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Al-Walid II

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Umayyad caliph from 743 to 744

Al-Walid II
الْوَلِيد بْنِ يَزِيد

Amir al-Mu'minin
Khalifat Allah

Fresco of Walid ibn Yazid fromQusayr Amra

11thCaliph of theUmayyad Caliphate

Reign

6 February 743 – 17 April 744

Predecessor

Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik

Successor

Yazid ibn al-Walid

Born

c. 709
al-Sham, Umayyad Caliphate

Died

17 April 744 (aged 35)
al-Sham,Umayyad Caliphate (present-dayJordan)
Cause of death: Assassination

Spouse

Atika bint Uthman ibn Muhammad

Issue

Al-Hakam ibn Al-Walid ibn Yazid
Uthman ibn Al-Walid ibn Yazid

Names
Al-Walid ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik

Dynasty

Umayyad

Father

Yazid II

Mother

Umm al-Hajjaj bint Muhammad

Religion

Islam

Al-Walid ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik (Arabic:الْوَلِيد بْنِ يَزِيد بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِك,romanized: Al-Walīd ibn Yazīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik; 709 – 17 April 744), commonly known asal-Walid II, was the eleventhUmayyad caliph, ruling from 743 until his assassination in 744. He succeeded his uncle,Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

Birth and background

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Al-Walid was the son of Umayyad caliph Yazid II and his wife Umm al-Hajjaj bint Muhammad al-Thaqafi in 709. His mother was the daughter of Umayyad officialMuhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi.

His father, Yazid II ruled the Caliphate from 720 to January 724.Yazid II died inIrbid in theBalqa (i.e.Transjordan) subdistrict ofJund Dimashq (military district of Damascus) on 26Sha'ban 105AH (28 January 724 CE).^[1] His son al-Walid or half-brother Hisham led his funeral prayers.^[2] Yazid had intended to appoint al-Walid as his immediate successor, but was persuaded byMaslama to appoint Hisham instead, followed by al-Walid.^[3]

Early life

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As al-Walid grew older,Hisham became increasingly displeased with his nephew's behaviour (including an excessive love for poetry and sex) and considered passing the succession to Hisham's son instead. He spoke to al-Walid about his drinking of alcohol and commanded al-Walid to send away his best drinking companion. He also cut off funds to his heir and strongly encouraged him to be more respectful in religious matters.

Following Hisham's accession, He attempted to secureMaslama ibn Hisham as his successor in place of the appointed successor, his predecessor's son al-Walid II.^[4] Hisham's initial attempts following the Hajj of 735 to persuade al-Walid to step down in favor of Maslama or give Maslama the oath of allegiance as al-Walid's successor were rejected by al-Walid.^[5]^[6]^[7] Afterward, Hisham sought to undermine al-Walid and secretly gathered support for Maslama.^[5] The latter's nomination was supported by his paternal uncle, the famous generalMaslama ibn Abd al-Malik, Hisham's maternal grandfather, the former governor ofMedina Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi,^[8] and his sonsIbrahim andMuhammad, and the sons of the influentialBanu Abs chief ofnorthern Syria,al-Qa'qa' ibn Khulayd.^[5] Maslama's mother Umm Hakim also lobbied for her son's succession.^[9] Opposed to Maslama's proposed succession wasKhalid al-Qasri, the governor of Iraq, to which Maslama responded by insulting him and his dead brotherAsad.^[10]Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik's death in the late 730s was a major setback to Hisham's succession plans as it represented the loss of the plan's key supporter in theUmayyad dynasty.^[8]After Hisham's death he was succeeded by Al-Walid II in February 743.

Accession

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Hisham died in February 743 and his sonMaslama led the funeral prayers.^[11] Al-Walid II acceded to the caliphate and immediately ordered that Hisham's sons atRusafa, nearPalmyra, be arrested by their cousinal-Abbas ibn al-Walid, but expressly forbade that Maslama or his household be disturbed in deference to their old companionship and Maslama's defense of al-Walid from Caliph Hisham.^[7]^[12]

Caliphate

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Al-Walid succeeded to the throne on the death ofHisham on 6 February 743. As heir, al-Walid was known for his open-handedness. As caliph, he took special care of the crippled and blind, increasing their stipend. He named his two sons, al-Hakam and Uthman, to succeed him in that order as documented by a letter dated 21 May 743 inal-Tabari.^[13] Tabari also quotes a number of al-Walid's poems.

Al-Walid at first confirmedNasr ibn Sayyar as governor ofKhurasan. However, bribed byYusuf ibn Umar, the caliph dismissed him. Al-Walid appointed his uncle Yusuf ibn Muhammad governor ofMedina. At the same time,Yahya ibn Zayd, the son ofZayd ibn Ali, was found in Khurasan. Nasr urged him to present himself to the caliph, to maintain Islamic unity. However, Yahya chose another path and after initial victory was slain.

Al-Walid putSulayman ibn Hisham in prison. Such a deed, as well as his reputed drinking, singing and immorality aroused opposition. Al-Walid was fond of versifying and he arranged horse races. The upright Yazid ibn al-Walid spoke against the new ruler's moral laxity. A group began plotting his assassination. When approached,Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri declined to join in and even cautioned al-Walid. However, his vague warning aroused al-Walid's ire. He imprisoned Khalid and then gave him to Yusuf ibn Umar for fifty milliondirhams. Yusuf tortured and killed Khalid. This intensely angered many of al-Walid's own relatives.

During the reign of al-Walid II,Yazid ibn al-Walid spoke out against Walid's "immorality" which included discrimination on behalf of theBanu Qays Arabs against Yemenis andnon-Arab Muslims, and Yazid received further support from the Qadariya and Murji'iya.^[14]

Hearing of the plot,Marwan ibn Muhammad wrote from Armenia urging a more prudent course of action, one more promising for the stability of the state and the preservation of the Umayyad house. This was disregarded and many armed men moved into Damascus.

Death

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Yazid slipped into Damascus and deposed al-Walid in a coup, following this up with a disbursement of funds from the treasury.^[15] The caliph was besieged in a castle outside the city. He fought well, but on April 16, 744, at Al-Aghdaf, in modernJordan, he was defeated and killed by the forces ofSulayman ibn Hisham. He was succeeded by his cousinYazid III.

According to Yazid's own account, Yazid sent Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hajjaj to meet Walid at al-Bakhra.^[16] 'Abd al-Aziz offered to set up a tribal assembly (shura) to decide the future of the realm. Walid rejected this offer and attacked, by which action he lost his life.^[17]

Family

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One ofUthman ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Sufyan's, daughter, Atika bint Uthman ibn Muhammad, was wed to the Umayyad caliph al-Walid II.^[18]^[19] Al-Walid had also taken two singers Shuhda and Al-Nawar as concubines.^[20]

Al-Walid II had two sons, al-Hakam and Uthman. He nominated them as his successors. After the victory and accession of Yazid III, the latter had Uthman and Hakam imprisoned.^[21]^[22]

Bibliography

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Powers, David S., ed. (1989).The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXIV: The Empire in Transition: The Caliphates of Sulaymān, ʿUmar, and Yazīd, A.D. 715–724/A.H. 96–105. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-0-7914-0072-2.
Blankinship, Khalid Yahya, ed. (1989).The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXV: The End of Expansion: The Caliphate of Hishām, A.D. 724–738/A.H. 105–120. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-0-88706-569-9.
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari History, v. 26 "The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate," transl.Carole Hillenbrand, SUNY, Albany, 1989
Glubb, Sir John, The Empire of the Arabs, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1963
Howard, I. K. A., ed. (1990).The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIX: The Caliphate of Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, A.D. 680–683/A.H. 60–64. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-0-7914-0040-1.
Robinson, Majied (2020).Marriage in the Tribe of Muhammad: A Statistical Study of Early Arabic Genealogical Literature. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.ISBN 9783110624168.
Marsham, Andrew (2009).The Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.ISBN 978-0-7486-2512-3.
Hillenbrand, Carole, ed. (1989).The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXVI: The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate: Prelude to Revolution, A.D. 738–744/A.H. 121–126. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-0-88706-810-2.
Bosworth, C. Edmund (1994). "Abū Ḥafṣ 'Umar al-Kirmānī and the Rise of the Barmakids".Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.57 (2):268–282.doi:10.1017/S0041977X0002485X.JSTOR 620573.
Judd, Steven (July–September 2008). "Reinterpreting al-Walīd b. Yazīd".Journal of the American Oriental Society.128 (3):439–458.JSTOR 25608405.
Patricia Crone,God's Caliph 1986

References

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^Powers 1989, pp. 193–194.
^Powers 1989, p. 194.
^Blankinship 1989, p. 87, note 439.
^Marsham 2009, pp. 119–120.
^^a ^b ^cHillenbrand 1989, p. 89.
^Bosworth 1994, p. 279.
^^a ^bJudd 2008, p. 453.
^^a ^bMarsham 2009, p. 121.
^Marsham 2009, p. 131, note 30.
^Hillenbrand 1989, pp. 90–91.
^Hillenbrand 1989, p. 72.
^Hillenbrand 1989, p. 100.
^al-Tabari (pp. 106–115)
^von Ess, "Kadar", Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd Ed.
^Theophilus. Quoted Robert Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It (Darwin Press, 1998), 660
^1234 Chronicleapud Hoyland confirms this, 660; it was a fortress near Palmyra. 1234 and Muslim sources dispute over whether Walid was there all along or whether he had fled there.
^Patricia Crone, God's Caliph (Cambridge University Press, 1986), 127
^Howard 1990, pp. 197–198, note 655.
^Robinson 2020, p. 146.
^Bernards, M.; Nawas, J.A. (2005).Patronate And Patronage in Early And Classical Islam. Islamic History and Civilization. Brill. p. 335.ISBN 978-90-04-14480-4.
^Theophilus and Muslim sourcesapud Hoyland, 660-1
^God's Caliph 124-5

Wikimedia Commons has media related toAl-Walid II.

Sunni Islam titles
Al-Walid II Umayyad Dynasty Born: 709 Died: 17 April 744
Preceded by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik	Caliph of Islam Umayyad Caliph 6 February 743 – 17 April 744	Succeeded by Yazid ibn al-Walid

v t e Umayyad dynasty
Family tree Media
Caliphs of Damascus (661–750)	Mu'awiya I Yazid I Mu'awiya II Marwan I Abd al-Malik Al-Walid I Sulayman Umar Yazid II Hisham Al-Walid II Yazid III Ibrahim Marwan II
Emirs of Córdoba (756–929)	Abd al-Rahman I Hisham I Al-Hakam I Abd ar-Rahman II Muhammad I al-Mundhir Abdullah Abd al-Rahman III
Caliphs of Córdoba (929–1031)	Abd al-Rahman III Al-Hakam II Hisham II Muhammad II Sulayman Hisham II Sulayman Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti Abd al-Rahman IV Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir^[H] Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud^[H] Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali^[H] Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud^[H] Abd al-Rahman V Muhammad III Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali^[H] Hisham III
^[H] indicatesHammudid usurpers

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