| Anêm | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | [anɤm] |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | West New Britain Province |
Native speakers | 800 (2011)[1] |
West New Britain
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | anz |
| Glottolog | anem1249 |
| ELP | Anem |
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TheAnêm language is aPapuan language spoken in five main villages along the northwestern coast ofNew Britain,Papua New Guinea.
Anêm may be related to neighboringAta and possibly toYélî Dnye. Stebbins et al. state that further data on Anêm and Ata would be useful for exploring the possible connection between them.[2]
Anêm is spoken in the following villages ofWest New Britain Province:
All of the villages above are located inKove-Kaliai Rural LLG ofWest New Britain Province, except for Malasoŋo, which is located in Gurrissi ward ofGloucester Rural LLG, West New Britain Province.[3]
Anêm is also spoken by small numbers of people, mostly of Anêm descent, scattered among the surrounding villages. There are two main dialects.
Akiblîk, the dialect of Bolo, was near functional extinction in 1982, the youngest speaker then being about 35 years old. The main dialect is spoken in the other villages named above. There are about 800 speakers.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal /Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ⟨ng⟩ | |
| Plosive | Voiceless | p | t | k |
| Voiced | b | d | ɡ | |
| Trill | r | |||
| Fricative | β⟨v⟩ | s | x~ɣ⟨x⟩* | |
| Approximant | l | j⟨y⟩ | ||
⟨x⟩ is listed as a post-velar trill in Thurston (1982),[4] but as a velar fricative in Stebbins (2018).[2]
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||
| High | i | ɯ⟨î⟩ | u | |
| Mid | e | ɤ⟨ê⟩ | o | |
| Low | a | |||
Anêm is notable for having at least 20possessive classes.[5][6]
Anêm is an accusative language with unmarkedsubject–verb–object word order in plain statements. Yes/no questions are indicated with an intonation contour rather than alterations in word order. Negation (not, not yet, don't) and completive aspect (already) are indicated by modality markers which occur in clause-final position. Tense is not indicated directly. There are three distinctions of mood (realis, irrealis and hortative). Realis refers to something that has happened or is happening; irrealis refers to future tense and hypotheticals; and hortative (only in third persons) is used in commands.
Tita-nae
father-my
u-b-î
aba
pig
niak.
two
Tita-nae u-b-î aba niak.
father-my REAL.he-kill-them pig two
'My father killed two pigs.'
Aia-nae
mother-my
i-sama-dî
uas.
tobacco
Aia-nae i-sama-dî uas.
mother-my REAL.she-seek-it tobacco
'My mother is looking for some tobacco.'
U-k
a-xî
to-it
nan
garden
mantu.
not
U-k a-xî nan mantu.
REAL.he-go to-it garden not
'He didn't go to the garden.'
U-k
a-xî
to-it
nan
garden
pmaga.
not.yet
U-k a-xî nan pmaga.
REAL.he-go to-it garden not.yet
'He hasn't gone to the garden yet.'
Na-k
a-xî
to-it
nan
garden
êbêl.
don't
Na-k a-xî nan êbêl.
REAL.you-go to-it garden don't
'Don't go to the garden.'
Anêm nouns are distinguished syntactically for gender, masculine or feminine. Masculine nouns are followed by demonstratives or relative pronouns that begin with /l/ while feminine nouns are followed by demonstratives or relative pronouns that begin with /s/. In addition, both subject prefixes and some object suffixes agree in gender with the noun they refer to:
There are 20 possession classes in Anêm. Meanings vary depending on the assigned noun class, as shown in the examples below, withki ‘hair’ as the noun root.[2]
100-wordSwadesh list of Anêm:[4]: 82–84
| gloss | Anêm |
|---|---|
| I | ue |
| you (sg.) | nin |
| we | miŋ / mîn |
| this (masc.) | ler |
| this (fem.) | ser |
| that (masc.) | lan |
| that (fem.) | san |
| who? | mên |
| what? | gîmên |
| not | mantu |
| all | buno |
| many | buno |
| one | mîdê |
| two | niak |
| big | omba |
| long | sêgêl |
| small | boid |
| woman | dobalîŋ |
| man | axaŋ |
| person | doxam |
| fish | ia |
| bird | êknîn |
| dog | kaua |
| louse | seim |
| tree | aŋ |
| seed | lali |
| leaf | ki |
| root | zilŋon |
| bark | palau |
| skin | palau |
| flesh | be |
| blood | esin |
| bone | exe |
| grease | êmzêk |
| egg | nil |
| horn | |
| tail | taba |
| feather | ki |
| hair | ki |
| head | og |
| ear | gêt |
| eye | ei |
| nose | piŋi |
| mouth | boŋ |
| tooth | lo |
| tongue | êlêŋ |
| claw | gi |
| foot | ti |
| knee | bol |
| hand | tîm |
| belly | êtêl |
| neck | agîm |
| breasts | i |
| heart | dokam |
| liver | êl |
| drink | -ik |
| eat | |
| bite | -ŋai |
| see | -kê |
| hear | -degiŋ |
| know | -pun |
| sleep | -sêm / -tel |
| die | -zik / -lkîl |
| kill | -b / -pel |
| swim | -us |
| fly | -iê |
| walk | -li |
| come | -mên |
| lie | -sêm / -tel |
| sit | -sîk / -sîl |
| stand | -lîk / -lul |
| give | -sn |
| say | -ual |
| sun | ado |
| moon | klîŋ |
| star | eilî |
| water | komu |
| rain | iuo |
| stone | pa |
| sand | iabu |
| earth | eidî |
| cloud | olok |
| smoke | bîl |
| fire | kmî |
| ash | goxub |
| burn | -pma |
| path | iuŋ |
| mountain | êbêt |
| red | êxiêk |
| green / blue | biê |
| yellow | iaŋo |
| white | iagu |
| black | kŋîx |
| night | nib |
| hot | êŋîl |
| cold | epen |
| full | êpêx |
| new | masîk |
| good | leim |
| round | puax |
| dry | pît |
| name | eŋi |