Albert Greenwood Brown Jr. | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | (1954-08-18)August 18, 1954 (age 70)[1] Tulare, California, U.S.[2] |
| Other names | Albert Greenwood Tweedle[1] |
| Criminal status | Incarcerated |
| Convictions | First degree murder withspecial circumstances Forcible rape (2 counts) |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
Albert Greenwood Brown Jr. (born August 18, 1954)[1] is an American murderer and rapist who has been convicted ofsexual molestation with force of aminor, two counts of first-degreerape with force, and thefirst degree murder of a teen girl inRiverside, California.
He was scheduled to die bylethal injection at 9 p.m. on September 30, 2010, in California's first use ofcapital punishment since the lifting of a court-orderedmoratorium. The use of lethal injection had been suspended in the state since February 2006 because of objections ofcruel and unusual punishment for shortcomings of the facilities and procedures previously in use atSan Quentin State Prison.
Brown's lawyers appealed to block their client's execution, with the execution initially planned to be carried out in a new facility at the prison that is certified to use either a single or three-drugprotocol.[3][4][5]
TheUS Ninth Court of Appeals ordered US District JudgeJeremy D. Fogel to review the case. It noted that the execution date might have been influenced by the fact that the prison's inventory ofsodium thiopental, one of the drugs required for lethal injection, wouldexpire on October 1, 2010. Judge Fogel halted the execution to permit time to review whether the new injection procedures addressed previous objections.[6] On September 29, 2010, theSupreme Court of California unanimously denied an appeal by the state to proceed by the end of the month.[7] Brown's execution was then delayed because the prison's supply of the lethal injection drug had expired.[8] The manufacturer of sodium thiopental stated that new supplies would not be available until 2011.[9]
As of 2023, Brown remains on death row as a result of the continuing state-wide suspension of the death penalty in California.[10]
Brown grew up inTulare, California, with his father's family that reportedly saw to it that "every kid went to college."[2][3] According to aTulare Western High School yearbook, he was to be part of the class of 1972.[2] However, he was expelled from school after he accidentally fired a gun that he had brought on campus and grazed another student in the head on March 13.[11] He joined theUS Marine Corps, but was brought tocourt-martial and discharged in 1975 for beingabsent without leave.
He moved toRiverside, California to live with his divorced mother and was soon charged with brutally raping and impregnating an 11-year-old girl. She said that Brown told her since he was a black man and she was a black girl; she was "in need of a feeding." She was forced to perform oral sex, and Brown then violently raped and choked her and sodomized her. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to two years ofprobation.[3]
On an early morning in 1976, Brown broke into a home in Riverside and hid in a closet until all of the residents had left. When a 14-year-old girl returned from a paper route to go to school, he choked her unconscious and brutally raped her in her mother's room. Brown pleaded guilty to charges of First Degree with Force on May 4, 1978, and was sentenced to state prison.[12] He wasparoled on June 14, 1980, and found work cleaning and preparing new cars for sale at Rubidoux Motors inRiverside County.[3][12]
On the morning of October 28, 1980, Brown abducted 15-year-old Susan Louise Jordan while she was on her way toArlington High School in Riverside. He had been posing as a jogger on the route. After dragging her to anorangegrove, Brown brutally raped and sodomized her and strangled her to death with her shoelace; he also took her identification cards and school books. Susan's mother, Angelina Jordan, who had coincidentally left her car to be serviced at Brown's workplace, Rubidoux Motors, went to the school to search for Susan after her younger sister, Karen, and younger brother, James, returned home without her.[12][13][14] After finding the family's number in a phone book, Brown called Angelina Jordan from apayphone at around 7:30 p.m. to tell her where he left her daughter's body.[15][16] According to court documents, he said, "Hello, Mrs. Jordan, Susie isn't home from school yet, is she? You will never see your daughter again. You can find her body on the corner of Victoria and Gibson." Susan's body was found after Brown repeatedly made calls to theRiverside Police Department and the Jordan residence.[17] One of Brown's subsequent calls was recorded by a police officer.[18]
Brown was arrested on November 6, 1980, after three witnesses came forward to identify him and hisPontiac Trans Am with a Rubidoux Motorspaper plate near the site of the murder.[3][12] Susan's identification cards were found in a phone booth at a nearbyTexaco service station. During a search of Brown's home on November 7, police found Susan's books, a newspaper article about the case, and a Riversidetelephone directory in which the page opposite the listing for the Jordan family was folded.[17][18] Brown was discovered to have been late to work on the day she disappeared. A jogging suit stained with blood andsperm was found in his locker at the employee coffee shop. Brown's shoes were matched to footprints from the crime scene.[12]
On February 4, 1982, a Riverside County jury convicted Brown of first-degree murder with the special circumstances of first-degree kidnapping and first-degree rape, oral copulation, and first-degree sodomy. During sentencing hearings, his defense attorney argued that Brown was remorseful and presented evidence of psychiatric problems, includingsexual dysfunction. Brown claimed that his aunt had physically abused him as a child and that he wasspanked by his mother. His mother denied abusing Brown but claimed that her son was out buying milk at the time of the murder. The surviving victim of the 1976 rape case testified against him. The jury deliberated for less than three hours on February 19 and returned a verdict of death. On March 2, 1982, he was placed ondeath row atSan Quentin State Prison inSan Quentin, California.[3][12][17]
In 1985, Brown's sentence was overturned by theCalifornia Supreme Court and reinstated by theUS Supreme Court in 1987.[19]
Brown's defense filed a motion ofhabeas corpus to theUS Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, arguing that he received ineffective counsel at his trial and that his sentence was acruel and unusual punishment that violated theEighth Amendment of the US Constitution. On September 19, 2007, JudgeMichael Daly Hawkins denied Brown's appeal and upheld lower court rulings.[20]
On August 29, 2010, a California court lifted a statewide injunction against capital punishment with the certification of new lethal injection procedures.[17][21] On the next day, Riverside County District AttorneyRod Pacheco sought adeath warrant for Brown. Riverside County Judge Roger Luebs initially set Brown's execution for 12:01 a.m. on September 29, 2010.[19] On August 31, prison warden Vince Cullen personally walked to Brown's cell to read thedeath warrant to him.[22]
Brown was the first inmate scheduled to be executed in a newly built facility at San Quentin State Prison.[5] It had undergone an $853,000 renovation that quadrupled its size after U.S. District Court JudgeJeremy D. Fogel blocked the February 2006 execution of convicted murdererMichael Morales because of complaints about lethal injection procedures within the previous chamber. Four different phones were installed with individual red warning lights in the event of a call from theGovernor of California, theCalifornia Attorney General, the warden, or theUS Supreme Court.[23] The facility has been set up to use aprotocol of a three-drug combination ofsodium thiopental,pancuronium bromide andpotassium chloride or a single injection of sodium thiopental in which the dose is increased from 3 to 5 g to make it lethal by itself.[23][24] Brown was examined by the prison staff to check that his veins were healthy enough for the injection process.[22] He ordered alast meal of steak and onion rings.[25] The premises were also wired with speakers so that his last words could be broadcast.[26]
Judge Fogel, whose 2006 ruling had halted executions in California, gave Brown until September 26 to decide on a method of execution, including the new lethal injection protocols.[27] Brown refused to make a selection.[28] Defense attorney John Grele described Brown as "a simple man with obvious neuropsychological deficits" who is unprepared to make such a decision.[27] Arguing that forcing him to decide on the manner of his death is "unconstitutionally medieval," Brown's defense team asked the judge to reconsider allowing the execution to proceed.[5] Fogel declined to issue astay of execution,[16] which he stated would have been considered if Brown had selected a single injection and the prison had refused to carry it out.[29] In the absence of a decision, the prison defaulted to preparing the three-drug protocol.[21]
After a four-year moratorium on executions in California, multiple proceedings in federal court, a state administrative law proceeding, and state court appeals, it is incredible to think that the deliberative process might be driven by the expiration date of the execution drug.
It is absurd that our legal system continues to prevent the state from carrying out the will of the people.
On September 27,Marin County Judge Verna Adams denied a defense request to stop the execution.[21] An appeal forclemency was forwarded to California GovernorArnold Schwarzenegger.[32] Prosecutor Rod Pacheco wrote to Schwarzenegger urging him not to intervene.[22][33] The governor refused Brown's request tocommute the sentence tolife imprisonment without parole,[31] but he delayed the execution to 9 p.m. on September 30 to provide appeals courts more time to review the case.[4] Brown alleged that he sufferedchild abuse that should have been brought up at his trial.[2] The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered Fogel to revisit the case because California law specified that the inmate had to choose between thegas chamber andlethal injection, not the drugs themselves.[30] Fogel admitted his offer to Brown was "ill-advised"[25] and halted the execution to permit time to determine whether the new injection procedures addressed defense arguments ofcruel and unusual punishment.[6] The appeals court also noted that the prison's supply of sodium thiopental, a drug required for lethal injection, wasexpiring on October 1.[9] A state appeal to resume the execution by 7 p.m. on September 30 was unanimously denied by the California Supreme Court.[7] California and other states had run short of the drug because the manufacturerHospira was unable to meet demand at least until January 2011 because of raw material supply issues.[9] State Attorney GeneralJerry Brown (no relation) recommended halting execution proceedings until necessary supplies were secured.[2] His office stated that a new date would be scheduled as soon as legally possible.[31]
On October 6, 2010, the state attorney general's office notified Judge Fogel in a court filing that the state had obtained enough sodium thiopental for up to four more executions.[34] Scott Kernan of theCalifornia Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation called theArizona Department of Corrections "life savers" for providing 12 grams of the drug after theTexas Department of Criminal Justice denied a similar request.[35] The state of California spent $36,415 to acquire an additional 521 g of sodium thiopental from Archimedes Pharma ofGreat Britain to last until 2014.[36] Fogel stated that he understood the state would request a new execution date no earlier than 30 days after court hearings, which were expected in 2011.[34] Susan Louise Jordan's sister, Karen, criticized the distress to her family caused by the delays: "The appeals process in California has proven to be nothing more than a never-ending war of attrition against justice and the rights of victims and their families."[13]
Brown's lawyers blamed the move to execute their client on the tight race betweenJerry Brown andMeg Whitman for the2010 California gubernatorial election to succeed retiring Governor Schwarzenegger.[22] The office of State Attorney General Jerry Brown pushed to resume capital punishment after the adoption of new regulations in California.Republican nominee Whitman claimed, "None of this squares with Jerry Brown's record."[37] TheDemocratic campaign of Jerry Brown, who pledged to "enforce the laws" of California, denied any connection between the case and the election. Prosecutor Rod Pacheco, who supported Whitman, said that it would be unfair to accuse Jerry Brown of using the execution for political gain, as they had never discussed the case.[22] Jerry Brown was quoted as saying, "Albert Greenwood Brown Jr. deserves everything that he has coming to him in regards to due process. I have no doubt that his execution will be carried out fastidiously and in a timely manner." Jerry Brown won the election in November 2010.[38]
