to meet the demands of a tournament that had outgrown Kooyong's capacity. The move to Flinders Park was an immediate success, with a 90 percent increase in attendance in 1988 (266,436) on the previous year at Kooyong (140,000).[10]
Because of Australia's geographic remoteness, very few foreign players entered the tournament in the early 20th century. In the 1920s, the trip by ship from Europe to Australia took about 45 days. The first tennis players who came by boat were the USDavis Cup players in November 1946.[10] Even inside Australia, many players could not travel easily. When the tournament was held in Perth, no one from Victoria or New South Wales crossed by train, a distance of about 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) between the east and west coasts. In Christchurch in 1906, of a small field of 10 players, only two Australians attended and the tournament was won by a New Zealander.[11]
Rod Laver Arena, the main court of the Australian Open, in 2023
The first tournaments of the Australasian Championships suffered from the competition of the other Australasian tournaments. Before 1905, all Australian states, and New Zealand, had their own championships; the first being organised in 1880 in Melbourne and called the Championship of the Colony ofVictoria (later the Championship of Victoria).[12] In those years, the best two players – AustralianNorman Brookes (whose name is now written on the men's singles cup) and New ZealanderAnthony Wilding – almost did not play this tournament.
Brookes took part once and won in 1911, and Wilding entered and won the competition twice (1906 and 1909). Their meetings in the Victorian Championships (or at Wimbledon) helped to determine the best Australasian players. Even when the Australasian Championships were held in Hastings, New Zealand, in 1912, Wilding, though three times Wimbledon champion, did not come back to his home country. It was a recurring problem for all players of the era. Brookes went to Europe only three times, where he reached the Wimbledon Challenge Round once and then won Wimbledon twice.
Beginning in 1969, when the first Australian Open was held on theMilton Courts at Brisbane, the tournament was open to all players, including professionals who were not allowed to play the traditional circuit.[13] Nevertheless, except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments, many of the best players missed the championship until 1982, because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates (around Christmas and New Year's Day) and the low prize money. In 1970,George MacCall'sNational Tennis League, which employedRod Laver,Ken Rosewall,Andrés Gimeno, Pancho Gonzales,Roy Emerson andFred Stolle, prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient. The tournament was won byArthur Ashe.[14]
Rod Laver Arena night session in 2007, the last year the tournament used theRebound Ace surface.
Mats Wilander was the only player to win the tournament on both grass and hard courts. In 2008, after being used for 20 years, the Rebound Ace was replaced by a cushioned, medium-paced,[19] acrylic surface known asPlexicushion Prestige.Roger Federer andSerena Williams are the only players to win the Australian Open on both Rebound Ace and Plexicushion Prestige. The main benefits of the new surface are better consistency and less retention of heat because of a thinner top layer.[18] This change was accompanied by changes in the surfaces of all lead-up tournaments to the Australian Open. The change was controversial because of the new surface's similarity toDecoTurf, the surface used by theUS Open.[20]
Before the Melbourne Park stadium era, tournament dates fluctuated as well, in particular in the early years because of the climate of each site or exceptional events. For example, the 1919 tournament was held in January 1920 (the 1920 tournament was played in March) and the 1923 tournament in Brisbane took place in August when the weather was not too hot and wet. After a first 1977 tournament was held in December 1976 – January 1977, the organisers chose to move the next tournament forward a few days, then a second 1977 tournament was played (ended on 31 December), but this failed to attract the best players.
New Rod Laver Arena entrance added in 2018 as part of the Melbourne Park redevelopment.
From 1982 to 1985, the tournament was played in mid-December. Then it was decided to move the next tournament to mid-January (January 1987), which meant no tournament was organised in 1986. Since 1987, the Australian Open date has not changed (except for2021, when it was postponed by three weeks to February due to theCOVID-19 pandemic). Some top players, includingRoger Federer andRafael Nadal, have said in the past that the tournament is held too soon after the Christmas and New Year holidays, and expressed a desire to consider shifting the tournament to February.[21] Such a change, however, would move the tournament outside Australia's summer school holiday period, potentially impacting attendance figures.
Prior to 1996, the Australian Open rewarded fewerATP rankings points than the other three Grand Slam tournaments. The reason cited by the ATP was the prize money offered by the Australian Open was far less than the other three majors.[22]
New South Wales and overseas authorities proposed becoming the new hosts of the tournament in 2008, though such a move never materialised.[23][24] In any case, it was around this time theMelbourne Park precinct commenced upgrades which enhanced facilities for players and spectators.[25] The precinct also aimed to provide more options of refreshments especially coffee to entertain the growing number of local and international visitors.[26]
Notably aretractable roof was placed over Margaret Court Arena, making the Open the first of the four Grand Slams to have retractable roofs available on three of their main courts.[27] The player and administrative facilities, as well as access points for spectators, were improved and the tournament site expanded its footprint out of Melbourne Park into nearbyBirrarung Marr.[28] Afourth major show court, seating 5,000 people was completed in late 2021, along with the rest of decade-long redevelopment, which included theCentrepiece ballroom, function and media building, as well as other upgraded facilities for players, administrators and spectators.[29]
In December 2018, tournament organisers announced the Australian Open would follow the examples set byWimbledon and theUS Open and introducetie-breaks in the final sets of men's and women's singles matches. Unlike Wimbledon and the US Open, which initiated conventional tie-breaks at 12–12 games and 6–6 games respectively, the Australian Open utilises a first to 10 points breaker at 6 games all.[30] In 2020, the tournament organisers decided to replace the official court manufacturer toGreenSet, though retained the iconic blue cushioned acrylic hardcourt.[31]
In 2021, in an effort to reduce the number of staff on-site due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, all matches usedelectronic line judging. It marked the first-ever Grand Slam tournament to exclusively use electronic line judging; the2020 US Open used it for matches outside of the two main stadium courts.[32][33]
The Australian Open produced a range ofNFTs in 2022.[34][35]
Starting in2024, the Australian Open began on a Sunday, one day earlier than usual. Day sessions on Rod Laver Arena and Margaret Court Arena featured a minimum of two matches (down from three) in an effort to reduce the possibility of matches finishing in the early hours of the following morning.
The2025 Australian Open was the first Australian Open to presentpickleball. From January 24 to the 26th theAO Pickleball Slam tournament was held on Court 3 at Melbourne Park. The invitational tournament awarded one hundred thousand dollars in prize money to some of Australia's top players and international participants.[36]
The Melbourne Sports and Entertainment precinct on the banks of theYarra River in 2010.
The Australian Open is played atMelbourne Park, which is located in theMelbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct; the event moved to this site in 1988. Currently three of the courts have retractable roofs, allowing play to continue during rain and extreme heat. As of 2017, spectators can also observe play at Show Courts 2 and 3, which have capacities of 3,000 each,[37] as well as at Courts 4–15, 19 and 20 with the aid of temporary seating grandstands of capacity anywhere from 50 to 2,500.[38]
Construction of a new 5,000 seat capacity stadium began in 2019 as part of aA$271 million redevelopment of the precinct.[39] The new stadium,Kia Arena, was unveiled by Australian Open officials on 22 November 2021.[40][29]
From 2008 to 2019, all of the courts used during the Australian Open were hard courts withPlexicushion acrylic surfaces (though Melbourne Park does have eight practice clay courts which are not used for the tournament). This replaced theRebound Ace surface used from the opening of Melbourne Park. The ITF rated the surface's speed as medium.[41] Since 2020, the courts have used a GreenSet surface.
Ranking points for the men (ATP) and women (WTA) have varied at the Australian Open through the years but presently players receive the following points:
The prize money awarded in the men's and women's singles tournaments is distributed equally. The total prize money for the2025 tournament inAustralian Dollars isA$96.5 million.[47] The prize money distribution is as follows:
The names of the tournament winners are inscribed on the perpetualtrophy cups. In 2013 ABC Bullion, aPallion company, was awarded the rights to make the Cups. The cups are produced by W. J. Sanders, a sister division within Pallion and takes over 250 hours to produce.[48][49][50]
The women's singles winner is presented with theDaphne Akhurst Memorial Cup.[51]
The men's singles winner is presented with theNorman Brookes Challenge Cup.
From 1973 to 2018, theSeven Network served as the host broadcaster of the Australian Open. In March 2018, it was announced that theNine Network had acquired the rights to the tournament beginning in 2020, for a period of five years. The network later bought the rights for the 2019 tournament as well.[55] The Open's broadcast rights are lucrative in the country, as it occurs near the end of theSummer non-ratings season — which gives its broadcaster opportunities to promote their upcoming programming lineup.[56][57] As of 2022, Nine has extended its rights to the Australian Open until 2029.[58]
In Europe the tournament is broadcast onEurosport. Other broadcasters in the region have included theBBC in the United Kingdom,SRG in Switzerland,NOS in Netherlands andRTS in Serbia. In the United Kingdom, the BBC dropped its live coverage of the 2016 tournament just a month before the start due to budget cuts, leaving Eurosport as the exclusive live broadcaster.[59]
Elsewhere,beIN Sports broadcasts it into the Middle East and northern Africa, and SuperSport in sub-Sahara Africa. In the United States, the tournament is broadcast onESPN2,ESPN3 and theTennis Channel, with limited highlights airing on ABC.[60][61] The championship matches are televised live on ESPN. While it is broadcast onESPN International in Central and Latin America. It is broadcast onTSN in Canada.
In the Asia–Pacific region, the tournament is broadcast on five television networks in China, including national broadcasterCCTV, provincial networksBeijing TV,Shanghai Dragon TV andGuangdong TV and English language Star Sports, as well as online oniQIYI Sports. Elsewhere in the region, it is broadcast in Japan by national broadcasterNHK, and pay-TV networkWowow. In the Indian subcontinent,Sony Six has broadcast since 2015 and, in the rest of Asia, it is broadcast onFox Sports Asia until the network's shutdown in 2021 and the rights is acquired bybeIN Sports from 2022 except for Vietnam which will be broadcast on K+.[62][63]
A panoramic view of Rod Laver Arena during a day session at the 2020 Australian Open
The Australian Open is the most attended Grand Slam tournament.[64] The tournament in 2025 set a new attendance record of 1,218,831 while the single-day attendance record is 97,132, recorded on the 17 January 2025.[65]
The following record of attendance begins in 1987, when the tournament moved from being held in December to in January (the immediate preceding tournament was December 1985). 1987 was the last year that the Kooyong Tennis Club hosted the tournament; since 1988 it has been held at Melbourne Park. The average growth rate over the period covered below is more than 7%. Note that these figures include attendances for the week of qualifying and pre-main tournament events.
^Crowds were restricted to around 50% of overall capacity throughout the tournament due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[69]
^Crowds were permitted to attend only nine of the fourteen days of the tournament and were restricted to between 30% and 50% of overall capacity, due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[70]
^In the main draws, there are 128 singles players (S) and 64 doubles teams (D), and there are 128 and 16 entrants in the respective qualifying (Q) draws.
^Last Australian Men's Singles champion:Mark Edmondson (1976).
^Last Australian Women's Singles champion:Ashleigh Barty (2022).
^"Melbourne Park ready for 2019 Australian Open".Australasian Leisure Management. 17 January 2019.Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved3 February 2020.The Australian Open 2019 is the largest annual sporting event in the Southern Hemisphere and the biggest sporting event in the world in January.
^Unknown (9 November 1923)."Australasian Championships".The Sydney Morning Herald.Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved19 July 2010.
^"Tennis Championships".The Argus. Melbourne. 29 January 1920. p. 7.Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved3 December 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
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