Al-Barāʾ ibn Mālik al-Anṣārī (Arabic:البراء بن مالك الأنصاري; diedc. 641)[1] was one of theSahaba (companions of Muhammad), anAnsar belonging to the Banū al-Najjār branch of theBanu Khazraj.^[1] He was the brother ofAnas ibn Malik.

He was most known for his participations in theRidda Wars againstMusaylima andMuslim conquest of Persia. He died around 641-642 of wounds he received during his siege inShushtar against theSasanian Empire.

Al-Barā has become a role model of conductingJihad by later era Islamic communities.

Al-Bara' was from Banu Ghanm clan,^[2] a sub-branch of Banū al-Najjār branch belonging to theBanu Khazraj tribe.^[1]Al-Dhahabi recorded that his fullNisba (onomastics) lineage is Al-Barā son of Malik from the subclan of Al-Nadir ibn Damdam ibn Yazid ibn Haram ibn Jundub ibn 'Amr ibn Ghanam ibn 'Adi of theBanu Najjar.^[3]

After Muhammadmigrated to Medina, al-Baraa' worked as a camel chanter and lead of men's caravan of camels whenever Muhammad and hiscompanions goes for military expedition.^[4][5][6]

Al-Bara' was said to participate in allcampaigns under Muhammad, starting from theBattle of Uhud.^[7][8] During thebattle of the Trench, al-Barāʾ reported on his own account when he dug out the trench outside the city along with Muhammad and other Medinese.^[9][10] Al-Barā' also participated in thepledge of the Tree duringthe first pilgrimage.^[7][2] During thebattle of Hunayn, Al-Barā' was givenKhums or a fifth portion of the goods looted from enemies he killed personally.^[11]

Following the death of Muhammad, the Muslims began to leave Islam in groups just as they had entered it. Caliph Abu Bakr dispatched eleven armies to fight the leaders of these groups in what became known as theRidda wars.^[12]

During theBattle of Yamama, al-Baraa' played a role when the rebels army underMusailamah Al Kadhab and his 40,000 soldiers fromBanu Hanifa fortified themselves in the fortress namedGarden of Death,Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl andKhalid ibn al-Walid struggled to break through the high walls of the garden until al-Baraa' suggested they place him on a shield and using spears and catapults al-Baraa' into the fortress wall. The Muslims agreed with al-Baraa's plan and al-Baraa' immediately fell into the fortress as intended, killing many town guards on the wall and fortress gate inside singlehandedly and rushed towards the gate and open it alone from inside, allowing Muslim forces under Khalid ibn al Walid to swarm inside and killed 20,000 of the ex-Muslims, including their leader Musailama, killed byWahshi andAbu Dujana al Ansari.^[13][12] During this battle, Ibn Hajar also noted a testimony of Al-Barā' himself that he engaged in a duel against a huge Musaylamah warrior nicknamedHimar al Yamama (donkey of Yamama).^[14] Al-Bara managed to cut both of his opponent feet with his sword, and caused him dropped to the ground, Then al-Bara grab the man's sword and finishing him by using his own sword.^[14]

Despite suffering grave injuries which numbered over 80 wounds, al-Baraa' managed to survive in the aftermath of the Yamama battle.^{[Notes 1]} After the battle, Khalid ibn al Walid was said to personally visit his tents where he still treating his wound and rest.^[16]

On the onset ofearly naval incursion against Persia which started fromOman, al-Baraa' participated the naval expedition embarked fromBahrain led byAl-Ala al-Hadhrami andArfaja al-Bariqi to expelSasanian Empire forces in the Island ofDarin (Qatif) [ar].^[17] In the final battle of this island in the fortress of Zarah, al-Baraa' killed thePersianMarzban commander of the area in duel, and managed to seize the wealth of the said commander of 30,000 coins after the battle.^{[18][19][Notes 2][20]} However, caliph 'Umar saw that it was too much for single person to acquire spoils of war that huge, so the Caliph decided that Al-Barā' should be given a four portions after it being divided into five, with one portion sent for the caliphate treasury.^[18][20]

Later, during theMuslim conquest of Persia, Al-Barā' participated in thebattle of al-Qadisiyyah, where he was urged by other soldiers to pray for victory in this difficult battle, since the Muslim soldiers in that battle believed if al-Baraa' prayed, his wishes would always be granted byAllah.^{[21][22][Notes 3]}

DuringMuslim conquest of Khuzestan, The highest commander of Muslim army,Abu Musa al-Ash'ari requested to the caliph to provide him with elite guards fromAnsar (military) component, which was replied by Umar by sending a group of Ansaris including Al-Barā' ibn Malik along with his brother, Anas.^[24][25] In the campaign on Khuzestan, the Muslims faced a particularly difficult battle on the bridge ofSusa, eastern ofTigris river, as the enemy gained upper hand at the first of the battle.^[26] Thus the Muslims soldiers once again came to Al-Barā' asking for prayer, and after Al-Barā' finished his prayer, the Muslims fight again until they managed to gained upper hand and seized victory.^[26]

Later, during theSiege of Shushtar, al-Baraa' once again gave important contribution as he andMujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi lead a small team of 35 soldiers to sneak from the waterway under the impenetrable fortress wall that has been besieged for almost one year,^[27] and killing many guards on the city gate before opened the gate and allowed the Muslims army underAbu Musa al-Ash'ari storm the city and subdue the town.^[28] According to his own word that has been recorded inSiyar A'lam Nubala chronicle written byAl-Dhahabi^[29] and inUsd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah chronicle which written byIbn al-Athir, Al-Barā' ibn Malik singlehandedly slayed at least 100Sassanid soldiers during this battle alone.^{[Notes 4][31][32][Notes 5]}

Muslim chroniclers recorded two versions regarding when Al-Barā' fallen on the battle:

• According toIbn Hajar al-Asqalani version, his death occurred during the Siege of Shushtar in Persia, but only after he rescued his brother Anas from the molten hooks, which caused he suffered grief injury to the point that his own palms melted and showing the bones in his effort to break the chain from Anas, al-Baraa' succumbed to the wound shortly after Anas were rescued.^[34][35]
• Meanwhile,Malik ibn Anas,^[36] Tabari,^[33]Bukhari,Ibn Hibban, andIbn Manda reported the second version that al-Baraa' was fallen indeed in siege of Shushtar, but not by the molten steel hook of Sassanid army, instead he died at the hand ofHormuzan in this battle.^[37]al-Dhahabi favored this version as he deemed this authentic,^[26] which also narrated byal-Bayhaqi.^[21] Al-Dhahabi also add note that al-Barā' was twenty years old during his death.^[2]

Ahmad Abd ar-Razaq al-Khani, researcher fromDamascus University; explained the two narratives were actually correlated, as al-Barā' actually survived the first occasion during the incident with chained molten hooks, where he rested for while after the injuries, until he participated in the final storming of Shushtar, where he was fallen in combat against Hormuzan.^[38]

Chroniclers say al-Baraa' was thin and was extremely brave on the battlefield.^[37]CaliphUmar ibn al Khattab told his generals never to give al-Baraa' any command position, as his reckless bravery would expose his own soldiers to danger.^[41] Umar valued his military ability, according to modern writer Khalid Muhammad Khalid who said in his book,Rijala Hawla Rasulullah Shalallahu 'Alaihi Wassalam, that during theMuslim conquest of Khuzestan, when Suhayl ibn Adiyy was sent byAbu Musa al-Ash'ari to invadeAhwaz, Umar specifically instructed Abu Musa to include al-Barā' in the Suhayl invading force.^[42]

Anas ibn Malik said that al-Barā' had a beautiful voice and loved reciting poems frequently, until Anas persuade his brother to reciteQur'an instead of poetry.^[14]

Chroniclers said thatMuhammad once praised al-Baraa' as a pious figure whose prayers would always be answered by God, despite his low social status.^{[37][43][Notes 7]}

The Rashidun army during the Muslim conquest of Persia apparently held high opinion for al-Barā' and believed that hissupplication will always come true, as when they asked specifically to al-Barā' for the success of the battle in Qadisiyya.^[21] The second occasion of this was during the battle of the bridge of Susa in Iran, the Muslim soldiers came to al-Barā' to seek his prayer to win the battle.^[26] The third recorded occasion were when his colleagues once again asked him to pray for victory during the siege of Shushtar fortress. However, aside from praying for victory, al-Barā' also praying for being killed in battle as martyr during this siege.^[46][45]

Al-Barā' is viewed highly in the Islamic scholarly community in general,^[34] as Companions of the Prophet, collectively namedal-salaf al-ṣāliḥ (pious ancestors), they are regarded as their as daily religious role model.^[47] This view was outlined byIbn Taymiyyah, both in their figure as a guideline and in practicing Islamic religious observances.^[47] Ibn Taymiyyah further observes the special rank within the Companions from the Ansar, which are according to him, vital for the faith, as he quoted the hadith, "love for the Ansar is a sign ofIman, while hatred against them is a sign ofhypocrisy".^[47]

Scholars of IslamicFiqh jurisprudence have taken notes regarding case of al-Barā' when he managed to seize massive amount of a spoils of war during the battle in Darin island, after he managed to subdue Sassanid fortress and killing the commander, which immediately ruled by Umar the spoils from the enemy which obtained by al-Barā' should be divided by five, whereas four portions be given to al-Bara, while one portion are separated to be combined to the total amount spoils of the battle.^[18]

incident has discussed about the rulings inSunni jurisprudence on the later era about how every single soldier has a right for aKhums, or four of a fifth portion ofspoils of war, according to his performance deeds in the battlefield.^[18]Averroes fromMaliki school of Jurisprudence remarked this record in his bookBidayat al Mujtahid Wa Nihayat al Muqtashid which he got from the tradition ofIbn Abi Shaybah andIbn Sirin, that the case of al-Barā' divided share were the first case in Islam history, and has become guidelines by later jurists to measure the rights of soldiers regarding spoils of war.^[48] While Ibn Mawaz, another Maliki scholar, has denied this al-Barā' tradition regarding spoils of war,^[11] as he noted that the case of the distribution for al-Barā' in Hunayn was a special case, as he noted thatAbu Bakr never distribute spoils of war in such fashion during his reign as caliph.^[49]

However,Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam, aShafiite scholar and Mamluk general in 12th AD century who ledBaibars army againstLouis IX of Francecrusaders andIlkhanate Mongol, dismissed Ibn Mawaz's claim and has argued with another tradition that this practice has been done before as Muhammad during thebattle of Hunayn, and Muhammad even gave the fifth spoils to al-Barā',^[50] the very same person who were given the fifth by Umar in Darin island battle.^[11]

SinceMadhhab Sahabi (opinion of theCompanions of the Prophet) were accepted as one of thejurisprudence source in Islam,^[51] The historical act of al-Barā' to seek martyrdom in Jihad by plunging himself inside enemy castle in the Battle of Yamamah, where the enemy barricaded themselves, are translated by Islamist factions withExtremism view that theTerrorism act usingSuicide attack withIED were allowed in modern analogy (Qiyas).^[52] Thus, leading some extremist movements such asFree Syrian Army,ISIS^[53] KurdistanAnsar as Sunna Group,^[54] andAl-Qaeda in various regions to form a suicide squad which they named, in curiously similar theme, as "al-Bara Ibn Malik Martyrs' Brigade" in accordance to their apparent attempt to associate their acts with al Bara' in Yamama.^[55]

However, this view were rejected by contemporary Islamic scholars,^[56] particularly those in line with the view ofAbdullah Ibn Jibreen,^[57]Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz andMuhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen,^[58] three of prominentSaudi ArabiaMuftis and clerics, opined that the act of al-Baraa' cannot be analogized as an act suicide bombings particularly for three different reasons:

1. Method which done by al-Barā' were not determinantly suicide in nature, despite the high chance of fatality for such act.^[57][56]
2. The act of al-Baraa' were authorized by legal government which had de facto and de jure authority. in this case are theRashidun Caliphate, which al-Baraa' owed his allegiance.^[58] While modern day terrorist organizations were non-state actors, which cannot burdened and bound with treaty, pact or responsibility.^[57]
3. The targets of modern-day terrorists are not in line with al-Bara aggression in Yamama, since al-Barā' were targeting legitimate hostile combatants on the battlefield, while non-state terrorists also targeting illegitimate subjects recklessly, such as fellow Muslim civilians andDhimmi non-Muslims who are forbidden to be harassed in Islamic beliefs.^[57] Furthermore, the act of suicide bombing terrorism during modern day in Palestine were deemed by Ibn Uthaymeen not beneficial to Islam and it will only do harm to the Muslim communities in Palestine, and to the perpetrator of the act as the bombers were threaten with hellfire in the afterlife.^[59]

The Fatwa by Abdu al-Aziz ibn Baz were particularly aimed to deny the ruling fromYusuf al-Qaradawi who viewed that theMartyrdom act ofal-Barā' in battle andAshabul Ukhdud in Yemen were viewed the same as suicide bombers in modern time.^[60]

Modern daygrand Mufti of SaudiSheikh Abdulaziz al-Sheikh, further strengthened his predecessors view by issuingFatwa particularly disallow terrorism act of suicide bombing.^[61] Like the Salafi scholars before him, Abdulaziz al-Sheikh similarly saying suicide bombers does not represent the jurisprudential analogy with al-Barā' martyrdom, thus dismissing claim from proponents of modern-day practice of terrorism using suicide bombing as Jihad.^[61]

In 20th AD modern era, there are several places and institutes which named over al-Bara ibn Malik, such as Al Bara' Bin Malik Mixed Elementary School inSaudi Arabia.^[62] While inQatar, al-Barā' ibn Malik were also used as street name.^[63]

• Sunni view of the Sahaba
• List of Sahabah
• Ridda wars
• Early Caliphate navy

"al-Bara' bin Malik ( البراء بن مالك بن النضر ( رضي الله عنه".muslimscholars.info (in English and Arabic). Retrieved27 December 2021.

• 640 deaths
• Sahabah hadith narrators
• Sahabah martyrs
• Khazrajite people
• People of the Muslim conquest of Persia
• Ansar (Islam)
• Ridda Wars

• CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)
• CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)
• CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar)
• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• Pages using infobox person with multiple employers
• Articles with hCards
• No local image but image on Wikidata
• Articles containing Arabic-language text
• Year of birth unknown