| Bakara البقّارة | |
|---|---|
| Adnan | |
| Ethnicity | Arab |
| Nisba | al-Baqqarah |
| Location | |
| Parent tribe | Banu Hashim |
| Population | 1,200,000 |
| Language | Arabic |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
| Surnames | al-Aboud - al-Haj |
Al-Baggara orBakara (Arabic:البقّارة (البكّارة),al-Baqqārah oral-Bakkārah) is anArab tribe of theEuphrates tribes spread widely betweenSyria,Jordan,Iraq andLebanon. The tribe was named by the name of their grandfather,Imam Muhammad al-Baqir, one of the grandsons ofAli ibn Abi Talib.[1]
Baggara tribespeople In Syria mainly live west ofDeir al-Zour city, ranging from the northern banks of the Euphrates to theRaqqa provincial border, in villages from Al-Husseiniyah to Mahamidah, where the Baggara's chiefdom family lives, toal-Kasrat, al-Kubar/Jazrat al-Boshams, and Jazra Al-Milaj, spanning a distance of some 80 km.
East of Deir al-Zour, the Baggara live in smaller numbers in the villages of Meratt,Khusham, and Jadid Baggara; sources suggest a total of approximately 100,000 Baggara live in these areas east and west of the city. Although accurate figures are not available, a large number of people of Baggara lineage have integrated into Deir al-Zour city, some say a full one-third of the city's residents have roots in the tribe, Prominent Baggara families there are Fadel Al-Aboud, Al-Ayesh, Al-Ayyash, where they had a major role in the political leadership of the city of Deir al-Zour.[2][3]
Other regions where the Baggara lives includeHasaka province, in an area known as Baggara Al-Jabal (Baggara Mountain),Raqqa the city ofAleppo and other northern towns, andIdlib. Some reports indicate that their number in Syria is around 1.2 million.[4]
The tribe encompasses the following clans, mostly in Deir al-Zour province but also inHasaka,Raqqa, andAleppo:[2][3]
Most Baggara tribespeoples are farmers who cultivate fruit trees and vegetables. Some of them were engaged in business and became prominent businessmen in Syria. Many Baggara tribespeople work for theSyrian government, mainly inDeir al-Zour, after which they return home to their surrounding suburbs or villages, and Large numbers of Baggara also work inLebanon and thePersian Gulf states.
Baggara tribespeople who live in Deir al-Zour city has a long political history, Where some of the families of the tribe as Fadel Al-Aboud, Al-Ayesh, Al-Ayyash from the Abdulkarim clan led the city of Deir al-Zour since theOttoman era and continued during the occupation of English andFrench. Some of the tribe leaders foughtFrench and English colonialism, such as the leaderAyyash Al-Haj, who was exiled by theFrench authorities with his family to the city ofJableh in 1925 and executed some of his sons after being accused of preparing a revolution inDeir el-Zour to relieve pressure on the area ofJabal al-Arab during theGreat Syrian Revolution in 1925.[5][6]
After the formation of the Syrian state, Minister Mohamed Al-Ayesh emerged as the first minister in the Eastern Province and continued for many years and was known as a man of ministries.[7][1]
In the modern era, Baggara tribespeople supported theBaath and Nasserist parties, One tribesman from the Abdulkarim clan, Yassin Al-Hafiz (1930–78), noted for his intellectualism, served as an architect ofBaath party ideology. A large number of tribespeople belong to the Baath wings in bothSyria andIraq, and The Baggara tribe also includes members of theCommunist Party.[3]
Many of Baggara tribespeople joined theBaath Party primarily for benefits and government employment, But many quickly turned against the regime and joined the 2011 uprising; during this period of anti-Assad activism,Sheikh Nawaf Ragheb Al-Bashir delivered anti-regime speeches attended by tribespeople who traveled toDeir al-Zour from their nearbyvillages. Originally, Sheikh Nawaf joined the Party of Socialist Unitarians and called forpan-Arabism; then he supportedIran’sShia ideology and theShiacoalitioninSyria.[3]
Fadel Aboud Al-Hassan or Haj Fadel Al-Aboud, aSyrian leader and head of theHaj Fadel Government in easternSyria after theOttomans left the region in 1918.[8][9]
Al-Hassan was born in Deir al-Zour in 1872 for Al-Hassan family from the Abo Obaidclan from Al-Baggaratribe.[1][10]
Al-Hassan was of high social standing in Deir al-Zour, which enabled him to take over the leadership of his father, Aboud Hassan. Al-Hassan worked in trade and had extensive commercial relations withTurkish merchants andHalbians and with his cousins Najjar and Tayfur in the city ofHama.[11]
When the trouble broke out in the city of Deir al-Zour after theOttomans left on 6 November 1918, people began looting and stealing from each other across the area, so it was necessary to have a strong authority for protecting the city and its people, and that led Al-Hassan who was the mayor to form his first government in the city and asking alltribal leaders in thevillages and surrounding districts to support him and pledge allegiance to him. One of this government's priorities was maintaining the security and running the affairs of the city. This government knew as the "government of Haj Fadel."[5][6]
The government continued until the arrival of Sharif Nasser, the cousin of PrinceFaisal Bin Al-Hussein, on 1 December 1918, and Mari Basha Al-Mallah on 7 December 1918.[12]
After theBattle of Maysalun on 24 July 1920 and occupation ofDamascus byFrench forces, The city ofDeir Ezzor was in a state of chaos and insecurity, which prompted Al-Hassan to form his second government, Which has done excellent services in protecting the city and maintaining the security of its people despite its limited capabilities.
This government continued its work until 23 November 1920, when it was dissolved by theFrench occupation authorities.[13][11]
Al-Hassan represented theEuphrates region at theSyrian National Congress held in late June 1919, which proclaimed the independence ofSyria and establishment of theSyrian Arab Kingdom on 8 March 1920, and appointedFaisal bin Sharif Hussein as a king.[14] Al-Hassan participated in the coronation ofFaisal as king ofIraq on 23 August 1921 and supported hisinauguration.[15][16]
Al-Hassan died in 1936 in Deir al-Zour and was buried there. His sons continued his political work. His son, Dr. Badri Fadel Aboud, became theMinister of Health in the government ofSaid Al-Ghazi in 1955, under the presidency of PresidentShukri al-Quwatli. He was the firstMinister of Health from Deir al-Zour.
Ayyash Al-Haj Hussein Al-Jassim, aSyrian leader from Deir al-Zour city, began the armed struggle against theFrench colonizer ingovernorate of Deir al-Zour in 1925 coinciding with the outbreak of theGreat Syrian Revolution inJabal al-Arab andGhouta ofDamascus. He was sentenced by the French to exile toJableh city with his family after they were convicted of planning and carrying out several military operations against theFrench forces, the latest was in "Ain Albu Gomaa". They also sentenced his eldest son Mohammed 20 years in prison on theisland of Arwad, and executed his son Mahmoud by shooting with a number of otherrevolutionaries.[17][18][19][20]
Ayyash was born inDeir al-Zour in 1864 for Al-Haj family from the Abo Obaidclan from Al-Baggaratribe.,[1][10] He grew up in a national family that contributed to the struggle against thecolonizers throughout history, Therefore, Ayyash was liking his city and his homeland, and a lover of its material and immaterial traditions, and that is why he devoted most of his life to the service and protection of his city.[21][22][23][24] When theOttomans leftDeir ez-Zor, Ayyash Al-Haj contributed to protecting the people ofDeir ez-Zor from the chaos and the absence of security left by the absence of theOttoman authority. He formed a local government known asHaj Fadel Government with the dignitaries ofDeir ez-Zor, headed by his cousin from the Abu Obaidclan,Fadel Al-Aboud in 1918.[25]
He established a national army from the people of the city with Mr. Omar Al-'Abd Al-'Aziz and Mr. Khalaf Al-'Abd Al-Hamid to counter theinvasion of theEnglish and clashed with them at the site ofSalhiya in 1919.
Ayyash Al-Haj also contributed to resolving manyconflicts andrevolutions between the people ofDeir ez-Zor and between them and the people of the countryside due to his close ties with Al-Baggaratribes, his cousins and close friends of the Albu Sarayaclan, who later participated with his sons in the formation of armed revolutionary groups against theFrench forces.[26][27]
The French sentenced him to exile in the city ofJableh with his family members in 1925; they also sentenced his eldest son Mohammad to 20 years' imprisonment and executed his son Mahmoud by firing squad, after being convicted of planning and carrying out several military operations againstFrench forces in Syria, the most recent of which was the epic of Ain Bou Juma in 1925.[28][29]
Ayyash and his family left to their exile in the city ofJableh where the people of the city embraced him and were respected him for their struggle and virtues.[30][31][32][20]
Shortly after Ayyash Al-Haj family's living inJableh, The French authorities assassinated Ayyash Al-Haj in a café outside the city bypoisoning his coffee, and prevented the transfer of his body toDeir Ezzor city for reasons of public security, He was buried inJableh in the cemetery of SultanIbrahim ibn Adham Mosque where the absent prayers held for the spirit of this martyrmujahid in all the Syrian cities.[33][34][35]
Media related toAl-Baggara at Wikimedia Commons Arab tribes ofSyria | |
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Part ofArab tribes |
These prefixes ignored in the alphabetical ordering: Al, Al-Bu, Albu, Banu. | |
Part ofArab tribes |
