TheAtlantic Charter was a statement issued on 14 August 1941 that set out American and British goals for the world after the end ofWorld War II, months before the US officially entered the war. The joint statement, later dubbed the Atlantic Charter, outlined the aims of the United States and the United Kingdom for the postwar world as follows: no territorial aggrandizement, no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people (self-determination), restoration of self-government to those deprived of it, reduction of trade restrictions, global co-operation to secure better economic and social conditions for all, freedom from fear and want, freedom of the seas, abandonment of the use of force, and disarmament of aggressor nations. The charter's adherents signed theDeclaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942, which was the basis for the modern United Nations.
United States PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime MinisterWinston Churchill discussed what would become the Atlantic Charter in August 1941 during the Atlantic Conference inPlacentia Bay,Newfoundland.[4] They made their joint declaration on 14 August 1941 from the US naval base on the bay,Naval Base Argentia, which had recently been leased from Britain as part of theDestroyers-for-bases deal. The US did not enter the war as a combatant until theattack on Pearl Harbor, four months later. Since the policy was issued as a statement, there was no formal, legal document called "Atlantic Charter."
Many of the charter's ideas came from an ideology of Anglo-American internationalism, which sought British-American co-operation for international security.[5] Roosevelt's attempts to tie Britain to concrete war aims and Churchill's desperation to bind the US to the war effort helped to provide motivations for the meeting that produced the Atlantic Charter. It was assumed at the time in Britain that the British and the Americans would have an equal role to play in any postwar international organization that would be based on the charter's principles.[6]
Churchill and Roosevelt began communicating in 1939, the first of their 13 meetings during the war; however, it was not their first meeting, since they had attended the same dinner atGray's Inn on 29 July 1918.[7] Both men traveled in secret; Roosevelt was on a ten-day fishing trip.[8]
On 9 August 1941, the British battleshipHMSPrince of Wales steamed intoPlacentia Bay, with Churchill on board, and escorted by the destroyersHMSRipley,HMCS Assiniboine andHMCS Restigouche, and met the American heavy cruiserUSSAugusta, where Roosevelt and members of his staff were waiting.Augusta was escorted by the cruiserUSS Tuscaloosa, and the destroyersUSSMcDougal,USSMadison,USSMoffett,USSSampson, andUSSWinslow.Once they met, Churchill and Roosevelt were silent for a moment until Churchill said, "At long last, Mr. President." Roosevelt replied, "Glad to have you aboard, Mr. Churchill."
Churchill then delivered a letter from KingGeorge VI to Roosevelt and made an official statement, but a movie sound crew that was present failed to record it despite two attempts.[9]
The Atlantic Charter made it clear that the United States supported Britain in the war. Both wanted to present their unity regarding their mutual principles and hopes for a peaceful postwar world and the policies that they agreed to follow once Germany had been defeated.[12] A fundamental aim was to focus on the peace that would follow, not specific American involvement and war strategy, although American involvement appeared increasingly likely.[13][page needed]
There were eight principal clauses of the charter:
No territorial gains were to be sought by the United States or the United Kingdom.
Territorial adjustments must be in accord with the wishes of the peoples concerned.
There was to be disarmament of aggressor nations and a common disarmament after the war.
The fourth clause, with respect to international trade, consciously emphasized that both "victor [and] vanquished" would be given market access "on equal terms." That was a repudiation of the punitive trade relations that had been established within Europe afterWorld War I, as exemplified by theParis Economy Pact.[citation needed]
Prince of Wales off Newfoundland, after ferrying Churchill for the Atlantic Charter Conference
When it was released to the public on 14 August 1941,[14] the charter was titled "Joint Declaration by the President and the Prime Minister" and was generally known as the "Joint Declaration." TheLabour Party newspaperDaily Herald coined the nameAtlantic Charter. Churchill used the term in theBritish Parliament on 24 August 1941, and it has since been generally adopted.[15]
No signed version ever existed. The document was threshed out through several drafts, and the final agreed text was telegraphed to London and Washington, DC. Roosevelt gave Congress the charter's content on 21 August 1941.[16] He later said, "There isn't any copy of the Atlantic Charter, so far as I know. I haven't got one. The British haven't got one. The nearest thing you will get is the [message of the] radio operator onAugusta andPrince of Wales. That's the nearest thing you will come to it.... There was no formal document."[7]
TheBritish War Cabinet replied with its approval, and a similar acceptance was telegraphed from Washington. During the process, an error crept into the London text, but it was subsequently corrected. The account in Churchill'sThe Second World War concluded, "A number of verbal alterations were agreed, and the document was then in its final shape." It made no mention of any signing or ceremony.
Churchill's account of theYalta Conference quoted Roosevelt as saying of the unwrittenBritish constitution that "it was like the Atlantic Charter – the document did not exist, yet all the world knew about it. Among his papers he had found one copy signed by himself and me, but strange to say both signatures were in his own handwriting."[17]
Acceptance by Inter-Allied Council and United Nations
On 1 January 1942, a larger group of nations, which adhered to the charter's principles, issued a jointDeclaration by United Nations, which stressed their solidarity in the defence against Hitlerism.[20]
TheAxis powers, particularly Japan, interpreted the diplomatic agreements as a potential alliance against them. In Tokyo, the Atlantic Charter rallied support for the militarists in the Japanese government, which pushed for a more aggressive approach against the United States and Britain.[citation needed]
The British dropped millions of flysheets over Germany to allay its fears of a punitive peace that would destroy the German state. The text cited the charter as the authoritative statement of the joint commitment of Britain and the United States "not to admit any economical discrimination of those defeated" and promised that "Germany and the other states can again achieve enduring peace and prosperity."[21]
The most striking feature of the discussion was that an agreement had been made between a range of countries that held diverse opinions, which accepted that internal policies were relevant to the international situation.[22] The charter proved to be one of the first steps towards the formation of the United Nations.
Initially, Roosevelt and Churchill appeared to have agreed that the third point of the charter would not apply to Africa and Asia. However, Roosevelt's speechwriter,Robert E. Sherwood, noted that "it was not long before the people of India,Burma,Malaya, andIndonesia were beginning to ask if the Atlantic Charter extended also to the Pacific and to Asia in general."
With a war that could be won only with the help of those allies, Roosevelt's solution was to put some pressure on Britain but to postpone the issue of self-determination of the colonies until after the war.[23]
The acknowledgment that all people had a right to self-determination gave hope to independence leaders inBritish colonies.[24][page needed] The Americans insisted that the charter was to acknowledge that the war was being fought to ensure self-determination.[25]
Churchill rejected its universal applicability when it came to the self-determination of subject nations such asBritish India. Churchill further added that he did not become Prime Minister to administer the liquidation of the British Empire.[26] In a September 1941 speech, Churchill said the charter was meant to apply only to states under German occupation, not to those that were part of the British Empire.[27] Churchill and other British government figures argued that British colonies never had "sovereign rights", thus there was no pre-existing sovereign government to restore to power after the war.[28]
Mahatma Gandhi in 1942 wrote to Roosevelt: "I venture to think that the Allied declaration that the Allies are fighting to make the world safe for the freedom of the individual and for democracy sounds hollow so long as India and for that matter Africa are exploited by Great Britain...."[29] Self-determination was Roosevelt's guiding principle, but he was reluctant to place pressure on the British in regard to India and other colonial possessions, as they were fighting for their lives in a war in which the United States was not officially participating.[30] Gandhi refused to help the British or the American war effort against Germany and Japan in any way, and Roosevelt chose to back Churchill.[31] While Gandhi launched theQuit India Movement, the British recruited about 2.5 million from India, the largest ever volunteer force in the world, to fight for the Allies, mostly in West Asia and North Africa.[32]
However, Roosevelt was still in principle willing to support the claims European colonies such as India to independence once the war was over, raising the issue with Churchill frequently even if Churchill refused to engage with it. Roosevelt encouraged other leaders such asChiang Kai-shek to lobby over it during the war.[33][34][35] He also did not support some of Churchill's proposals that he believed were intended to secure Britain's empire post-war, such as one for an expanded Mediterranean strategy that would increase British presence in the Middle East.[36] Roosevelt believed that Churchill was being obstinate on the matter and refusing to recognise changing geopolitical realities.[37] At theTehran Conference in 1943, Roosevelt supportedJosef Stalin against Churchill on imperial matters, such as opposing to returnIndochina to France and even privately suggesting to the Soviet leader that the US and Soviet Union work together to help reform an independent India "from the bottom, somewhat on the Soviet line", although Stalin dismissed the idea.[38]
Churchill was unhappy with the inclusion of references to the right to self-determination and stated that he considered the charter an "interim and partial statement of war aims designed to reassure all countries of our righteous purpose and not the complete structure which we should build after the victory." An office of thePolish government-in-exile wrote to warnWładysław Sikorski that if the charter was implemented with regard to national self-determination, it would prevent the desired Polish annexation ofDanzig,East Prussia and parts of GermanSilesia. That led the Poles to approach Britain to ask for a flexible interpretation of the charter.[39]
During the war, Churchill argued for an interpretation of the charter that would allow the Soviet Union to continue to control theBaltic states, an interpretation that was rejected by the United States until March 1944.[40]Lord Beaverbrook warned that the charter "would be a menace to our [Britain's] own safety as well as to that of the Soviet Union." The United States refused to recognize the Soviet takeover of the Baltic states but did not press the issue against Stalin while he was fighting the Germans.[41] Roosevelt planned to raise the Baltic issue after the war, but he died in April 1945, before the fighting had ended in Europe.[42]
The Atlantic Charter was also used by Moroccan nationalists to lay claim to independence. Like many other Asian and African elites, Moroccan anti-colonial organizations interpreted the charter as anti-colonial manifesto and in return called for "the fall of the so-called protectorate" in front of the French and Spanish colonial administrations.[43]
On 10 June 2021, a revised version of the original Atlantic Charter was issued between U.S. PresidentJoe Biden and U.K. Prime MinisterBoris Johnson inCornwall, England.[44] A statement issued by the White House described the new "revitalized" Atlantic Charter as aimed to meet the "new challenges of the 21st century," while also "building on the commitments and aspirations set out eighty years ago."[45]
Cull, Nicholas (March 1996). "Selling peace: the origins, promotion and fate of the Anglo-American new order during the Second World War".Diplomacy and Statecraft.7 (1):1–28.doi:10.1080/09592299608405992.
Langer, William L.; Gleason, S. Everett (1953).The Undeclared War 1940–1941: The World Crisis and American Foreign Policy. Harper & Brothers.ISBN978-1-258-76698-6.
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