Astrobotic Technology, Inc., commonly referred to asAstrobotic,[1] is an Americanprivate company that is developingspace robotics technology for lunar and planetary missions. It was founded in 2007 byCarnegie Mellon professorRed Whittaker and his associates with the goal of winning theGoogle Lunar X Prize.[2] The company is based inPittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Their first launch occurred on January 8, 2024,[3] as part of NASA'sCommercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program. The launch carried the company'sPeregrine lunar lander on board the first flight of theVulcan Centaur rocket from Florida'sSpace Force Station LC-41.[4] The mission was unable to reach the Moon for a soft or hard landing.[5]On June 11, 2020, Astrobotic received a second contract for the CLPS program. NASA would pay Astrobotic US$199.5 million to take theVIPER rover to the Moon, targeting a landing in November 2024.[6] In July 2024, NASA announced that VIPER had been cancelled.[citation needed]
In 2007, the team declared its goal to be the first commercial operation to land on theMoon.[7] That year, the company completed a running prototype of a spacecraft calledRed Rover; they also renamed their concept lander fromArtemis Lander toGriffin.[8]
On July 28, 2008,NASA gave money to Astrobotic for a concept study on "regolith moving methods".[9] The next year, Astrobotic began to receive Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) funding from NASA totaling over US$795,000 to investigate prospecting for lunar resources,[10] which eventually led to a concept calledPolar Excavator.
On October 15, 2010, NASA awarded a contract to Astrobotic for Innovative Lunar Demonstrations Data (ILDD)firm-fixed-priceindefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contracts with a total value up to US$30.1 million over up to five years, and in December 2010, NASA's US$500,000 ILDD project for further Lunar Demonstrations Data was awarded to Astrobotic.[11]
Astrobotic's proposal "Technologies Enabling Exploration of Skylights, Lava Tubes, and Caves" was a Phase I selection forNASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC).[12] In April 2011, Astrobotic received a US$599,000 two-year contract to develop a scalable gravity offload device for testing rover mobility in simulated lunar gravity under NASA'sSmall Business Technology Transfer Program (STTR).[13]
In May 2012, David Gump left the position of President of Astrobotic and John Thornton took his place.[14]
On April 30, 2014, NASA announced that Astrobotic Technology was one of the three companies selected for theLunar CATALYST initiative.[15] NASA was negotiating a 3-year no-funds-exchanged Space Act Agreement (SAA) where theGriffin lander may be involved.[16] The CATALYST agreement was extended in October 2017 for 2 years.[17]
On June 2, 2016, Astrobotic Technology announced a new design of itsGriffin concept lander and named itPeregrine.[18]Airbus Defence and Space signed a memorandum of understanding to provide engineering support for Astrobotic as it refines the lander's design. In December 2016, Astrobotic slipped their estimated launch date to 2019 and separated from theGoogle Lunar X Prize.[19]
On November 29, 2018, Astrobotic was declared eligible to bid on NASA'sCommercial Lunar Payload Services to deliver science and technology payloads to the Moon.[20] Astrobotic's successful bid drew a US$79.5 million contract to deliver payloads toLacus Mortis. Astrobotic set an initial target of 14 payloads to launch starting in July 2021.[21][22]
In September 2019,Spacebit signed an agreement to deliver the first UK lunar roverAsagumo on Astrobotic's upcoming mission in 2021 and named this "Spacebit mission one".[23][24]
On September 25, 2019, John Thornton of Astrobotic was named CEO of the Year by the Pittsburgh Technology Council at the 23rd annual Tech50 awards ceremony.[25][26]
On January 24, 2021,MrBeast, aYouTuber, said that he would place a payload on thePeregrine lander: ahard drive containing large numbers of digital image files submitted by anyone who contributed US$10 via his online store.[27][28]
In June 2021, the maiden flight ofVulcan Centaur, carrying the first Peregrine lander as its payload, was delayed to 2022 due to payload and engine testing delays.[29]
In November 2021, Astrobotic Technology was named one of the "World's Best Employers in the Space Industry" by Everything Space, a recruitment platform specializing in thespace industry.[30]
In September 2022, Astrobotic acquiredMasten Space Systems, which had gone into Chapter 11 bankruptcy two months earlier. Masten was assigned to be "Astrobotic's Propulsion and Test Department". Among its assets is the Broadsword 110 kN 3D-printed aluminum engine, which continues to be developed.
Problems with ground systems during the wet dress rehearsal on December 8, 2023, delayed the maiden flight of the Vulcan Centaur until 2024.[31]
The Peregrine lander was launched on January 8, 2024, from Florida's Space Force Station LC-41, aboard the maiden flight of Vulcan Centaur.[3][4] A propellant leak prevented it from reaching the Moon for a soft or hard landing.[5] The mission was never able to leave its original (highly elliptical) Earth orbit and it ended with a controlled reentry into the Earth's atmosphere above the Pacific Ocean on January 18, 2024.[32][33]
In 2024, the company announced its ‘Luna Grid’ service. By combining the company’s landers and rovers equipped with its Vertical Array Solar Panels, the company hopes to be able to provide sustainable power on the lunar surface.[34]
In April 2011, Astrobotic contracted withSpaceX for aFalcon 9 launch of alunar north pole mission for as early as December 2013. The mission was intended to launch theGriffin lander and deliver "a smallrover and up to about 110 kg (240 lb) of payload to the surface of the Moon".[35][36] The launch date slipped to 2015, and it was first namedPolar Excavator, and thenIcebreaker, that would target thelunar north pole.[37] This expedition's rover was to bePolaris.[38][39] A model of thePolaris rover was unveiled in October 2012,[40] and the company indicated that they were still under contract to SpaceX for a Falcon 9 mission.[41] The launch date further slipped to 2016, and Astrobotic contracted with two other GLXP teams including TeamHakuto andTeam AngelicvM to share the launch expenses. The agreement was to launch the rovers of all teams on a singleSpaceXFalcon 9 v1.1 which would then use the AstroboticGriffin lander. After landing on the lunar surface, all teams would have competed against each other to achieve the specific GLXP objectives and earn the various prizes.[42][43] TheGriffin lander was never built, andIcebreaker mission was not launched.
MoonRanger is a 13 kg (29 lb) rover being developed to carry payloads on the Moon for NASA'sCommercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS). The US$5.6 million contract was awarded to Astrobotic and its partner Carnegie Mellon University on July 1, 2019.[44][45]MoonRanger was to be launched aboardMasten Mission One, the firstXL-1 lunar lander.[46] The rover was to carry science payloads yet to be determined and developed by other providers, that will focus on scouting and creating 3D maps of a polar region for signs ofwater ice or lunar pits for entrances to Moon caves.[47][48] The rover would operate mostly autonomously for up to one week.[48] Masten Mission One was cancelled after Masten Space Systems went bankrupt in 2022. ThusMoonRanger lost its flight to the Moon.
Peregrine Mission One, or the Peregrine Lunar Lander, was a lunar lander built by Astrobotic Technology, that was selected through NASA'sCommercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS). It was launched on January 8, 2024 byUnited Launch Alliance (ULA) aboard aVulcan Centaur launch vehicle.[49] The lander carried multiple payloads, with total payload mass capacity of 90 kg.[50]
Peregrine carried a maximum payload mass of 90 kg (200 lb) during Mission One,[51] and it was planned to land onGruithuisen Gamma.[52][53] The payload mass for the planned second mission (Mission Two) is capped at 175 kg (386 lb), and the Mission Three and later missions would carry the full payload capacity of 265 kg (584 lb).[52]
The Peregrine mission was unable to reach the Moon for a soft or hard landing.[5] The mission was never able to leave its original (highly elliptical) Earth orbit and it ended with a controlled reentry into the Earth's atmosphere on January 18, 2024.[54][better source needed]
The Griffin lander is targeted to land in a region of interest in the Moon's south polar region in September 2025[55] The spacecraft is expected to operate for 100 days after its landing. NASA'sVIPER rover was to be the main payload (450 kg)[56] until VIPER was canceled in 2024.[57]VIPER was to investigate permanently shadowed regions of craters located in the Moon's south pole, specifically for potential deposits of water ice that could be used as resources for future crewed missions. Other commercial payloads are on board the Griffin lander, including the Lunar Codex's Polaris archive of contemporary culture as one of the commercial sub-payloads of Astrobotics' MoonBox initiative.[58]
In March 2024, Astrobotic hired several industry leaders to assist with the Griffin lander after the failure of the Peregrine lander.[59] Amidst cost growth and delays to readiness of the rover and the Griffin lander, the VIPER program was ended in July 2024, with the rover planned to be disassembled and its instruments and components reused for other lunar missions.[60][61][62] The agency still plans to support the Griffin lander to arrive on the Moon in fall of 2025, though with a mass simulator in place of the VIPER rover.[63] NASA expects the primary objectives of VIPER to be fulfilled by an array of other missions planned for the next several years.[62]
CubeRover is a class ofplanetary rovers with a standardized format meant to accelerate the pace of space exploration. The idea is equivalent to that of the successfulCubeSat format, with a standardized architecture to assemble new units that will be all compatible, modular, and inexpensive.[65] The rover class concept is being developed by Astrobotic Technology in partnership withCarnegie Mellon University, and it is partly funded by NASA awards.[65] Theprincipal investigator of the program is Andrew Horchler. The first derivative of a CubeRover, a spinoff rover calledIris, developed by CMU students, was planned to be deployed on the Moon[29] on board Astrobotic'sPeregrine lander, but was lost with Peregrine's reentry and never deployed.[66][67][68][69][70][excessive citations]
^Mosher, Dave; Duignan-Cabrera, Anthony (February 22, 2008)."Private race to the moon (and money) takes off".NBC News. Archived fromthe original on October 17, 2022. RetrievedAugust 20, 2019.Astrobotic: Headed by William 'Red' Whittaker of Carnegie Mellon University, the team expects their 'Artemis Lander' and 'Red Rover' spacecraft to touch down first on the moon
^Mosher, Dave; Duignan-Cabrera, Anthony (February 22, 2008)."Private race to the moon (and money) takes off".NBC News. Archived fromthe original on October 17, 2022. RetrievedAugust 20, 2019.Astrobotic: Headed by William 'Red' Whittaker of Carnegie Mellon University, the team expects their 'Artemis Lander' and 'Red Rover' spacecraft to touch down first on the moon.
^"About Lunar CATALYST". NASA. October 31, 2017.Archived from the original on August 29, 2019. RetrievedAugust 20, 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
^O'Toole, Bill (September 27, 2019)."Who won the Tech 50 Awards?". NEXT Pittsburgh.Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. RetrievedMarch 24, 2020.
^Klotz, Irene (February 8, 2011)."SpaceX Lands Contract To Fly To Moon". Aviation Week.Archived from the original on February 15, 2016. RetrievedAugust 20, 2019.Pittsburgh-based Astrobotic Technology, a Carnegie Mellon University spin-off company, has signed a launch services contract with Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) for a Falcon 9 launch vehicle to deliver a lander, small rover and up to about 240 lbs of payload to the surface of the Moon
^Grush, Loren (October 27, 2011)."Race to Mine the Moon Heats Up". Fox News.Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. RetrievedAugust 20, 2019.planned to launch in late 2014 or early 2015
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