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The architecture ofVancouver and theGreater Vancouver area consists of a variety of modern architectural styles, such as the 20th-centuryEdwardian and the 21st-centurymodernist styles. Initially, the city architects embraced styles developed inEurope and theUnited States, with only limited local variation.
In the years following World War II, regional variations of modernism began to emerge, later known as the "West Coast style". Building constraints in the area led to design focused on the natural landscape and feasible construction. This led to the development of design that uses complex geometric forms, open-plan layouts, and natural light through the extensive use of glass.[1] The predominance of glass in many high rises inDowntown Vancouver has led to the city's moniker "City of Glass" and "See Through City".[2][3]
In the 20th century, theVancouver Special residential style was developed in the city. Architectural styles found throughout the AmericanPacific Coast – such as theAmerican Craftsman,California bungalow, anddingbat – are common in Vancouver.[4]
Vancouver's cityscape and architecture have developed in response to its temperate, scenic, and readily accessible natural setting of ocean, forests, and mountains. Thedowntown core is built on apeninsula surrounded on three sides by readily accessible waterfront beaches, parks, and walkways. TheFinancial District is located downtown, but many office buildings have emerged in suburban town centres, resulting in the downtown having a high percentage of residential buildings, restaurants, and retail outlets. The region is in an activeseismic zone, and seismic bracing is a significant part of both new construction andretrofitting.
A noticeable feature of Vancouver's strong connection to nature is theSeawall, a man-made, car-free pathway which stretches around the downtown peninsula along the waterfront. It provides a direct link to the water's edge from Downtown andStanley Park, as well as residential areas of theWest End,False Creek,Vanier Park, andKits Beach. Stanley Park itself is an 800-acre microcosm of coastalBritish Columbiarainforest, all within direct sight and easy walking distance from the central business district.[5] The pedestrian-onlySeabus gives riders a quick transit connection between downtown and the North Shore, while smaller private ferry operators (False Creek Ferries andThe Aquabus) crisscross False Creek linking residential, cultural, and recreational venues.
The West Coast Style (also known as West Coast Modernism or West Coast Vernacular) is an architectural style that first emerged in the Greater Vancouver area, seeking to incorporate the natural environment into the design of buildings. This regional variation ofmodernism emerged in the 1940s and continued to be a major influence in residential design for the next three decades.[6][7] The designs emerging from west coastarchitects were recognized by theRoyal Architectural Institute of Canada in 1947 as a frontier in modern architecture. "In the domestic field (west coast architects) have proved to their clients present and future, by outward and inward visible signs, that the modern house is the only house for a modern family in British Columbia. Nowhere else in Canada has that proof been given."[8]
Arthur Erickson, Fred Hollingsworth,Ned Pratt, and artistB. C. Binning are notable pioneers of the modern movement on the west coast, a loosely associated group that Erickson named "The Vancouver School." Major stylistic influences were theInternational Style, open space plans of Japanese architecture, the work ofFrank Lloyd Wright, and the work and talk given in Vancouver byRichard Neutra.[9] The houses were often modest in scale and in budget.[10]
In the 1949 'Design for Living' exhibition, Pratt cited five specific local characteristics that determined the form of the emerging style:[8]
Key themes of this style have been described as: "Don't fight nature, use it to your advantage;"[11]"responding directly to the site"[12] "post-and-beam construction with sleek lines that showcased North and West Vancouver's rugged natural setting;"[13] "extensive, monumental use of glass,"[14] "rooms where inside and outside dissolve;"[15] include the natural environment as part of the design;"[16] and "the buildings are terraced remain in harmony with the contours of the landscape."[17]
The natural materials of the region were indicative of the style: wood (in particularDouglas fir andwestern redcedar), stone, plywood, wood-stud andpost and beam construction with exposedroof decking underside of roofs at ceilings andeaves. Connection of the interior to outdoor environment was continued in commercial developments such as the landscaped terraces atop government offices inRobson Square, the glass-roofedLaw Courts, the planter-infused Evergreen Building, vine-coveredChan Centre for the Performing Arts, and theUBC Museum of Anthropology. Sidewalks along many shopping streets are covered with glass canopies, providing shelter from the rain but not blocking daylight. Later designs of high-rise residential towers followed this lead with large glass walls.
First Nations peoples had inhabited the region of Greater Vancouver for an estimated 3.000 years when the first European ships visited in 1791. When settlers arrived in the early 1800s, there were several communities ofSquamish andSto:lo peoples. Their buildings were primarily woodenlonghouses, such as one inX̱wáýx̱way (now Stanley Park) that reportedly measured approximately 60 meters long, 20 meters wide, and housed 100 people. Only replicas of these structures remain in museums and onIndian reserves in the region.
The earliest European settlement was theHudson's Bay Company outpost atFort Langley, established in 1827 on the Fraser River approximately 32 km (30 miles) east of present-day downtown Vancouver.[18] Examples of the first settlement can be seen atFort Langley National Historic Site.New Westminster became the region's major centre in the 1850s but most of the city was destroyed by fire in 1898.[19]
Within what is now the City of Vancouver, the first European settlement was founded in the early 1860s, and the first townsite established was called "Granville" in what later became known asGastown. The settlement was selected as the terminus of theCanadian Pacific Railway, and in 1886 was established as the City of Vancouver - three months later theGreat Vancouver Fire destroyed nearly all of the buildings.[20] Only theHastings Mill store survives as a museum.
Few examples of 19th-century architecture remain. One notable example isChrist Church Cathedral, which opened downtown in 1894.
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A collection ofEdwardian buildings in the old downtown core were once the tallest commercial buildings in theBritish Empire. These were, in succession, the Carter-Cotton Building (former home ofThe Vancouver Province newspaper), theDominion Building (1907) and theSun Tower (1911), and the elaborateArt DecoMarine Building (1930).[21] The latter is known for its elaborate ceramic tile facings and brass-gilt doors and elevators, which have made it a favourite location for movie shoots.[22]
Other notable buildings and structures from this era include:
Notable buildings and structures from this era include:
Vancouver's reputation as the City of Glass began to emerge during this period. The temperate climate with less-harsh sun makes having large walls of non-heat and sun-reflecting glass feasible. The rain is an impetus for pedestrian shelter, but not shade, which has led to extensive use of glass canopies over sidewalks along pedestrian shopping streets.
Insertions of urban outdoor spaces include theDr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden and the landscaped terraces atop the Erickson-designedRobson Square complex. An early 1970s provincial government plan to erect the British Columbia Centre (at 682 feet it would still be the tallest building in the city as of 2013) was revised to become Erickson's 3-block complex comprising Robson Square, the glass and spaceframe roofedLaw Courts, and the transformation of the old courthouse into theVancouver Art Gallery.
The2010 Olympic Games spurrednew construction and revitalization of sporting venues and support facilities, including the Athletes Village, throughout the Greater Vancouver region and Whistler.
Examples of late-20th-century and early-21st-century architecture include:
TheExpo 86 World Exposition that was hosted on former railway and industrial lands along the north shore of False Creek and a maritime pier in the harbour left a lasting legacy on the city form and architecture in Vancouver. In addition to the many temporary structures erected for the duration of the fair, the rapid city growth that followed, and the massive redevelopment on what became known asConcord Pacific Place, several buildings developed for the fair remain as urban landmarks:BC Place, the once inflatable and now cable-suspended roofed stadium;Canada Place, the prominent tent-roof structure that housed the Canada and CN Pavilions and is now the East Building of theVancouver Convention Centre, thePan-Pacific Hotel, and a cruise ship terminal; andScience World, a public educational and entertainment venue at the east end of False Creek.
A major impact on buildings in the region since the early 1990s has been an ongoing construction, financial, and legal crisis known as theLeaky Condo Crisis. It first emerged in residential buildings in the Greater Vancouver region during a major construction boom. It primarily involves multi-unit condominium (or strata) buildings damaged by rainwater infiltration, causing in B.C. alone an estimated $4 billion in damage to over 900 buildings and 31.000 individual housing units built between the late 1980s and early 2000s, establishing it as the most extensive and most costly reconstruction of housing stock in Canadian history. Similar infiltration problems have been reported in high-rise buildings and schools. Since the start of the crisis, it has been commonplace to see occupied buildings draped in scaffolding and protective tarps, sometimes referred to as "B.C. Flags," as the problems were assessed and repaired.[25]
In the 1960s, a movement emerged to preserveGastown's distinctive and historic architecture in the face of plans to demolish it, along with nearbyChinatown,Japantown, andStrathcona, to build a major freeway. In 1971 the provincial government declared Gastown a historical site, protecting its heritage buildings. Major street improvements and a general revitalization followed.Yaletown underwent a similar transformation of its early 20th century warehouse and low-rise office buildings in the 1990s and early 2000s. Chinatown remains a thriving community and tourist destination. More recently condominiums and social housing have moved into these districts in both renovated historic buildings and in new construction.
Beginning in the early 1970s the waterfront industrial buildings and lands ofGranville Island were transformed into a vibrant mixed-use area. Industrial buildings were re-purposed and new buildings with a similar scale and aesthetic were erected to provide a public market, artisan studios, retail stores, performing arts venues, restaurants, and a hotel alongside existing industry. In the 1980s several Edwardian-era buildings were connected by a covered atrium to form theSinclair Centre shopping and retail complex.City Square Mall was a similar redevelopment for the Model School and Normal School.
In 2010, the city landmark,Woodward's Department Stores flagship with its distinctive neon "W" rooftop sign, was redeveloped in 2010 as a mixed-use development known as theWoodward's Building. It incorporates a new condominium tower, social housing, community services, retail, and parts of SFU's downtown campus.
Unlike many cities, Vancouver and its suburbs have no large plazas, squares, or public gathering spaces in the heart of the urban areas. The largest are the relatively small, terraced areas inVictory Square orRobson Square. Instead, cities in theGreater Vancouver Regional District are dotted with regulargreen spaces with 92% of residents of Vancouver proper being within a 5-minute walk of a green-space.[26]
Vancouver's main public spaces are at the periphery: landscaped parks, the waterfrontPlaza of Nations, the waterfront promenade atCanada Place, and the most active public space in the regions, the 22 km (13.7mile) longSeawall that rings the downtown peninsula.[27] One possible influence for this was the 1935Battle of Ballantyne Pier and reading of theRiot Act nearVictory Square; shortly afterwards the location for the new city hall was selected out of the downtown core.[28]
A modern hallmark of urban Vancouver is the abundance of slender "point towers" above low-risepodiums, also a key aspect of "Vancouverism." This urban design movement advocates high-density residential buildings with an emphasis on views, natural light, urban landscaping, public amenities, and active, pedestrian-oriented streets. Continuous podiums with retail or townhouses at the base define the street edge and add vibrancy. Slender towers allow more natural light to reach the street, a feature for the region's climate, and open view corridors of the sea and surrounding mountains. These features became key aspects of the city's zoning regulations.[29][30]
As with many North American cities, much of the architecture and development of Vancouver occurred during the age of the private automobile. The cities in the region have implemented policies to reduce dependency on the automobile.Urban density and pedestrian-friendly streets are supported, and local, regional and provincial governments have launched initiatives to encourage the use of bicycles.[31][32] The regional transit system is a comprehensive network of buses, rapid buses, passenger ferries, commuter trains, and thelight rapid transit (notlight rail)SkyTrain that links downtown withVancouver International Airport and regional centres in Burnaby'sMetrotown,Coquitlam,Surrey City Centre, andRichmond. The regional centres have developed into dense urban cores with commercial and residential high-rises. This is a direct result of theGreater Vancouver Regional District's (now Metro Vancouver) 1996 Livable Region Strategic Plan, which encouraged the development of a compact, livable metropolitan region, with eight regional town centres and the main downtown core.[33]
Vancouver'sWest End, a primarily residential area approximately one mile square on the downtown peninsula between the central business district and Stanley Park, is the most densely populated neighbourhood in Canada. Vancouver has developed zoning to encourage high-density commercial, retail, and residential development around downtown and transit centres.[34] Between 2001 and 2011, the population of Vancouver's downtown doubled; including the West End, the downtown peninsula's population increased from approximately 70,000 to over 99,000.[35] In the same period, automobile traffic dropped by 10 percent and as of 2012, the City of Vancouver "has the lowest carbon emissions per capita of any major city in North America."[34]
Metro Vancouver's Regional Growth Strategy encourages densification of development as a sustainable strategy and the city's stated policy is to become most sustainable city in the world by 2020.[36][37] The policy includes changes to the City's Building By-Law, inclusion "(requiring) all buildings constructed from 2020 onward to be carbon neutral in operations" and "to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in existing buildings by 20% over 2007 levels."[38] Several buildings have achieved widespread recognition for their leadership in sustainable design:
Residential architecture is where the West Coast Style began, in particular on view properties on the slopes of the North Shore,West Point Grey, andBurnaby's Capitol Hill. Another, even more prevalent design style that emerged here is known as theVancouver Special, a simple to construct style used by builders in houses without involvement of a custom designer or architect. Other styles found in the region originated elsewhere, such as theCraftsman style found in many of the mansions in Vancouver'sShaughnessy neighbourhood, and theCalifornia Bungalow. A local adaptation of theCalifornia Dingbat style is also found in many two-four story apartment buildings built in the 1950s and 1960s.[43]
As of 2011, approximately 34% of owners live in houses, 15% in multi-unit buildings of less than 6 stories, 26% in multi-unit high-rise buildings, 9% in row houses, and the remainder in duplex or movable structures.[44] As with most areas in North America, the vast majority of houses in the region are constructed of wood. A growing number reside in three- to four-story apartment and condominium buildings, commonly constructed of wood, as well as high-rise mainly condominium towers (owner-occupied or investor-owned and rented), normally constructed with a concrete structure.[45]
Vancouver has several prominent and notable urbantime signals:
Moshe Safdie andCornelia Oberlander are the principal design architects for the downtown Library Square, in collaboration with the firm Downs/Archambault & Partners.[46] Oberlander, a landscape architect based in Vancouver, also includes in her projects Robson Square, the Law Courts, and the UBC Museum of Anthropology.[47] Other notable Vancouver-area architects include:
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