| Titan arum | |
|---|---|
_-_2.jpg) | |
| In bloom atNew York Botanical Garden June 27, 2018 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Araceae |
| Genus: | Amorphophallus |
| Species: | A. titanum |
| Binomial name | |
| Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc. ex Arcang | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Thetitan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) is aflowering plant in the familyAraceae. It has a large unbranchedinflorescence; a tall single leaf, branched like a tree; and a heavy tuber which enables the plant to produce the inflorescence.A. titanum isendemic torainforests on theIndonesian island ofSumatra.
Because its flower blooms infrequently and only for a short period, it gives off a powerful scent of rotting flesh to attract pollinators. As a consequence, it is characterized as acarrion flower, earning it the namescorpse flower orcorpse plant.
The titan arum was first brought to flower in cultivation at theRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1889. Since then it has flowered at many botanic gardens. It remains difficult for amateurs to cultivate, but one flowered ata high school in California in 2011. Flowerings can attract crowds of thousands of visitors, and in the 21st century also thousands on Internetlive streaming.
A. titanum derives its name fromAncient Greek (ἄμορφοςamorphos, "without form, misshapen" +φαλλόςphallos, "phallus", andΤιτάνTitan, "titan, giant").[2] The common name corpse flower is translated from the Indonesian namebunga bangkai with the same meaning.[3]
A single leaf, the size and shape of a small tree, grows from the seed. The leaf grows on a patterned green and whitepetiole or stalk that branches into three sections at the top, each containing many leaflets. The leaf can reach up to 4.7 m (15 ft) tall.[4] The trunklike petiole bearing the leaf can be "as thick as a person's thigh".[5] Food in the form ofsugars from the leaf accumulate (asstarch) in an undergroundtuber or corm. After a period of about a year, the old leaf dies, and a new one grows in its place from the tuber.[5]
When a leaf dies, the tuber becomes dormant for about four months. Then the plant produces another leaf, and repeats the cycle of supplying food to the tuber. This may continue for up to around seven years.[4][6] Thetuber is the largest of any known flowering plant;[7] it may weigh more than 90 kg (200 lb).[5][6]
After some years, when the tuber is sufficiently large, the plant develops aninflorescence instead of a leaf. This can take ten years from seed; subsequent flowerings can be more frequent, typically at intervals of three to seven years.[4] The inflorescence can reach over 3 m (10 ft) in height.[8][9] The inflorescence consists of a tall fragrantspadix of flowers wrapped by aspathe, shaped like an upside-down bell, resembling a petal. The spathe is deep green with cream-coloured specks on the outside, and dark burgundy red or maroon on the inside. Its sides are ribbed, creating a frilled edge.[10][4] Near the bottom of the spadix, hidden from view inside the sheath of the spathe, the spadix bears two rings of small flowers. The upper ring bears between 450 and 5,000 small cream-coloured male flowers;[10][4] the lower ring consists of the pinkcarpels of female flowers.[10] Shortly before flowering, the two leaflikebracts at the base of the spathe dry up and die.[4] The female flowers open before the male flowers to preventself-pollination.[11] The flowers last for 24 to 36 hours.[4]
As the spathe gradually opens, thespadix heats up to 37 °C (99 °F), and rhythmically releases a powerful odor to attract carrion insects which feed on or lay their eggs in rotting meat.[9] The potency of the odor gradually increases from late evening until the middle of the night, whencarrion beetles andflesh flies are active as pollinators, then tapers off towards morning.[4] Analyses of chemicals released by the spadix show the stench includesdimethyl trisulfide (likelimburger cheese),dimethyl disulfide (garlic),trimethylamine (rotting fish),isovaleric acid (sweaty socks),benzyl alcohol (sweet floral scent),phenol (likeChloraseptic), andindole (like feces).[12][13] The odor is detectable up to a half mile (0.8 km) away.[14] The inflorescence's deep red color and texture contribute to the illusion that the spathe is a piece of meat. During bloom, the tip of the spadix is roughlyhuman body temperature, which helps the perfume volatilize. The heated spadix creates a micro-convection in the cool ambient air, enhancing the transport of the scent. The heat helps to convince carrion-feeding insects that a dead body is present, attracting them to the inflorescence.[9]
The carpels of pollinated female flowers ripen into fruits. The spathe and the upper part of the spadix wither away, leaving a short spike bearing a column of bright red fruits. These attractrhinoceros hornbills which eat the fruits anddisperse the seeds around the rainforest. The spike dies back after around nine months, and the tuber becomes dormant for about a year. It can then produce a new leaf and restart the cycle.[4]
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Amorphophallus titanum was first scientifically described in 1878 by the ItalianbotanistOdoardo Beccari.[15] Beccari discovered the plant on 6 August 1878 in therainforest in the hills abovePriaman, WesternSumatra, and brought a dried inflorescence, tubers, and seeds back to Europe. The first leaf specimen was collected at Air Mancur, to the west ofPadang Panjang.[16]
Beccari initially named the speciesConophallus titanum in 1878, in a letter that was published anonymously on his behalf under the title "Il Conophallus titanum—Beccari".[17][18] In 1879,Giovanni Arcangeli published a full description of the species and moved it into the genusAmorphophallus.[19][18] Plants in the genus all have a singlelocule inside the ovary, and are found across tropical Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Japan, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Australia.[20]
The species isendemic to western Sumatra,[8] where it grows in openings in rainforests on limestone hills.[21] Its range is decreasing with climate change and loss of habitat. There are population hotspots in southern Aceh and Sumatera Utara provinces.[22]
The titan arum first flowered in cultivation at theRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, in 1889,[23] grown from the single seedling that Kew received from Beccari.[4] The first documented flowerings in the United States were at theNew York Botanical Garden in 1937 and 1939.[24] These flowerings can attract crowds of thousands of visitors, and in the 21st century also thousands on Internetlive streaming,[25] and inspired the designation of the titan arum as the official flower of theBronx in 1939 (replaced in 2000 by theday lily).[26] In the Botanical Gardens of Bonn, the titan arum has been cultivated since 1932.[27] The number of cultivated plants has increased because the cultivation requirements for garden specimens are known in detail, and it has become common in the 21st century for five or more flowerings to occur in gardens around the world in a single year.[28] Challenging cultivation constraints mean that the plant is rarely cultivated by amateur gardeners, but in 2011,Roseville High School inCalifornia became the first school in the world to bring a titan arum to bloom.[29]
The largest tuber so far recorded was grown at theRoyal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 2010; it weighed 153.9 kg (339 lb) after seven years' growth from an initial tuber the size of an orange.[30] The tallest documented inflorescence was atMeise Botanic Garden; on 13 August 2024 it reached 3.225 metres (10.58 ft) in height.[31]
In cultivation, the titan arum generally requires five to ten years of vegetative growth before blooming for the first time. After a plant's initial blooming, there can be considerable variation in its blooming frequency. The cultivation conditions are known in detail.[28] Some plants may not bloom again for another seven to ten years, while others may bloom every two or three years. At the botanical gardens in Bonn, under optimal cultivation conditions, the plants flowered every other year.[8][27] A plant has flowered every second year (2012 to 2022) in theCopenhagen Botanical Garden.[32] Anomalous flowerings have been documented, including consecutive blooms within a year,[33] and a tuber simultaneously sending up both a leaf (or two) and an inflorescence.[34] Triplet inflorescences have been recorded from Bonn, Germany (from a 117 kg (258 lb) tuber),[9][35] and at theChicago Botanic Garden in May 2020.[36] Titan arums have bloomed at three of Indonesia's botanical gardens:Bogor,[37]Cibodas,[38] andPurwodadi.[39]
Self-pollination was once considered impossible but, in 1992, botanists in Bonn successfully hand-pollinated their plant with its own pollen, using ground-up male flowers, resulting in fruiting and hundreds of seeds from which numerous seedlings were produced and distributed.[8][27][28] A titan arum atGustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota produced viable seed through self-pollination in 2011.[40]
Tim Grigg at theEden Project nursery has become highly skilled at cultivating them - this is his fifth one to come into flower.
Roseville High School has become the first public high school in the world to successfully bring the rare, pungent plant known as the "corpse flower" to bloom.
