Alyosha Popovich (Russian:Алёша Попович,Ukrainian:Олешко Попович, literallyAlexey, son of the priest), is afolk hero ofKievan Rus', appearing inRussian folklore.[1] He is abogatyr (amedievalknight-errant) and the youngest of the three mainbogatyrs, the other two beingDobrynya Nikitich andIlya Muromets. All three are represented together inViktor Vasnetsov's famous paintingBogatyrs.
Inbyliny (ballads), he is described as a clever-minded priest's son who wins by tricking and outsmarting his foes. He defeated the dragonTugarin Zmeyevich by trickery.
Alyosha Popovich is "noted for his slyness, agility, and craftiness, may be fun-loving, sometimes being depicted as a ‘mocker of women’, and may occasionally be a liar and a cheat", as described by James Bailey.[2]
His tongue-lashings are attested by his mockery of Tugarin's gluttony[3][4] and insult to the unfaithful Princess.[5] His clever ruse was his disguise as a deaf pilgrim to make Tugarin approach him without caution.[6][7] He then plays a practical joke by donning Tugarin's multicolored robe,[a][6][7] tricking his squire into thinking it was Tugarin approaching Kiev as the victor.
Thebylina of "Alyosha Popovich" occurs in several versions. There is also the prosefairy tale version (Afanasyev #132 inNarodnye russkie skazki),[8][9] which is a prosification of a bylina.[10] A summary is as follows:
Alyosha Popovich and his squire, (Yekim[11] Maryshko Paranov[12]) travel fromRostov toKiev and are welcomed by Prince Vladimir. There is a banquet, later joined by Tugarin Zemeyevich who acts boorishly. Tugarin shows no table manners, insults the prince, and consumes whole rounds of bread or an entire swan in huge gulps. Alyosha Popovich mocks Tugarin with an anecdote about an overfeeding cow that "choked on dregs"[3] (or burst from overdrinking[4]), and Tugarin throws a dagger at Alyosha, only for Yekim to catch it. Alyosha remarks how he has now obtained a dagger to carve Tugarin's heart with, but does not immediately act on it, or allow his squire to do so.[13][14]
The next day Alyosha is challenged by Tugarin to a battle in an open field, but Tugarin uses his wings to fly in the air.[4] Usually this is regarded as Tugarin assuming the guise of a winged dragon.[15] But there is a case where the bylina says the wings were not growing out of Tugarin, and Alyosha spots paper wings attached to the horse.[16] In either case, Alyosha prays to theMother of God[4] and Savior[16] for rain to come to soak Tugarin's wings. Tugarin no longer can sustain flight and becomes earthbound, and the two begin the battle on the ground.
In the fairytale version, after their clubs are shattered and their lancesshivered, Alyosha finishes Tugarin off with the knife from earlier, and severs his head.[17] In the bylina used as example here, Alyosha strikes off Tugarin's head with a walking staff (or walking stick,Russian:палица) that weighs 90pood, which was obtained when he exchanged his wardrobe with a pilgrim.[16]
Due to Alyosha's victory he shreds Tugarin's body and celebrates by throwing up his head and catching it on his spear multiple times on the ride back to the castle. Seeing this barbaric act the king first believes that Tugarin won however he realizes that the victor was in fact Alyosha.[18]
The bylina used in the above summary is No. 85 inN. E. Onchukov [ru] (1904).[b] It is the second version collected in this anthology,[19][20] which contains the element of Alyosha exchanging clothes with a pilgrim, but does not elaborate on how he employs the disguise to trick Tugarin, as occurs in the first version.[16][21] In another version (Danilov), Alyosha lowers Tugarins guard with the pilgrim's disguise, pretending to be a (kalêka) who ishard of hearing. Akalêka (калика) was a wandering psalm-singer who was oftentimes crippled.[22][23]
This long version collected byKirsha Danilov (his No. 20, in 344 lines), two stories of Tugarin's are concatenated in the same song.Isabel Florence Hapgood has translated this in full.[24]Nora K. Chadwick translated the first encounter, but eschews that remaining 215 lines of the second encounter.[25][26]
Some versions more starkly allude to Vladmir's wife Princess Apraxia (Apraksevna, etc.) being completely seduced by "Young Tugarin Zemeyevich",[27] and she reproaches Alyosha for leaving her bereft of her "dear friend" at the end of the song, as in Danilov's long version.[25][28] Alyosha's subsequent repartee to the princess was: "Hail, Princess Aprakseyevna! I almost called you a bitch, A bitch and a wayward wench! There's the tale for you, and there's the deed".[5][c]
There are some versions of the byliny recorded which has added a historical veneer so that the dragon has been more explicitly recast as "a traditional Tatar enemy of Kiev".[29]
One explanation for the amount of different variations of the story of Alyosha and Tugarin is due to the story being a combination of three distinct stories. This is further supported by variations of this story having events out of order or even repeated.[30]
Alyosha Popovich may have been based on a historical Alexander Popovich of Rostov, who served princeVsevolod the Big Nest and died in 1223 in theBattle of the Kalka River against the Mongols, according to theNikon Chronicle.Nora K. Chadwick writing in 1932 stated that the historicity of the figure was assured.[16][31] However, a later commentator raised the specter that the figure may not have existed, his name merely a 15th-century interpolation into the chronicles by influence of epic poetry.[32]
Popovich means "Priest's Son." In the wondertale, his father is introduced as both "prebendary Leon" or "Leon the Priest".[33] The father's name has also been rendered "Priest Levonty" or "Cathedral Priest Leonty".[34] He may be modeled after a Bishop Leonty who was killed in 1071 in a pagan uprising.[35][36]
Another early source for the historical Alexander Popovich is apovest or story in a MS fromTver, which records his servant named Torop, matching Trofim who replaces Yekim as squire in a bylina variant.[37]
Soviet (Russian) historianBoris Rybakov, among others, has written that this bylina reflected the victory ofVladimir Monomakh over thePolovetsian commander Tugor-khan.[38]
"Alyosha Popovich" is classified under its own type in theEast Slavic Folktale Classification (Russian:СУС,romanized: SUS): SUS -650D*,Russian:Алеша Попович,romanized: Alyosha Popovich, closely placed with othertale types about strong heroes.[39] The East Slavic Classification registers variants only from Russian sources.[39]
Alyosha is featured in the storyFoma Berennikov fromAlexander Afanasyev'sNarodnye russkie skazki. In this story Alyosha followsIlya Muromets and Foma Berennikov on a journey after writing an inscription out of pure gold. Alyosha ends up fighting the Chinese King's "six champions and an unnumbered host of troops". Alyosha does end up winning this battle and returns to Foma alive.[18]
Alyosha often features as a seсondary character in Russian fantasy movies such asIlya Muromets,Real Fairy Tale,Last Knight, among others.
Alyosha is one of the main characters in the Bogatyrs animated film series byMelnitsa Animation Studio. He is the main protagonist in the 2004 animated comedyAlyosha Popovich and Tugarin Zmey byKonstantin Bronzit and also appears in the series of its sequels, sharing screen with Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich[40]
Alyosha Popovich is the member of Vladimir Monomakh's armed force in Vadim Nikolayev's historical novelBogatyr's Armed Force of Monomakh. Rus' in the Fire! (2014).[41]
Citations
RussianWikisource has original text related to this article:Алёша Попович, Danilov ed.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)Bibliography
Texts
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)
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