 Amiga 1000 with 1081 monitor | |
| Manufacturer | Commodore |
|---|---|
| Product family | Amiga |
| Type | Personal computer |
| Release date | July 23, 1985; 39 years ago (1985-07-23) |
| Introductory price | US$1,285 (1985) US$3,800 (2025 equivalent) |
| Discontinued | 1987 |
| Operating system | AmigaOS 1.0 |
| CPU | Motorola 68000@ 7.16 MHz (NTSC)7.09 MHz (PAL) |
| Memory | ROM 256 KB,[1]RAM256 KB[2](8.5MB maximum) |
| Graphics | OCS 640×512i6-bpp |
| Sound | Paula4× 8-bit channels at max. 28 kHz in stereo |
| Dimensions | Width: 451 mm Height: 108 mm Depth: 330 mm[3] |
| Weight | 5.9 kg (13 lb) |
| Successor | Amiga 2000/2500,Amiga 500 |
TheAmiga 1000, also known as theA1000, is the firstpersonal computer released byCommodore International in theAmiga line. It combines the 16/32-bitMotorola 68000CPU which was powerful by 1985 standards with one of the most advanced graphics and sound systems in its class. It runs apreemptive multitaskingoperating system that fits into256 KB of read-only memory[1][4][5] and was shipped with 256 KB of RAM.[2] Theprimary memory can be expanded internally with a manufacturer-supplied 256 KB module for a total of 512 KB of RAM. Using the external slot the primary memory can be expanded up to8.5 MB.[2]
The A1000 has a number of characteristics that distinguish it from later Amiga models: It is the only model to feature the short-lived Amiga check-mark logo on its case, the majority of the case is elevated slightly to give a storage area for the keyboard when not in use (a "keyboard garage"), and the inside of the case is engraved with the signatures of the Amiga designers (similar to theMacintosh); includingJay Miner and the paw print of his dog Mitchy. The A1000's case was designed byHoward Stolz.[6] As Senior Industrial Designer at Commodore, Stolz was the mechanical lead and primary interface withSanyo in Japan, the contract manufacturer for the A1000 casing.[7]
The Amiga 1000 was manufactured in two variations: One uses theNTSC television standard and the other uses thePAL television standard. The NTSC variant was the initial model manufactured and sold inNorth America. The later PAL model was manufactured in Germany and sold in countries using the PAL television standard. The first NTSC systems lack theEHB video mode which is present in all later Amiga models.
BecauseAmigaOS was ratherbuggy at the time of the A1000's release, the OS was not placed in ROM then. Instead, the A1000 includes adaughterboard with 256 KB of RAM, dubbed the "writable control store" (WCS), into which the core of the operating system is loaded from floppy disk (this portion of the operating system is known as the "Kickstart"). The WCS is write-protected after loading, and system resets do not require a reload of the WCS. In Europe, the WCS was often referred to as WOM (Write Once Memory), a play on the more conventional term "ROM" (read-only memory).
The preproduction Amiga (which was codenamed "Velvet") released to developers in early 1985 contained128 KB of RAM with an option to expand it to256 KB. Commodore later increased the system memory to256 KB due to objections by the Amiga development team. The names of the custom chips were different; Denise and Paula were called Daphne and Portia respectively. The casing of the preproduction Amiga was almost identical to the production version: the main difference being an embossed Commodore logo in the top left corner. It did not have the developer signatures.[8]
The Amiga 1000 has aMotorola 68000 CPU running at 7.15909 MHz onNTSC systems[9]: 87 or 7.09379 MHz onPAL systems, precisely double the video colorcarrier frequency for NTSC or 1.6 times the color carrier frequency for PAL. The system clock timings are derived from the video frequency, which simplifiesglue logic and allows the Amiga 1000 to make do with a singlecrystal. In keeping with its video game heritage, the chipset was designed to synchronize CPU memory access and chipsetDMA so the hardware runs in real time without wait-state delays.
Though most units were sold with an analogRGB monitor, the A1000 also has a built-incomposite video output which allows the computer to be connected directly to some monitors other than their standard RGB monitor. The A1000 also has a "TV MOD" output, into which an RF Modulator can be plugged, allowing connection to older televisions that did not have a composite video input.
The original 68000 CPU can be directly replaced with aMotorola 68010, which can execute instructions slightly faster than the 68000 but also introduces a small degree of software incompatibility. Third-party CPU upgrades, which mostly fit in the CPU socket, use faster68020 or68030 microprocessors and integrated memory, as well as provide support for a68881 or68882FPU. Such upgrades often have the option to revert to 68000 mode for full compatibility. Some boards have a socket to seat the original 68000, whereas the 68030 cards typically come with an on-board 68000.
The original Amiga 1000 is the only model to have 256 KB ofAmiga Chip RAM, which can be expanded to 512 KB with the addition of adaughterboard under a cover in the center front of the machine.[10] RAM may also be upgraded via official and third-party upgrades, with a practical upper limit of about 9 MB of "fast RAM" due to the 68000's 24-bitaddress bus. This memory is accessible only by the CPU permitting faster code execution as DMA cycles are not shared with the chipset.
The Amiga 1000 features an 86-pin expansion port (electrically identical to the laterAmiga 500 expansion port, though the A500's connector is inverted). This port is used by third-party expansions such as memory upgrades andSCSI adapters. These resources are handled by the AmigaAutoconfig standard. Other expansion options are available including a bus expander which provides twoZorro-II slots.
| Attribute | Specification[10] |
|---|---|
| Processor | Motorola 68000 at 7.16 MHz (NTSC) or 7.09 MHz (PAL) |
| RAM | 256 KB ofAmiga Chip RAM; upgradeable to 512 KB by dedicated cartridge; max. 8 MB Fast RAM with external cartridge |
| ROM | 8 KBbootstrap ROM. 256 KB WCS reserved for OS (loaded from theKickstartfloppy disk at power-on) |
| Chipset | Original Chip Set (OCS) |
| Video | 12-bit color palette (4096 colors). Graphic modes with up to 32, 64 (EHB mode; Early NTSC models do not have the EHB mode) or 4096 (HAM mode) on-screen colors:
Graphic modes with up to 16 on-screen colors:
|
| Audio | 4× 8-bitPCM channels (2stereo channels); 28 kHz maximumDMAsampling rate; 70 dBS/N ratio |
| Removable storage | 3.5-inchDDfloppy disk drive (880 KB capacity) |
| Audio/video out | Analog RGB video out (DB-23M); TV MOD audio/video output (for Amiga RF modulator TV connection); Composite video out (RCA); Audio out (2× RCA) |
| Input/output ports | Keyboard port (RJ10); 2× mouse/gamepad ports (DE9);RS-232serial port (DB-25F); Centronics styleparallel port (DB-25M);floppy disk drive port (DB-23F) |
| Expansion slots | 86-pin expansion port |
| Operating system | AmigaOS 1 (Kickstart 1.0/1.1/1.2/1.3 andWorkbench 1.0/1.1/1.2/1.3) |
Introduced on July 23, 1985, during a star-studded gala featuringAndy Warhol andDebbie Harry held at theVivian Beaumont Theater[11] atLincoln Center inNew York City, machines began shipping in September with a base configuration of 256 KB of RAM at the retail price ofUS$1,295. A 13-inch (330 mm) analogRGB monitor was available for aroundUS$300, bringing the price of a complete Amiga system to US$1,595 (equivalent to $4,660 in 2024). Before the release of theAmiga 500 andAmiga 2000 models in 1987, the A1000 was marketed as simply theAmiga, although the model number was there from the beginning, as the original box indicates.[12]
In the US, the A1000 was marketed asThe Amiga from Commodore, with the Commodore logo omitted from the case. The Commodore branding was retained for the international versions.
Additionally, the Amiga 1000 was sold exclusively in computer stores in the US rather than the various non computer-dedicated department and toy stores through which theVIC-20 andCommodore 64 were retailed. These measures were an effort to avoid Commodore's "toy-store" computer image created during theTramiel era.[13][14]
Along with the operating system, the machine came bundled with a version ofAmigaBASIC developed byMicrosoft and aspeech synthesis library developed bySoftvoice, Inc.
Many A1000 owners remained attached to their machines long after newer models rendered the units technically obsolete, and it attracted numerous aftermarket upgrades. Many CPU upgrades that plugged into the Motorola 68000 socket functioned in the A1000. Additionally, a line of products called theRejuvenator series allowed the use of newer chipsets in the A1000, and anAustralian-designed replacement A1000 motherboard calledThe Phoenix utilized the same chipset as the A3000 and added an A2000-compatible video slot and on-boardSCSI controller.
In its product preview,Byte magazine was impressed by the computer's multitasking capabilities and the quality of its graphics and sound systems. It also praised its text-to-speech library for voice output, and predicted that the Amiga would be successful enough to influence the personal computer industry.[9]: 100
The Amiga 1000 was released to positive reviews.Compute! lauded it as an inexpensive, truly general-purpose computer that might break preconceptions dividing the microcomputer marketplace. In this case, it was capable of outperforming most business, as well as arcade game machines and delivering sampled sound, making it suitable for offices, gamers, and digital artists.[15]Computer Gaming World praised the machine's versatility without any obvious hardware shortcomings and stressed that it was ideal for game designers demanding fewer system constraints.[16]Creative Computing magazine had only minor criticisms for what they otherwise called a "dream machine." These criticisms were directed toward its case quality, the disk drives slowing during certain operations, and not finding anAUTOEXEC command in AmigaDOS, though the marketing vice president of Commodore, Clive Smith, assured the magazine that later production units would address most of its complaints.[17] Months after the Amiga 1000 was released,InfoWorld offered a mixed review. It praised Intuition and the customizability of Workbench, but took issue with the operating system's bugs such as memory overflow and screen flickering of single lines as a result of their being interleaved when displayed in high resolution mode. It also criticized the sparseness of the software library preventing the publication from fully realizing the computer's potential.[18]
In 1994, as Commodore filed for bankruptcy,Byte magazine called the Amiga 1000 "the firstmultimedia computer... so far ahead of its time that almost nobody—including Commodore's marketing department—could fully articulate what it was all about".[19] In 2006,PC World rated the Amiga 1000 as the 7th greatest PC of all time.[20] In 2007, it was rated by the same magazine as the 37th best tech product of all time.[21] Also that year,IDG Sweden ranked it the 10th best computer of all time.[22]
"Joe Pillow" was the name given on the ticket for the extraairline seat purchased to hold the firstAmiga prototype while on the way to the January 1984Consumer Electronics Show. The airlines required a name for the airline ticket and Joe Pillow was born. The engineers (RJ Mical and Dale Luck) who flew with the Amiga prototype (codenamedLorraine) drew a happy face on the front of the pillowcase and even added a tie.[23]
Joe Pillow extended hisfifteen minutes of fame when the Amiga went to production. All fifty-three Amiga team members who worked on the project signed the Amiga case. This included Joe Pillow andJay Miner's dog Michy who each got to "sign" the case in their own unique way.[24]
The WCS included 256KB of memory used specifically to hold a basic OS that had to be loaded from a floppy disk at boot time.
Commodore designed the Amiga to accept a user-installed 256KB RAM module, shown here, to raise the system memory to 512KB.
The Amiga OS remainsone of the great operating systems of the past 20 years, incorporating a small kernel and tremendousmultitasking capability the likes of which have only recently been developed inOS/2 andWindows NT. The biggest difference is that the Amiga OS could operate fully and multitask in as little as 256K of address space. Even today, the OS is only about 1MB in size. And to this day, there is very little a memory-hogging, CD-ROM-loading OS can do the Amiga can't.Tight code—there's nothing like it.
I've had an Amiga for maybe a decade.It's the single most reliable piece of equipment I've ever owned. It's amazing! You can easily understand why so many fanatics are out there wondering why they are alone in their love of the thing. The Amiga continues to inspire a vibrant—albeitcultlike—community, not unlike that which you have with Linux, the Unix clone.
Media related toAmiga 1000 at Wikimedia Commons
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