Alashiya (Akkadian:𒀀𒆷𒅆𒅀Alašiya [a-la-ši-ia];Ugaritic:𐎀𐎍𐎘𐎊ẢLṮY;Linear B: 𐀀𐀨𐀯𐀍Alasios [a-ra-si-jo];Hieratic "'irs3"), also spelledAlasiya, also known as theKingdom of Alashiya,[1] was astate which existed in the Middle and LateBronze Ages, and was situated somewhere in theEastern Mediterranean. It was a major source of goods, especiallycopper, forancient Egypt and other states in theAncient Near East. It is referred to in a number of the surviving texts and is now thought to be the ancient name ofCyprus, or an area of Cyprus. This was confirmed by thescientific analysis performed inTel Aviv University of theclay tablets which were sent from Alashiya to other rulers.[2]
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The name of the state, rendered asAlashiya, is found on texts written inEgyptian,Hittite,Akkadian,Mycenean (Linear B) andUgaritic. The name may be the origin of the later Biblical termElishah.[3][4]
Around 1400 BC, the Hittite kingArnuwanda I chastised his vassalMadduwatta for raiding Alashiya, asserting that it was Hittite territory. Madduwatta replied that he had been unaware of the Hittite claim:[5]
The father of his Majesty [had never informed] me, [nor] had his Majesty ever informed [me] (thus): ʻThe land of Alasiya is mine— recognize it as such!ʼ[6]
Although Madduwatta's statement can be interpreted as prevarication, no surviving texts from this period refer to Hittite involvement in Alashiya and the empire's military situation would have made direct control unlikely. Thus, the political reality behind this statement remains unclear.[7]
Around 1200 BC, the Hittite kingsTudhaliya IV andSuppiluliuma II waged military campaigns in Alashiya and forced its king to sign a treaty of submission.[7][8]
Some of theAmarna letters (c. 1350 BC) are from the king or the ministers of Alashiya. They concern mostly the amount of copper that has been sent from Alashiya and requests forsilver orivory in return. One letter refers to 500 talents of copper (probably about 12.5 tons) and makes excuses as to why so little copper has been sent. ThePharaoh is also referred to by the King of Alashiya as his "brother", indicating that the king regarded himself as an equal, probably because of the economic power of his kingdom.Papyrus Anastasi IV, written several centuries later, also refers to copper (as well as cows) sent from Alashiya to Egypt.[9]
The extant ending of theStory of Wenamun records how Wenamun, a priest of Egypt, had been blown off course on the sea journey fromByblos to Egypt and ended up on Alashiya. Wenamun reports that he was almost killed by an angry mob, but was rescued by Hatbi, the "princess of the town".
In other correspondence, the King ofUgarit pleads for military assistance from the King of Alashiya. Another document from Ugarit records the banishment of two princes to "the land of Alashiya". One further text found at Ugarit may contain a further clue to the location of the capital city of Alashiya, as it could imply that the city was located on a mountain. However, this word has more usually been translated as shore.[10] The first recorded name of a Cypriot king isKushmeshusha, as appears on letters sent to Ugarit in the 13th century BC.[11]
Alashiya was known to be a regional source of copper for other East Mediterranean states, which it traded along maritime routes of the era. Alashiya therefore needs to be situated somewhere where there was sizable Bronze Age copper production, on the coast, and in the East Mediterranean. There are additional clues to its location in surviving texts including references to the King of Alashiya having ships and to the kingdom being raided byLukka people.[12]
Some scholars have suggested sites and areas ofSyria orTurkey, but it is now generally (although not universally) agreed that Alashiya refers to at least part of Cyprus.[13] Specifically, it was generally argued that the site ofEnkomi was the capital of the kingdom of Alashiya, which covered the entire island of Cyprus.[14]
The identification of Cyprus with Alashiya was confirmed by the 2003 publication by Goren et al. of an article in theAmerican Journal of Archaeologydetailing thepetrographic and chemical analysis of a number of the Amarna and Ugaritic letters sent from Alashiya. These examinations of the provenance of the clay used to create the tablets indicate that Syria could not be the location of Alashiya, while clay on Cyprus is a good match.
However, this analysis showed that the clays did not originate anywhere near the site of Enkomi and that suitable clays are close to the sites ofKalavasos andAlassa (itself a possible cognate of Alashiya). These sites, especially Kalavasos, were also important Late Bronze Age sites and are located close to sources of copper.
Moreover, Armstrong[15] argues that there is considerable evidence for regional variation and that there is no evidence for a centralized, island-wide political authority on Cyprus during the Late Bronze Age.
It is therefore currently unclear whether the kingdom of Alashiya comprised the whole of Cyprus, with the capital city moving location (probably starting with Enkomi), or was always sited at Kalavasos, or whether Alashiya comprised only one region of Cyprus.[16]