Ancient Aramean state to 732 BCE
Aram-Damascus (/ˈ ær ə m / ARR -əm ...Aramean polity that existed from the late-12th century BCE until 732 BCE, and was centred around the city ofDamascus in theSouthern Levant .[ 1] Assyria to the north,Ammon to the south, andIsrael to the west.
The compound name "Aram-Damascus" is only found in theHebrew Bible , where it sometimes also is referred to as simply "Aram" or "Damascus". It is also referred to as "Aram" in some Aramaic inscriptions. In Assyrian sources, "Aram" was never used to designate it. It was often referred to as "Damascus" or "imērīšu" (meaning "his donkey"), and sometimes "Bīt-Ḫaza’ili" (meaning "house ofHazael "), in Assyrian sources.[ 2]
TheTanakh gives accounts of Aram-Damascus' history, mainly in its interaction withIsrael and Judah . There are biblical texts referencing battles that took place between theUnited Kingdom of Israel underDavid and theArameans inSouthern Syria in the 10th century BCE.[ 3]
In the 9th century BCE,Hazael fought against theAssyrians , had some influence over the northern Syrian state ofUnqi , and conqueredIsrael .[ 4] [ 5]
To the southwest, Aram-Damascus reached most of theGolan to theSea of Galilee .[ 6]
In the 8th century BCE,Rezin had been atributary ofTiglath-Pileser III , aking of Assyria .[ 7] c. 732 BCE , he formed an alliance with Pekah , aking of Israel , to attackAhaz , aking of Judah ; Ahaz appealed to Tiglath-Pileser III for help, which was provided by the Assyrian king afterJudah paid tribute.[ 8] Aram .[ 7] [ 9]
Various Neo-Hittite and Aramean (orange shades) western states in the 8th century BCE Hezion , ca. 960 BCETabrimmon , ca. 930 BCE, son of HezionBen-Hadad I , 885–865 BCEBen-Hadad II , 865–842 BCEHazael , 842–805/796 BCE, usurperBen-Hadad III , 796–792 BCE, son of HazaelRezin , 754 BCE–732 BCE^ Pitard, Wayne T. (2000). "Arameans". In David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers; Astrid B. Beck (eds.).Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 86. ^ Younger 2016 , p. 549.^ "2 Samuel 10:6-19".Bible . Holman.ISBN 978-0999989265 ^ James B. Pritchard, ed.,Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.; Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955) 246. ^ "2 Kings 13:3".Bible (Christian Standard ed.). Holman.ISBN 978-0999989265 ^ Suzanne Richard (2003).Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader ISBN 1-57506-083-3 ^a b Lester L. Grabbe,Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? (New York: T&T Clark, 2007): 134 ^ "2 Kings 16:7-9".Bible (Christian Standard ed.). Holman.ISBN 978-0999989265 ^ James B. Pritchard, ed.,Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.; Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969) 283. Amadasi-Guzzo, Maria Giulia (2019)."What Do We Know about the Borders and Exchanges between Aram and Phoenicia in the 9th–8th Centuries B.C.E. in Anatolia and Syria?" .Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E . Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 149– 171.ISBN 9789004398535 Bagg, Ariel M. (2019)."At the Limits of Historical Geography: Reconstructing Aramaean Territories in the West According to the Neo-Assyrian Written Sources" .Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E . Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 1– 25.ISBN 9789004398535 Edmonds, Alexander J. (2019)."A People without Borders? Tracing the Shifting Identities and Territorialities of the Ahlameans" .Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E . Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 26– 62.ISBN 9789004398535 Gzella, Holger (2015).A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam ISBN 9789004285101 Lipiński, Edward (2000).The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion ISBN 9789042908598 Lipiński, Edward (2013)."The Aramaeans in the West (13th–8th centuries)" .Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C . Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 123– 147.ISBN 9783447065443 Lemaire, André (2019)."The Boundary between the Aramaean Kingdom of Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel" .Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E . Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 245– 266.ISBN 9789004398535 Sader, Hélène (2014)."History" .The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria . Leiden: Brill. pp. 11– 36.ISBN 9789004229433 Younger, Kenneth Lawson (2016).A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities ISBN 9781628370843 Zwickel, Wolfgang (2019)."Borders between Aram-Damascus and Israel: A Historical Investigation" .Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E . Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 267– 335.ISBN 9789004398535
33°30′47″N 36°17′31″E / 33.5130°N 36.2920°E /33.5130; 36.2920
