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Angara (rocket family)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Russian family of space launch vehicles

Angara
Ангара
Первый испытательный пуск ракеты-носителя тяжелого класса «Ангара-А5» 03
Launch of Angara A5
FunctionLaunch vehicle
ManufacturerKhrunichev
KBKhA
Country of originRussia
Cost per launchAngara A5: US$100 million (2021)[1]
Size
Height42.7 m (140 ft) - 64 m (210 ft)
WidthAngara 1.2 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in)
Angara A5 8.86 m (29.1 ft)
Mass171,500 kg (378,100 lb) - 790,000 kg (1,740,000 lb)
Stages2-3
Capacity
Payload toLEO (Plesetsk)
Mass3,800 kg (8,400 lb) - 24,500 kg (54,000 lb)
Payload toGTO (Plesetsk)
Mass5,400 kg (11,900 lb) - 7,500 kg (16,500 lb)
Associated rockets
ComparableNaro-1 used a modified URM-1 first stage
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesPlesetsk,Site 35/1
Vostochny,Site 1A
Total launches9 (A1.2PP: 1 (suborbital),A1.2: 4,A5: 4)
Success(es)8 (A1.2PP: 1 (suborbital),A1.2: 4,A5: 3)
Partial failure(s)1(A5: 1)
First flightA1.2PP: 9 July 2014
A1.2: 29 April 2022
A5: 23 December 2014
Last flightA1.2: 16 March 2025
A5: 11 April 2024
Boosters (A5) –URM-1
No. boosters4 (see text)
Powered by1RD-191
Maximum thrust1,920 kN (430,000 lbf) (Sea level)
Total thrust7,680 kN (1,730,000 lbf) (Sea level)
Specific impulse310.7 s (3.047 km/s) (Sea level)
Burn time214 seconds
PropellantRP-1/LOX
First stage –URM-1
Powered by1RD-191
Maximum thrust1,920 kN (430,000 lbf) (Sea level)
Specific impulse310.7 s (3.047 km/s) (Sea level)
Burn timeAngara 1.2: 214 seconds
Angara A5: 325 seconds
PropellantRP-1/LOX
Second stage –URM-2
Powered by1RD-0124A
Maximum thrust294.3 kN (66,200 lbf)
Specific impulse359 s (3.52 km/s)
Burn timeAngara A5: 424 seconds
PropellantRP-1/LOX
Third stage (A5) –Briz-M (optional)
Powered by1S5.98M
Maximum thrust19.6 kN (4,400 lbf)
Specific impulse326 s (3.20 km/s)
Burn time3,000 seconds
PropellantN2O4/UDMH
Third stage (A5) –KVTK (optional, under development)
Powered by1RD-0146D
Maximum thrust68.6 kN (15,400 lbf)
Specific impulse463 s (4.54 km/s)
Burn time1,350 seconds
PropellantLH2/LOX

TheAngara rocket family (Russian: Ангара) is a family oflaunch vehicles being developed by theMoscow-basedKhrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. The launch vehicles are to put between 3,800 kg (8,400 lb) and 24,500 kg (54,000 lb) intolow Earth orbit and are intended, along withSoyuz-2 variants, to replace several existing launch vehicles.

History

[edit]

After thedissolution of the Soviet Union, some formerly Soviet launch vehicles required components from companies now located inUkraine, such asYuzhnoye Design Bureau, which producedZenit-2, andYuzhmash, which producedDnepr andTsyklon.[2] Additionally, the Soviet Union's main spaceport,Baikonur Cosmodrome, was located inKazakhstan, and Russia encountered difficulties negotiating for its use.[3] This led to the decision in 1992 to develop a new entirely Russian launch vehicle, named Angara, to replace the launch vehicles now built outside of the country, and ensure Russian access to space without Baikonur. It was decided that this vehicle should ideally use the partially completed Zenit-2 launch pad at the RussianPlesetsk Cosmodrome,[4] and be able to launch military satellites intogeosynchronous orbit, whichProton could not due to lack of a launch pad at Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Several companies submitted bids for the new launch vehicle, and in 1994Khrunichev, the developer of Proton, was selected as the winner. The commercial success of Proton over the next two decades would be an advantage to Khrunichev, as the Angara project immediately ran into funding difficulties from the cash-strapped Russian government.[5]

Khrunichev's initial design called for the use of a modifiedRD-170 for first stage propulsion and a liquid hydrogen powered second stage. By 1997, the hydrogen-powered second stage had been abandoned in favor of kerosene, and the RD-170 was replaced with a modular design which would be powered by the newRD-191, a one-chamber engine derived from the four-chamber RD-170. In late 1997, Khrunichev was given approval from the Russian government to proceed with their new design, which would both be able to replace theICBM-based Dnepr,Tsyklon, andRokot with its smaller variants, as well as be able to launch satellites intogeostationary orbit from Plesetsk with the Proton-class Angara A5.[6]

By 2004, the design of Angara had taken shape and the project proceeded with development of the launchers. In 2008,NPO Energomash, the builder of theRD-191, reported that the engine had completed development and burn tests and was ready for manufacturing and delivery,[7] and in January 2009 the first completed Angara first stage was delivered to Khrunichev.[8] The next yearVladimir Nesterov, Director-General of Khrunichev, announced that the first flight test of Angara would be scheduled for 2013,[9] and in 2013 the first prototype Angara launch vehicle arrived in Plesetsk.[10]

In 2014, 22 years after Angara's original conception, the first launch took place on 9 July 2014, an Angara 1.2PPsuborbitaltest flight from the northern Plesetsk Cosmodrome.[11][12][13] On 23 December 2014, Angara A5's first test flight was performed, launching it into geosynchronous orbit.[14] In June 2020, it was reported that the first Angara Launching Pad was completed and would be transported to Vostochny Cosmodrome.[15]

On 14 December 2020, 6 years after the first test flight, Angara-A5's second test flight took place from Plesetsk.[16] According toRoscosmos chiefDmitriy Rogozin speaking about future plans after the launch in December 2020, two more Angara launches were coming in 2021: an Angara-1.2 and an Angara-A5 with a new booster, Persei.[17] Only the launch of Angara-A5 with Persei upper stage ended up happening in 2021. The maiden flight of Angara 1.2 happened on 29 April 2022.

Vehicle description

[edit]
Angara mock-ups at theMAKS 2009 airshow near Moscow

URM-1: first stage and boosters

[edit]

TheUniversal Rocket Module (URM-1) forms the core of every Angara vehicle. In the Angara A5, four additional URM-1s act as boosters. Each URM-1 is powered by a single NPO Energomash RD-191 burningliquid oxygen andRP-1 (kerosene).[18]

The RD-191 is a single-chamber engine derived from the four-chamberRD-170, originally developed for the boosters powering theEnergia launch vehicle.Zenit's four-chamberRD-171 and the dual-chamberRD-180 poweringULA'sAtlas V are also derivatives of the RD-170, as is theRD-193 proposed as a replacement for the 1970s-eraNK-33 powering the first stage of theSoyuz 2.1v. The RD-191 is capable of throttling down to at least 30%, allowing core URM-1 stages to conserve propellant until booster URM-1 separation.[19]

The URM-1 consists of a liquid oxygen tank at the top, followed by an intertank structure containing flight control and telemetry equipment, with the kerosene tank below that. At the base of the module is a propulsion bay containing engine gimballing equipment for vehicle pitch and yaw and thrusters for roll control.[20]

URM-2: second stage

[edit]

The second stage of the Angara, designated URM-2, uses oneKBKhARD-0124A engine also burning liquid oxygen and kerosene. The RD-0124A is nearly identical to theRD-0124 currently powering the second stage ofSoyuz-2, designated Block I. The URM-2 has a diameter of 3.6 m (12 ft) for the Angara A5 and other proposed variants. The Angara 1.2 will[clarification needed] fly a smaller RD-0124A-powered second stage, which may be 2.66 m (8 ft 9 in) to maintain commonality with Block I[21] or widened to 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) to maintain a consistent diameter with URM-1.[22][needs update]

Upper stages (after 2nd)

[edit]

Angara 1.2 will not use an upper stage, nor will Angara A5 when delivering payloads to low orbits.[18] For higher energy orbits such asGTO, Angara A5 will use theBriz-M upper stage (currently used for theProton-M rocket), powered by oneS5.98M burningN2O4 andUDMH, or eventually a new cryogenic upper stage, theKVTK. This stage will use theLH2/LOX powered RD-0146D and allow Angara A5 to bring up to two tonnes more mass to GTO.[18] TheBlok D is being considered as an upper stage when launched fromVostochny since it will avoid the toxic propellant of the Briz-M.[23]

Variants

[edit]
From the left: Angara A5V, Proton M, Angara A5, Angara A5 and Angara 1.2 onMAKS 2021

Angara 1.2

[edit]
Main article:Angara-1.2

The smallest Angara is the Angara 1.2, which consists of one URM-1 core and a modified Block I second stage. It has a lift-off mass of 171 tonnes and can deliver 3.8 tonnes of payload to a 200 km (120 mi) x 60° orbit.[21][24] The successful maiden launch of Angara 1.2 took place 29 April 2022.[25]

Angara 1.2pp

[edit]
Main article:Angara-1.2pp

A modified Angara 1.2, called Angara 1.2PP (Angara-1.2 pervyy polyot, meaningAngara-1.2 first flight), made Angara's inaugural suborbital flight on 9 July 2014. This flight lasted 22 minutes and carried a mass simulator weighing 1,430 kg (3,150 lb).[26] Angara 1.2PP weighed 171,000 kg (377,000 lb) and consisted of a URM-1 core stage and a partially fueled 3.6 m (12 ft)-diameter URM-2, allowing each of the major components of Angara A5 to be flight tested before that version's firstorbital launch, conducted on 23 December 2014.[14]

Angara A5

[edit]
Main article:Angara A5

The second Angara developed was theheavy lift launch vehicle, theAngara A5, which consists of one URM-1 core and four URM-1 boosters, a 3.6 m (12 ft) URM-2 second stage, and an upper stage, either theBriz-M or theKVTK.[18] Weighing 773 tonnes at lift-off, Angara A5 has a payload capacity of 24.5 tonnes to a 200 km (120 mi) x 60° orbit. Angara A5 is able to deliver 5.4 tonnes toGTO with Briz-M, or 7.5 tonnes to the same orbit with KVTK.[24]

In the Angara A5, the four URM-1s used as boosters operate at full thrust for approximately 214 seconds, then separate. The URM-1 forming the vehicle's core is operated at full thrust for lift off, then throttled down to 30% to conserve propellant. The core is throttled back up after the boosters have separated and continues burning for another 110 seconds.[19]

The first Angara A5 test flight was launched on 23 December 2014. The second test flight was launched on 14 December 2020 from Plesetsk.[27] A third test flight was launched on 27 December 2021, also from Plesetsk. However, the test ofPersei upper stage failed and the payload did not make it from LEO to GEO.[28]

Proposed versions

[edit]

Angara 1.1

[edit]

Initial plans called for an even smaller Angara 1.1 using aBriz-KM as a second stage, with a payload capacity of 2 tonnes. This version was cancelled as it fell into the same payload class as theSoyuz 2.1v, which made its debut flight in 2013.[21]

Angara A3

[edit]

The Angara A3 would consist of one URM-1 core, two URM-1 boosters, the 3.6m URM-2, and an optional Briz-M or hydrogen powered upper stage for high energy orbits. The hydrogen powered stage for this vehicle, called RCAF would be smaller than the Angara A5's KVTK. This vehicle has no current plans for use (14.6 tonnes to 200 km x 60°, 2.4 tonnes to GTO with Briz-M or 3.6 tonnes with a hydrogen upper stage),[24] but could be developed as a replacement for Zenit.[29]

Angara A5P

[edit]
A5P

Khrunichev has proposed an Angara A5 capable of launching a new crewed spacecraft weighing up to 18 tonnes: the Angara 5P. This version would have 4 URM-1s as boosters surrounding a sustainer core URM-1 but lack a second stage, relying on the spacecraft to complete orbital insertion from a slightly suborbital trajectory, much like theBuran orSpace Shuttle. This has the advantage of allowing all engines to be lit and checked out while on the ground, eliminating the possibility of an engine failing to start after staging. The RD-191 engines may also be operated at reduced thrust to improve safety.[5][30]

Angara A5V

[edit]

Khrunichev has proposed an upgraded Angara A5 variant with a new big hydrogen-based upper stage (URM-2V) as replacement for URM-2 and upgraded engine thrust on the URM-1 stages. The thrust up the URM-1 boosters would be 10% higher during the first 40 seconds to allow good thrust/weight ratio even with the URM-2 replaced with the heavier URM-2V. Cross-feed and even more powerful RD-195 engines for the URM-1 are also considered. The capacity of A5V is supposed to be around 35-40 tonnes to LEO depending on final configuration.[31]

Angara A7

[edit]

Proposals exist for a heavier Angara A7, weighing 1133 tonnes and capable of putting 35 tonnes into a 200 km (120 mi) x 60° orbit, or delivering 12.5 tonnes to GTO with an enlarged KVTK-A7 as a second stage in place of the URM-2.[24] There are no current plans to develop this vehicle as it would require a larger core URM-1 to carry more propellant and would have to await the development of the hydrogen powered engine for KVTK. The Angara A7 would also require a different launch pad.[32][33]

Angara-100

[edit]

The Angara-100 was a 2005 proposal by Khrunichev to build a heavy-lift launch vehicle for NASA'sVision for Space Exploration. The rocket would consist of fourRD-170-powered boosters, anRD-180-powered core stage, and a cryogenic upper stage using a modified EnergiaRD-0120 engine, theRD-0122. Its payload capacity to LEO would be in excess of 100 tons.[34]

Baikal

[edit]

Together withNPO Molniya, Khrunichev has also proposed a reusable URM-1 booster namedBaikal. The URM-1 would be fitted with a wing, anempennage, a landing gear, a return flight engine andattitude control thrusters, to enable the rocket booster to return to an airfield after completing its mission.[35]

Specifications

[edit]

Active

[edit]
VersionAngara 1.2Angara A5
BoosterN/A4 xURM-1
First stage1 x URM-11 x URM-1
Second stageModified Block IURM-2
Third stage (not used forLEO)Briz-M/Blok DM-03/KVTK[36]
Thrust (at sea level)1.92MN9.61 MN
Launch weight171.5 t759 t
Height (maximal)41.5 m55.4 m
Payload (LEO 200 km)3.8 t24.5 t
Payload (GTO)5.4/7.5 t
Payload (GEO)3/4.6 t

Cancelled or proposed

[edit]
VersionAngara 1.1

(Cancelled)

Angara A3

(Proposed)

Angara A5P

(Proposed)

Angara A5V

(Proposed)

Angara A7

(Proposed)

Angara A7.2B

(Proposed)[37]

BoostersN/A2 xURM-14 x URM-14 x URM-16 x URM-16 x URM-1
First stage1 x URM-11 x URM-11 x URM-11 x URM-11 x URM-11 x URM-1
Second stageBriz-KMModified Block IURM-2VKVTK-A7[36]URM-2
Third stage (not used forLEO)Briz-M/RCAF[36]-Blok DM-03/KVTK-KVTK2-А7В
Thrust (at sea level)1.92MN5.77 MN9.61 MN10.57 MN13.44 MN
Launch weight149 t481 t713 t815 - 821 t1133 t1323 t
Height (maximal)34.9 m45.8 m???65,7 m
Payload (LEO 200 km)2.0 t14.6 t18.0 t35 - 40 t35 t50 t
Payload (GTO)2.4/3.6 t11.9 - 13.3 t12.5 t19 t
Payload (GEO)1.0/2.0 t7.2 - 8 t7.6 t11.4 t

Testing and manufacturing

[edit]

The production of the Universal Rocket Modules and the Briz-M upper stages will take place at the Khrunichev subsidiaryProduction Corporation Polyot inOmsk. In 2009, Polyot invested over 771.4 million RUB (about US$25 million) in Angara production lines.[5] Design and testing of the RD-191 engine was done byNPO Energomash, while its mass production will take place at the companyProton-PM inPerm, Russia.[5]

Launches

[edit]

Facilities

[edit]

Angara will primarily be launched from thePlesetsk Cosmodrome. Beginning in 2020, as of 2014[update], plans called for it to also be launched from theVostochny Cosmodrome.[38] This would have allowed the phase out of Proton, a rocket whose operation atBaikonur Cosmodrome,Kazakhstan has been objected to due to its use of large amounts of highly toxicUDMH andN2O4 and reliability issues.[39][needs update]

Launch history

[edit]
Date/time (UTC)ConfigurationSerial numberLaunch padOutcome
PayloadSeparation orbitOperatorFunction
Remarks
9 July 2014
12:00UTC
Angara 1.2PP71601Plesetsk Cosmodrome,Site 35Success
1,430 kg (3,150 lb)mass simulator[26]SuborbitalRoscosmosSuborbital test flight
Non-standard Angara 1.2PP allowed flight testing of both URM-1 and URM-2
23 December 2014
05:57 UTC
Angara A5 /Briz-M71751Plesetsk Cosmodrome,Site 35Success
2,000 kg (4,400 lb)mass simulator (MGM n°1)Low Earth orbit[14]RoscosmosOrbital test flight No.1
Maiden flight of Angara A5, mass simulator intentionally not separated from Briz-M upper stage[40]
14 December 2020
05:50 UTC[41]
Angara A5 /Briz-M71752Plesetsk Cosmodrome,Site 35/1Success
2,400 kg (5,300 lb)mass simulator (MGM n°2)GeosynchronousRoscosmosOrbital test flight No.2
Second orbital test flight
27 December 2021
19:00:00 UTC[42][43]
Angara A5 /Persei71753Plesetsk Cosmodrome,Site 35/1Partial Failure
5,400 kg (11,900 lb)mass simulator (MGM n°3)Geocentric supersynchronousMinistry of DefenceOrbital test flight No.3
First flight test of the Persei upper stage, a Blok DM-03 upper stage variant for Angara. Last of the three demonstration flights planned. Upper stage failed to restart for 2nd burn, leaving upper stage and payload in low Earth orbit. They decayed from orbit in a fortnight.
29 April 2022
19:55:22[45]
Angara 1.271602Plesetsk Cosmodrome,Site 35/1Failure of Kosmos-2555 to reach stable orbit[46]
EO MKA №2 (Kosmos-2555)SSOVKSReconnaissance
Maiden flight of Angara 1.2. No orbit-raising activities were detected from Kosmos-2555 following deployment, indicating a possible spacecraft failure. Re-entered May 18, 2022 after not making any attempt to raise its orbit.[44]
15 October 2022
19:55:15[48]
Angara 1.271603Plesetsk Cosmodrome,Site 35/1Success
EO MKA №3 (Kosmos-2560)SSOVKSReconnaissance
Kosmos 2560 decayed from orbit 10 Dec 2022 01:54 UTC, also quite soon after launch. Some suspect this was due to spacecraft failure.[47]
11 April 2024
09:00[49]
Angara A5 /OrionVostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ASuccess
No Payload(Mass simulator)GEORoscosmosOrbital test flight No.4
First flight of theAngara A5 fromVostochny Cosmodrome (Vostochny Angara Test Flight).
17 September 2024
07:01[50]
Angara 1.271604Plesetsk Cosmodrome,Site 35/1Success
Kosmos-2577
Kosmos-2578
SSOVKSReconnaissance
16 March 2025
10:50[51]
Angara 1.271605Plesetsk Cosmodrome,Site 35/1Success
Kosmos-2585
Kosmos-2586
Kosmos-2587
LEOVKSCommunications

Future Launches

Q4 2024[52][53]Angara A5MVostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ATBD
TBDLEORoscosmosTBD
First flight of the Angara A5M.
2024[54][55]Angara A5Plesetsk Cosmodrome orVostochny CosmodromeTBD
Luch-5VMGeosynchronousGonets Satellite SystemCommunications
2025[54][56]Angara A5 /DM-03Plesetsk CosmodromeTBD
Luch-5M 1GeosynchronousGonets Satellite SystemCommunications
2027[57][58]Angara A5MVostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ATBD
NEM-1LEO/SSORoscosmosRussian Orbital Service Station (ROSS) Core Module
Originally intended for launch to the International Space Station. Now intended to go into a Sun-Synchronous Orbit at 98 degrees.
Q4 2028[59]Angara A5 /DM-03Vostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ATBD
Spektr-UVIGSORoscosmosUltravioletspace telescope
2028[60]Angara A5Vostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ATBD
OrelLEORoscosmosSpace capsule
Uncrewed test launch of Orel spacecraft. First launch of Angara A5 from Vostochny.
2028[60][62]Angara A5PVostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ATBD
OrelLEORoscosmosSpace capsule
Uncrewed test launch of Orel to the International Space Station. First flight of the Angara A5P, a crew-rated variant of theAngara A5.[61]
2028[60][61]Angara A5PVostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ATBD
OrelLEORoscosmosSpace capsule
Crewed test launch of Orel to the International Space Station.
2028[63]Angara A5Vostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ATBD
Luna 27SelenocentricRoscosmosLunar lander
Third mission of Luna-Glob Programme.
NET 2029[63]Angara A5 /DM-03Vostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ATBD
Luna 28SelenocentricRoscosmosLunar lander /Lunar sample return
Lunar sample-return mission.
NET 2029[62]Angara A5PVostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ATBD
OrelLEORoscosmosSpace capsule
Crewed Orel flight test.
NET 2030[63]Angara A5Vostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ATBD
Luna 29SelenocentricRoscosmosLunar rover /Lunar sample return
Lunar sample-return mission.
NET 2030[62]Angara A5PVostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ATBD
OrelLEORoscosmosSpace capsule
Crewed Orel flight test.
NET 2030[64]Angara A5 /Briz-MVostochny Cosmodrome,Site 1ATBD
Spektr-MSun-Earth L2 Lagrange PointRoscosmosMillimeter wavelengthspace telescope

Related projects

[edit]

The South Korean launch vehicleNaro-1 used a first stage derived from Angara's URM-1 (fitted with a lower-thrust version of the RD-191 engine calledRD-151). The vehicle made its first flight on 25 August 2009. The flight was not successful, but the first stage operated as expected. A second launch on 10 June 2010 ended in failure, when contact with the rocket was lost 136 seconds after launch. The Joint Failure Review Board failed to come to a consensus on the cause of the failure.[65] The third flight on 30 January 2013 successfully reached orbit.

Comparable rockets

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"MGM n°3". 24 December 2021. Retrieved24 December 2021.
  2. ^"Angara Launch Vehicle Family".spaceflight101.com. Retrieved11 September 2017.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^"Kazakhstan Finally Ratifies Baikonur Rental Deal With Russia". SpaceDaily. 12 April 2010. Retrieved11 July 2014.
  4. ^Zak, Anatoly (3 July 2016)."Origin of the Angara project". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved11 September 2017.
  5. ^abcdVorontsov, Dmitri; Igor Afanasyev (10 November 2009)."Angara getting ready for launch".Russia CIS Observer.3 (26).Archived from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved3 January 2010.
  6. ^Zak, Anatoly (2 August 2017)."Building Angara". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved11 September 2017.
  7. ^"A new engine is ready for Angara" (in Russian). 5 September 2008.
  8. ^"URM-1 is being prepared for the burn tests" (in Russian). 29 January 2009. Archived fromthe original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved31 January 2009.
  9. ^"Interview with Vladimir Nesterov, Director-General, Khrunichev Space Center". Khrunichev. 13 January 2011.
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  11. ^Stephen Clark (9 July 2014)."First Angara rocket launched on suborbital test flight". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved10 July 2014.
  12. ^Sample, Ian (9 July 2014)."Russia test launches first new space rocket since Soviet era".The Guardian. Retrieved10 July 2014.
  13. ^"Russia's Angara rocket 'makes debut'" Jonathan Amos BBC News 9 July 2014
  14. ^abc"Russia made its first test launch "Angara-A5"". RIA Novosti. 23 December 2014. Retrieved23 December 2014.
  15. ^"Angara launching pad setting off to Vostochny". Archived fromthe original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved18 June 2020.
  16. ^"Second test launch of Angara-A5 heavy rocket carried out in Plesetsk". TASS. 14 December 2020. Retrieved14 December 2020.
  17. ^"Russia's Roscosmos chief confirms plans to launch two Angara carrier rockets in 2021". TASS. 14 December 2020. Retrieved14 December 2020.
  18. ^abcd"Angara Launch Vehicles Family". Khrunichev. Archived fromthe original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved25 July 2009.
  19. ^ab"Angara A5". Spaceflight 101. Archived fromthe original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved4 May 2018.
  20. ^Zak, Anatoly (12 January 2016)."URM-1 rocket module". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved11 September 2017.
  21. ^abc"Angara 1.2". Spaceflight 101. Archived fromthe original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved4 May 2018.
  22. ^Zak, Anatoly (9 October 2016)."URM-2 rocket module". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved11 September 2017.
  23. ^Zak, Anatoly (22 July 2017)."Angara to replace Proton". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved11 September 2017.
  24. ^abcd"Angara Launch Vehicles Family".khrunichev.ru. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. Archived fromthe original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved4 May 2018.
  25. ^"Rusko vyneslo na oběžnou dráhu vojenský náklad. Použilo novou raketu - Novinky.cz". 5 May 2022.
  26. ^ab"Angara, Russia's brand-new launch vehicle, is successfully launched from Plesetsk". Khrunichev. Retrieved11 July 2014.
  27. ^"Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. 12 December 2020. Retrieved14 December 2020.
  28. ^""Russia stages successful third launch of new rocket"". Space Daily. 28 December 2021. Retrieved28 December 2021.
  29. ^"Angara A2".spaceflight101.com. Archived fromthe original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved4 May 2018.
  30. ^Zak, Anatoly (21 July 2017)."Angara-5P launch vehicle". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved11 September 2017.
  31. ^Zak, Anatoly (23 July 2017)."Angara-A5V (Angara 5V) launch vehicle". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved11 September 2017.
  32. ^"Angara A7".spaceflight101.com. Archived fromthe original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved4 May 2018.
  33. ^Zak, Anatoly (12 November 2011)."The Angara-7 rocket". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved11 September 2017.
  34. ^Zak, Anatoly (8 January 2013)."Angara-100". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved11 September 2017.
  35. ^"Baikal Reusable Launch Vehicle". Khrunichev. Retrieved3 January 2010.
  36. ^abc"KVTK" (in Russian). Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. Archived fromthe original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved18 September 2009.
  37. ^"Angara A7". Spaceflight101. Archived fromthe original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved11 July 2014.
  38. ^Zak, Anatoly (14 November 2014)."Angara to move to Vostochny". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved14 November 2014.
  39. ^"Russia Reviews Proton Breeze M Reliability". Aviation Week. 19 March 2013. Retrieved4 May 2018.
  40. ^"Разгонный блок "Бриз-М" вывел на целевую орбиту условный спутник, запущенный на "Ангаре"" [Briz-M upper stage brought satellite to orbit, launched by Angara] (in Russian). ITAR-TASS. 23 December 2014. Retrieved23 December 2014.
  41. ^Zak, Anatoly (3 October 2020)."Second mission of the Angara-5 rocket". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved14 December 2020.
  42. ^Mooney, Justin (27 December 2021)."Russia launches third and final Angara A5 demonstration mission".NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved30 December 2021.
  43. ^"Третий испытательный пуск тяжелой ракеты "Ангара-А5" осуществлен с космодрома Плесецк - Минобороны РФ" [The third test launch of the Angara-A5 heavy rocket was carried out from the Plesetsk cosmodrome - Russian Defense Ministry].Interfax (in Russian). 27 December 2021. Retrieved30 December 2021.
  44. ^Jonathan McDowell [@planet4589] (18 May 2022)."The Kosmos-2555 payload launched on the Angara-1.2 test mission last month reentered this morning, May 18, after failing to make any orbital manoeuvres. SpaceTrack reports reentry between 0116 and 0230 UTC" (Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  45. ^Mooney, Justin (15 April 2022)."Russia launches first orbital Angara 1.2 rocket with military payload".NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved18 August 2022.
  46. ^Zak, Anatoly (17 May 2022)."Russian Military Satellite With 'Z' Marking Likely To Burn Up In Atmosphere: Experts".International Business Times.
  47. ^"Russian military satellite "Kosmos-2560" descended from orbit". 13 December 2022.
  48. ^Mooney, Justin (15 October 2022)."Angara 1.2 launches satellite for Russian Aerospace Forces".NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved16 October 2022.
  49. ^"Angara A5/Blok DM-03 | Vostochny Angara Test Flight".
  50. ^"Angara 1.2 - Kosmos 2577 & Kosmos 2578".Next Spaceflight. Retrieved17 September 2024.
  51. ^"Angara 1.2 - Kosmos 2585 to Kosmos 2587".Next Spaceflight. Retrieved16 March 2025.
  52. ^"Первый запуск модернизированной тяжелой "Ангары" запланирован на конец 2024 года" [The first launch of the modernized heavy "Angara" is scheduled for the end of 2024] (in Russian). TASS. 24 December 2020. Retrieved28 April 2021.
  53. ^"Источник: Минобороны и "Роскосмос" согласовали облик "Ангары-А5М"" [Source: Ministry of Defense and Roscosmos approve Angara-A5M] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 31 January 2020. Retrieved28 April 2021.
  54. ^ab"Сибирский спутник - Для глобального применения - О СИСТЕМЕ "ЛУЧ"" [Siberian Sputnik - For Global Applications - ABOUT THE LUCH SYSTEM](PDF) (in Russian). Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev. 19 November 2020. p. 4. Retrieved28 April 2021.
  55. ^"Система ретрансляции "Луч" обеспечит связь с космическими аппаратами при их полете к Луне" [The Luch relay system will provide communications with spacecraft during their flight to the Moon] (in Russian). TASS. 28 September 2020. Retrieved28 April 2021.
  56. ^"Система ретрансляции "Луч" будет состоять из четырех спутников" [The Luch relay system will consist of four satellites] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 10 April 2019. Retrieved28 April 2021.
  57. ^"Russia to set up national orbital outpost in 2027 — Roscosmos".TASS. 24 January 2023. Retrieved31 January 2023.
  58. ^"Научно-энергетический модуль запустят на "Ангаре" с Восточного" [The Science Power Module will be launched on an Angara from Vostochny] (in Russian). Roscosmos. 24 April 2021. Retrieved28 April 2021.
  59. ^Zak, Anatoly."Spektr-UF".RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved5 February 2023.
  60. ^abcKatya Pavlushchenko [@katlinengrey] (15 August 2023)."Both the first uncrewed test flight and the first crewed test flight of the planned #Oryol spacecraft are scheduled for 2028, said the chief designer of ROS (it's not a misprint, now they call it ROS instead of ROSS), deputy director of RSC Energia Vladimir Kozhevnikov" (Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  61. ^ab"Russia to create Angara-A5P rocket for manned space launches by 2024". TASS. 6 November 2019. Retrieved28 April 2021.
  62. ^abc"Определен срок полета российского корабля "Орел" с экипажем на МКС" [The scheduled time for the first crewed flight of the Russian spacecraft Orel to the ISS has been determined] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 13 February 2020. Retrieved28 April 2021.
  63. ^abc"Ученый сообщил об активном ходе работ по импортозамещению комплектующих "Луны-27"" [The scientist reported on the active progress of work on import substitution of Luna-27 components].TASS (in Russian). 19 July 2023. Retrieved27 July 2023.
  64. ^"Russia, France draft agreement on deep space exploration". TASS. 6 November 2019. Retrieved7 November 2019.
  65. ^"Probe into failed launch, KBS World". Archived fromthe original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved13 July 2011.

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