Antiope was a Frenchteletext standard in the 1980s. It also formed the basis for the display standard used in the Frenchvideotex serviceMinitel. The term allegedly stood forAcquisition Numérique et Télévisualisation d’Images Organisées en Pages d’Écriture, which could be loosely translated asDigital Acquisition and Remote Visualization of Images Organized into Written Pages.[1][2]
Work on Antiope started in 1972 atCCETT, the newly merged French national research centre for television and telecommunications inRennes, with first field trials in 1975. The system was officially launched in 1976 atVidcom inCannes, and simultaneously at the СПОРТ 76 exposition inMoscow.[3] It was adopted into the international standardCCIR 653 (nowITU-R BT.653) of 1986 asCCIR Teletext System A.[4]
Commercial broadcasting of Antiope began onAntenne 2 in 1979.[3] To publicise the service, pages were even transmitteden clair instead of thetest card (compare the BBC'sPages from Ceefax).[3]TF1 andFR3 both also began to broadcast Antiope content from the early 1980s.[3] Antiope decoding was initially byset-top boxes connected to the television by aSCART cable.Grundig France began to sell TVs with integrated decoders from 1983, followed by other manufacturers.
Antenne 2 began using the system to broadcast teletextsubtitles for the hard-of-hearing in 1983,[3] with three programmes subtitled by the end of the year. The number rose to 15 programmes across the three channels in 1984, and 30 in 1985.
Attempts had been made to sell the system internationally, including test broadcasts in the United States and the Soviet Union.[5][6] In 1980,CBS had lobbied U.S.Federal Communications Commission (FCC) directly to make Antiope the teletext standard for the United States.[7][6] However, by 1986, all these efforts had failed. Across Europe 9 million sets had been sold equipped to receive teletext based on the UK standard; whereas in France, the only country using Antiope, sales had only reached 100,000.
Manufacture of Antiope-equipped TV sets ceased in 1987, and in 1989 broadcasts began in the rival European standardWorld System Teletext. For a while the two services were broadcast in parallel, but Antiope broadcasts finally ceased in the early 1990s.
Although the transport protocols were different, much of the on-screen functionality of Antiope was recreated in the extended so-calledHi-Text Level 2.5 version of the European standard, first broadcast in 1994 by the bilingual French-German channelARTE.
The Antiope-derivedMinitel remained in use until 2012.
Antiope was based on a 40 × 25 character grid usingISO 646 andISO 2022, with support for accented letters.[8] A fundamental difference in technical philosophy between Antiope and theCeefax teletext system developed by theBBC stemmed from the fact that Antiope was developed by telecommunications engineers, while Ceefax was developed by television engineers. The television engineers created a system which filled the screen with data at a fixed, predictable rate; in contrast Antiope was constructed like apacket-switching system, with variable length packets of data, as might be used on a telephone network.
In both cases, the teletext data was transmitted during thevertical blanking interval, the portion of time allocated for the electron beam to return from the bottom of the screen back up to the top between each frame of the image (which corresponds to a transmission time of 25 lines in each field ofPAL orSECAM), and each line used conveyed a fixed number of bytes each cycle: 40bytes for European systems, 32 in the United States. In the BBC Ceefax system each group of 40 bytes corresponded directly to one row of 40 characters, each byte representing both the character and its place in the row – a video synchronous system.
In contrast, in the case of Antiope the delivery packet was independent of the screen presentation. One 40-byte packet might contain several rows; another might contain only part of a row, if it contained several colour changes or accented characters (coded with two or three bytes). In return, colour changes, or switches to graphical mode (called "mosaic"), which each had to take up one character space in the row on a Ceefax page, could be made freely in Antiope, allowing the construction of more elaborate pages.
Ceefax pages could be displayed using fairly simple hardware, using acharacter generator and a simplelatch to keep track of theattributes in force at a particular character position as the page is scanned. Antiope was only a little more complicated, the relevant attributes for each character position (about 13 bits, or a few more if further additional fonts were in use) being stored in a separate memory page in the decoder, distinct from the memory page used for the characters.
This flexibility of Antiope provided a foundation on which multilingual and multialphabet systems were developed, and also systems usingdynamically redefinable character sets (DRCS), especially in variants delivered over the telephone (videotex).
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