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Afghan art has spanned many centuries. In contrast to its independence and isolation in recent centuries, ancient and medieval Afghanistan spent long periods as part of large empires, which mostly also included parts of modernPakistan and northIndia, as well as Iran. Afghan cities were often sometimes among the capitals or main cities of these, as with theKushan Empire, and later theMughal Empire. In addition some routes of theSilk Road to and from China pass through Afghanistan, bringing influences from both the east and west.
One of the most significant periods is theGandharan art made between the 1st and 7th centuries developing out ofGreco-Buddhist art. With the arrival of Islam, laterAfghanistan was for long periods part ofPersianate states, and its art was often an important part ofPersian art andIslamic art in general.
Since the 1900s, the nation began to use Western techniques in art. Afghanistan's art in many media was originally almost entirely done by men, although women were greatly involved in other media, but recently women are entering the arts programs atKabul University. Art is largely centred at theNational Museum of Afghanistan, theNational Gallery of Afghanistan and theNational Archives of Afghanistan inKabul. There are a number of art schools in the country. The Center for Contemporary Arts Afghanistan (CCAA) in Kabul provides young people an opportunity to learn contemporary painting.
In recent decades, war and deliberateiconoclasm have caused a great amount of destruction of Afghanistan's artistic heritage.
A collection of over 20,600 gold ornaments, some of them dating back to the Bronze Age, was discovered in Afghanistan in the late 1970s. Known as theBactrian Hoard, these coins, necklaces and other pieces of jewelry were found in burial mounts inSheberghan in Jowzjan Province. They have been displayed in museums in the US and Europe.[1] TheOxus Treasure, with objects probably of about 400-200 BCE, was found immediately across the border with Afghanistan, on the opposite bank of theOxus River.
Afghanistan, the core territory of theGreco-Bactrian Kingdom (c. 250-125 BCE) was a key centre of Greco-Buddhist art from the 4th Century BCE to around the 7th Century CE, when it ceased after the Islamic Conquest. Large numbers of artworks have been found at the archaeological site ofHadda, Afghanistan.[2] The 6th-centuryBuddhas of Bamiyan are a well-known example of Gandhara art from this period. They weredestroyed by the Taliban in 2001.
The 1st-centuryBimaran casket (nowBritish Museum) is a gold Buddhist casket for relics, an example ofKushan art, as are theBegram ivories, mostly secular survivals from a palace storeroom swept by fire in the 2nd century. These are part of theTreasure of Begram and the ivories are mounts for furniture and similar pieces, showing a very refined and luxurious palace lifestyle. Many may have been made in Gandhara, as well as India. The treasure has many imported items, including Romanenamelled glass.
After theIslamic conquest of Afghanistan, a slow process mostly completed from the west in the 7th century, Afghan art changed dramatically from previous Greco-Buddhist works, due to the adoption of Islam. Afghan local materials such as lapis lazuli were adapted for use inIslamic art. TheGhazni Minarets (12th century) andMinaret of Jam (c. 1190) are examples of fine brick and tile work on highminarets or "victory towers". Mosques built in Afghanistan and in the Arab world are built with elaborate tiling styles. Many of these styles were influenced from Chinese ceramics[3] Afghanistan served as a conduit for introduction to these Chinese ceramic styles and techniques due to its strategic location on the Silk Road.
Buz-baz is a form of musicalpuppetry found in Afghanistan. The puppeteer manipulates amarkhormarionette while simultaneously playing adambura.
Afghanistan fine art was protected during the Taliban times by art masters at the Senai Art School. The professors often hid "un-Islamic" paintings from the Taliban when they would visit and inspect. Other artists used water color over oil paintings to conceal faces and images not approved by the Taliban. Since 2002, the Afghan fine art master painters have been able to conduct many more exhibitions within Central Asia and Europe. Their oil and water color paintings are often found in the realism style, as that is what most Afghans prefer.[4]
Since the fall of the Taliban in 2001, contemporary art has seen a resurgence in Afghanistan. Beginning in 2009, international funding for the arts has flowed into Afghanistan from the United States and Europe.[5] In 2012,Kabul-based artistAman Mojadidi curated a 2012Documenta exhibit in Kabul which showcased 12 contemporary Afghan artists whose work includes digital photography, textiles, abstract painting, filmmaking and mixed media.[5]
ArtLords are a group of around 45 Afghan artists who have painted murals in 19provinces of Afghanistan. Starting in 2014, by 2019 they had painted over 2000 murals, ranging in size from 3x5 to 6x18 meters.[6][7][8]
