TheAmerican Century^[1][2] is a characterization of the period since the middle of the 20th century as being largely dominated by theUnited States in political, economic, technological, andcultural terms. It is comparable to the description of the period 1815–1914 asBritain's Imperial Century.^[3] The United States' influence grew throughout the 20th century, but became especially dominant after the end ofWorld War II, when only twosuperpowers remained; the United States and theSoviet Union. After thedissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United Statesremained the world's only superpower,^[4] and became thehegemon, or what some have termed a hyperpower.^[5]

The term was coined byTime publisherHenry Luce to describe what he thought the role of the United States would be and should be during the 20th century.^[6] Luce, the son of a missionary, in a February 17, 1941,Life magazine editorial urged the United States to forsakeisolationism for a missionary's role, acting as the world'sGood Samaritan and spreading democracy.^[7] He called upon the US to enterWorld War II to defend democratic values:

Throughout the 17th century and the 18th century and the 19th century, this continent teemed with manifold projects and magnificent purposes. Above them all and weaving them all together into the most exciting flag of all the world and of all history was the triumphal purpose of freedom.
It is in this spirit that all of us are called, each to his own measure of capacity, and each in the widest horizon of his vision, to create the first great American Century.^[8]

Democracy and other American ideals would "do their mysterious work of lifting the life of mankind from the level of the beasts to what the Psalmist called a little lower than the angels". Only under the American Century can the world "come to life in any nobility of health and vigor".^[9]

According toDavid Harvey, Luce believed "the power conferred was global and universal rather than territorially specific, so Luce preferred to talk of an American century rather than an empire".^[10] In the same article he called upon United States "to exert upon the world the full impact of our influence, for such purposes as we see fit and by such means as we see fit".^[11]

Beginning at the end of the 19th century, with theSpanish–American War in 1898 and theBoxer Rebellion, the United States began to play a more prominent role in the world beyond the North American continent. The government adoptedprotectionism after the Spanish–American War to develop its native industry and built up the navy, the "Great White Fleet". WhenTheodore Roosevelt became president in 1901, he accelerated a foreign policy shift away fromisolationism and towards foreign involvement, a process which had begun under his predecessorWilliam McKinley.

For instance, the United States fought thePhilippine–American War against theFirst Philippine Republic to solidify its control over the newly acquired Philippines.^[12] In 1904, Roosevelt committed the United States to building thePanama Canal, creating thePanama Canal Zone. Interventionism found its formal articulation in the 1904Roosevelt Corollary to theMonroe Doctrine, proclaiming a right for the United States to intervene anywhere in the Americas, a moment that underlined the emergent US regionalhegemony.

After the outbreak ofWorld War I in 1914, the United States pursued a policy ofnon-intervention, avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. PresidentWoodrow Wilson later argued that the war was so important that the US had to have a voice in the peace conference.^[13] The United States was never formally a member of theAllies but entered the war in 1917 as a self-styled "Associated Power". Initially the United States had a small army, but, after the passage of theSelective Service Act, it drafted 2.8 million men,^[14] and, by summer 1918, was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day. The war ended in 1919 with theTreaty of Versailles. The United States then adopted a policy ofisolationism, having refused to endorse the 1919Versailles Treaty or formally enter theLeague of Nations.^[15]

In 1916, theU.S. economy overtookthat of the British Empire,^[16] becoming the world'slargest economy. During the interwar period, economicprotectionism took hold in the United States, particularly as a result of theSmoot–Hawley Tariff Act which is credited by economists with the prolonging and worldwide propagation of theGreat Depression.^[17]: 33 From 1934,trade liberalization began to take place through theReciprocal Trade Agreements Act.

With the onset ofWorld War II in 1939, Congress loosened theNeutrality Acts of 1930s but remained opposed to entering theEuropean war.^[18] In 1940, the United States ranked 18th in terms of military power.^[19][20][21] TheNeutrality Patrol had US destroyers fighting at sea, but no state of war had been declared by Congress. American public opinion remained isolationist. The 800,000-memberAmerica First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict, even as the US sold military aid to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union through theLend-Lease program.

In the 1941 State of the Union address, known as theFour Freedoms speech, PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt made a break with the tradition ofnon-interventionism. He outlined the US role in helping allies already engaged in warfare. By August, President Roosevelt and British Prime MinisterWinston Churchill had drafted theAtlantic Charter to define goals for the post-war world.^[22] In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories with near-simultaneousoffensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific including anattack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor.^[23] These attacks led the United States and United Kingdom todeclare war on Japan. Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, which the United States reciprocated.^[24]

During the War, theBig Four powers (the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China) met to plan the post-war world.^[25][26] In an effort to maintain peace,^[27] theAllies formed theUnited Nations, which came into existence on October 24, 1945,^[28] and adopted theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, as a common standard for all member states.^[29] The United States worked closely with the United Kingdom to establish theIMF,World Bank andNATO.^[30][31]

Pax Americana represents the relativepeace in the Western world, resulting in part from the preponderance ofpower enjoyed by the United States of America starting around the middle of the 20th century. Although the term finds its primary utility in the late 20th century, it has been used in other times in the 20th century. Its modern connotations concern the peace established after the end of World War II in 1945.

TheAmerican Century existed through theCold War and demonstrated the status of the United States as the foremost of the world's two superpowers. After the Cold War, the most common belief held that only the United States fulfilled the criteria to be considered a superpower.^[4] Its geographic area composed thefourth-largest state in the world, with an area of approximately 9.37 million km².^[32] The population of the US was 248.7 million in 1990, at that time the fourth-largest nation.^[33]

In the mid-to-late 20th century, the political status of the US was defined as a strongly capitalist federation and constitutional republic. It had a permanent seat on theUnited Nations Security Council plus two allies with permanent seats, theUnited Kingdom andFrance. The US had strong ties with capitalist Western Europe, Latin America,British Commonwealth, and several East Asian countries (Korea,Taiwan,Japan). It allied itself with both right-wing dictatorships and capitalist democracies.^[34]

The American Century includes the political influence of the United States but also its economic influence. Manystates around the world would, over the course of the 20th century, adopt the economic policies of theWashington Consensus, sometimes against the wishes of their populations. The economic force of the US was powerful at the end of the century due to it being by far thelargest economy in the world. The US had large resources of minerals, energy resources, metals, and timber, a large and modernized farming industry and large industrial base. The United States dollar is the dominant worldreserve currency under theBretton Woods system. US systems were rooted in capitalist economic theory based on supply and demand, that is, production determined by customers' demands. The US was allied with theG7 major economies. US economic policy prescriptions were the "standard" reform packages promoted forcrisis-wrackeddeveloping countries by Washington, DC–based international institutions such as theInternational Monetary Fund (IMF),World Bank, as well as theUS Treasury Department.^[35]

Themilitary of the United States was a naval-based advanced military with by far thehighest military expenditure in the world.^[36] TheUnited States Navy is the world's largest navy, with the largest number ofaircraft carriers, bases all over the world (particularly in an incomplete "ring" bordering theWarsaw Pact states to the west, south and east). The US had the largestnuclear arsenal in the world during the first half of the Cold War, one of the largest armies in the world and one of the two largest air forces in the world. Its powerful military allies in Western Europe (theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization states) had their own nuclear capabilities. The US also possessed a powerful global intelligence network in theCentral Intelligence Agency.

The cultural effect of the US, often known asAmericanization, is seen in the influence on other countries of US music, TV, films, art, and fashion, as well as the desire forfreedom of speech and other guaranteed rights its residents enjoy. US pop stars such asElvis Presley,Michael Jackson, andMadonna have become global celebrities.^[37]

Critics have condemned Luce's "jingoistic missionary zeal".^[38] Others have noted the end of the 20th century and the American Century, most famously the lategonzo journalistHunter S. Thompson who titled his 2003 autobiographyKingdom of Fear: Loathsome Secrets of a Star Crossed Child in the Last Days of the American Century.

With the advent of the newmillennium, critics from theUniversity of Illinois stated that it was a matter of debate whether the US was losing its superpower status, especially in relation toChina's rise.^[39] Other analysts have made the case for the "American Century" fitting neatly between the US's late entry intoWorld War I in 1917 and the inauguration of its45th President in 2017.^[40]

Other scholars, such asGeorge Friedman, stipulate that "The twenty-first century will be the American century."^[41]

• Pax Americana
• Pax Britannica
• American Empire Project
• American decline
• American exceptionalism
• American imperialism
• Britain's Imperial Century
• Chinese Century
• Indian Century
• Asian Century
• Confessions of an Economic Hit Man
• Golden Age
• New World Order
• Pacific Century
• Post-American era
• Project for the New American Century

• "The American Century", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Harry Evans and John Lloyd (In Our Time, Dec. 17, 1998)

• 20th century
• 20th century in the United States
• American exceptionalism
• Eras of United States history
• Superpowers
• Rises to prominence
• Nostalgia in the United States

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