Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri (Arabic:إبراهيم عواد إبراهيم علي البدري,romanized: ʾIbrāhīm ʿAwād ʾIbrāhīm Alī al-Badri; 28 July 1971 – 27 October 2019), commonly known by hisnom de guerreAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Arabic:أبو بكر البغدادي,romanized: ʾAbū Bakr al-Baghdādī), was an Iraqi militant and leader of theIslamic State (IS) who served as its first caliph from 2014 untilhis death in 2019.
Baghdadi was born inSamarra and obtained graduate degrees inIslamic theology in the late 1990s and 2000s. According to supporters, he obtained a PhD at theIslamic University of Baghdad.[5] Following theAmerican invasion of Iraq in March 2003, Baghdadi led the "Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunna wal-Jama'ah" insurgent group inIraq and was detained withal-Qaeda commanders at the AmericanCamp Bucca in 2004.[6][7] His group joined theMujahideen Shura Council (MSC) coalition in 2006 and fought alongsideAl-Qaeda in Iraq.[7] Upon the dissolution of the MSC in October 2006, Baghdadi became a leading member of the newly establishedIslamic State of Iraq organization, and rose through the group's ranks until he was appointed itsemir, the highest leader, in 2010.[6][7] In March 2013, the group renamed itself as the "Islamic State of Iraq and Levant" (ISIL), announcing its intention to expand into Syria and forcibly assimilate theAl-Nusra Front, leading to a conflict withAl-Qaeda's general command. In June 2014, the group once again re-designated itself as the "Islamic State", and declared itself to be acaliphate.[8] Baghdadi was chosen caliph of the Islamic State by a "Shura Council", which represented those members of the Islamic State allegedlyqualified to elect a caliph.[9]
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is apseudonym.[18] Hiskunya (teknonym) wasAbu Bakr, meaning "father of a young camel".[19][20] Having at some time taken the name Abu Bakr, al-Baghdadi is thought to have adopted the name of the firstcaliph,Abu Bakr. During the times whenMuhammad[21] might have suffered from illnesses, Abu Bakr was the replacement for leadingprayer, according to theSunni tradition[22] ofIslam.[23] His surname literally means "The one from Baghdad" and denotes that he was fromBaghdad city orBaghdad governorate inIraq.[24]
He had various names andepithets such asash-Shabah (thephantom or ghost),[25]Invisible Sheikh,[26][verification needed][27][28][verification needed]Amir al-Mu'minin,Caliph (sometimes followed by Abu Bakr, al-Baghdadi, or Ibrahim),[29] andSheikh Baghdadi.[30] Other aliases used by al-Badri include Dr. Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai.[31] In 2014, theTelegraph reported that his birthname was Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badri.[32] In 2018,Reuters reported that his real name was Ibrahim al-Samarrai.[33]
Al-Baghdadi was born on 28 July 1971 inSamarra, hence hisnisba (onomastic)al-Samarra'i. He was born to aSunniArab family that belonged to the tribe ofAl-Bu Badri, giving him anothernisbaal-Badri.[11] This tribe includes a number of sub-tribes, including the Radhawiyyah, Husseiniyyah, Adnaniyyah, andQuraysh.[25] Al-Baghdadi later claimed that he was descended from the Quraysh tribe and therefore fromMuhammad, although there was no evidence to back up his claim.[39][40][41]
He was the third of the four sons of Awad Ibrahim, a religious cleric.[2][42][43][44][39] According to a short semi-authorized biography written by Abid Humam al-Athari, his grandfather, Ibrahim Ali al-Badri, apparently lived until the age of 94 and witnessed theUS occupation of Iraq.[39] His father, Awad, was active in the religious life of the community.[28] Awad taught the teenaged al-Baghdadi and got his own start as a teacher, leading children in a neighbourhood reciting theQuran.[28] Both his father and grandfather were said to be farmers.[39] His mother, whose name is not known, was described as a religious loving person and was notable in the al-Badri tribe.[45] One of al-Baghdadi's uncles served inSaddam Hussein's security services, and one of his brothers became an officer in theIraqi Army.[28] He has another brother, who probably died either during theIran–Iraq War or theGulf War while serving in the Iraqi military.[28][45] Al-Baghdadi was described as extremely conservative and religious even in his youth.[6]
Official education records from Samarra High School revealed that al-Baghdadi had to retake his high school certificate in 1991 and scored 481 out of 600 possible points.[45] A few months later, he was deemed unfit for military service by the Iraqi military due to his nearsightedness.[45] His high-school grades were not good enough for him to study his preferred subject (law, educational science and languages) at theUniversity of Baghdad.[45] Instead, it is believed that he attended theIslamic University of Baghdad, now known as Iraqi University, where he studiedIslamic law and, later, the Quran.[46]
According to a biography that circulated on extremist Internet forums in July 2013, he obtained aBA,MA, andPhD inIslamic studies from the Islamic University of Baghdad.[42][47][48] Another report says that he earned a doctorate in education from the University of Baghdad.[49]
Will McCants says that he "successfully" defended his Ph.D. thesis in 2007, "despite the weight of his new responsibilities" as a militant, his work consisting in editing a medieval manuscript,Ruḥ al-murid fi sharḥ al-'iqd al-farid fi nuzum at-tajrid by Muhammad al-Samarqandi (who died in 1378 in Baghdad), an Arabic poem on the recitation of the Qur'an (ortajwid), for which he was awarded a grade of "very good".[50]
In an interview withThe Daily Telegraph, contemporaries of al-Baghdadi describes him in his youth as being shy, unimpressive, areligious scholar, and a man whoeschewed violence. For more than a decade, until 2004, he lived in a room attached to a small localmosque in Tobchi, a poor neighbourhood on the western fringes ofBaghdad, inhabited by bothShia andSunni Muslims.[32]
Ahmed al-Dabash, the leader of theIslamic Army of Iraq and a contemporary of al-Baghdadi who fought against theallied invasion in 2003, gave a description of al-Baghdadi that matched that of the Tobchi residents:
I was with Baghdadi at the Islamic University. We studied the same course, but he wasn't a friend. He was quiet and retiring. He spent time alone ... I used to know all the leaders (of the insurgency) personally.Zarqawi (the former leader of al-Qaeda) was closer than a brother to me ... But I didn't know Baghdadi. He was insignificant. He used to lead prayer in a mosque near my area. No one really noticed him.[32]
"They [the US and Iraqi Governments] know physically who this guy is, but his backstory is just myth", said Patrick Skinner of the Soufan Group, a security consulting firm. "He's managed this secret persona extremely well, and it's enhanced his group's prestige", said Patrick Johnston of theRAND Corporation, adding, "Young people are really attracted to that."[51] Being mostly unrecognized, even in his own organization, Baghdadi was known to be nicknamed at some time about 2015, as "the invisiblesheikh".[26]
Al-Baghdadi was arrested byUS Forces-Iraq on 2 or 4 February 2004 nearFallujah while visiting the home of his old student friend, Nessayif Numan Nessayif, who was also on the American wanted list at the time[a][28] and studied together with al-Baghdadi at the Islamic University.[55] He was detained at theAbu Ghraib andCamp Bucca detention centers under his name Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badry[56] as a "civilian internee". His detainee card gives his profession as "administrative work (secretary)".[57] The US Department of Defense said al-Baghdadi was imprisoned at Compound 6, which was a medium security Sunni compound.[58] On 8 December 2004,[28] he was released as a prisoner deemed "low level"[56] after being recommended for release by the Combined Review and Release Board.[48][59][60][61]
A number of newspapers and news channels have instead stated that al-Baghdadi was interned from 2005 to 2009. These reports originate from an interview with the former commander of Camp Bucca, Colonel Kenneth King,[62] and are not substantiated by Department of Defense records.[63][64][65] Al-Baghdadi was imprisoned at Camp Bucca along with other future leaders of IS.[66]
Al-Baghdadi and his groupJamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah joined theMujahideen Shura Council (MSC) in 2006, in which he served as a member of the MSC's sharia committee.[48] Following the renaming of the MSC as theIslamic State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006, al-Baghdadi became the general supervisor of the ISI's sharia committee and a member of the group's senior consultative council.[48][67]
Al-Baghdadi was announced as leader of ISI on 16 May 2010, following the death of his predecessorAbu Omar al-Baghdadi.[68]
As leader of ISI, al-Baghdadi was responsible for masterminding large-scale operations such as the28 August 2011 suicide bombing at theUmm al-Qura Mosque inBaghdad, which killed prominentSunni lawmaker Khalid al-Fahdawi.[69] Between March and April 2011, ISI claimed 23 attacks south of Baghdad, all allegedly carried out under al-Baghdadi's command.[69]
Following thedeath of the founder and head of al-Qaeda,Osama bin Laden, on 2 May 2011, inAbbottabad, Pakistan, al-Baghdadi released a statement praising bin Laden and threatening violent retaliation for his death.[69] On 5 May 2011, al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for anattack in Hilla, 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Baghdad, that killed 24 policemen and wounded 72 others.[69][73]
On 15 August 2011, awave of ISI suicide attacks beginning inMosul resulted in 70 deaths.[69] Shortly thereafter, in retaliation for bin Laden's death, ISI pledged on its website to carry out 100 attacks across Iraq featuring various methods of attack, including raids, suicide attacks, roadside bombs and small arms attacks in all cities and rural areas across the country.[69]
On 22 December 2011, a series of coordinatedcar bombings and IED (improvised explosive device) attacks struck over a dozen neighborhoods across Baghdad, killing at least 63 people and wounding 180. The assault came just days after theUS completed its troop withdrawal from Iraq.[74] On 26 December, ISI released a statement on jihadist internet forums claiming credit for the operation, stating that the targets of the Baghdad attack were "accurately surveyed and explored" and that the "operations were distributed between targeting security headquarters, military patrols and gatherings of the filthy ones of theal-Dajjal Army (the 'Army of the Anti-Christ' in Arabic)", referring to theMahdi Army ofMuqtada al-Sadr.[74]
On 2 December 2012, Iraqi officials claimed that they had captured al-Baghdadi in Baghdad, following a two-month tracking operation. Officials claimed that they had also seized a list containing the names and locations of other al-Qaeda operatives.[75][76] However, this claim was rejected by ISI.[77] In an interview withAl Jazeera on 7 December 2012, Iraq's Acting Interior Minister said that the arrested man was not al-Baghdadi, but rather a sectional commander in charge of an area stretching from the northern outskirts ofBaghdad toTaji.[78]
Al-Baghdadi remained leader of theISI until its formal expansion intoSyria in 2013 when, in a statement on 8 April 2013, he announced the formation of theIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL); alternatively translated from Arabic as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS).[79]
When announcing the formation of ISIL, al-Baghdadi stated that theSyrian civil war jihadist faction,Jabhat al-Nusra – also known as al-Nusra Front – had been an extension of the ISI in Syria and was now to be merged with ISIL.[79][80] The leader of Jabhat al-Nusra,Abu Mohammad al-Julani, disputed this merging of the two groups and appealed to al-QaedaemirAyman al-Zawahiri, who issued a statement that ISIL should be abolished and that al-Baghdadi should confine his group's activities to Iraq.[81] Al-Baghdadi, however, dismissed al-Zawahiri's ruling and took control of a reported 80% of Jabhat al-Nusra's foreign fighters.[82] In January 2014, ISIL expelled Jabhat al-Nusra from the Syrian city ofRaqqa, and in the same month clashes between the two in Syria'sDeir ez-Zor Governorate killed hundreds of fighters and displaced tens of thousands of civilians.[83] In February 2014, al-Qaeda disavowed any relations with ISIL.[84]
According to several Western sources, al-Baghdadi and ISIL have received private financing from citizens inSaudi Arabia andQatar and enlisted fighters through recruitment drives in Saudi Arabia in particular.[85][86][87][88]
On 29 June 2014, ISIL announced the establishment of aworldwide caliphate. Al-Baghdadi was named itscaliph, to be known as "Caliph Ibrahim", and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was renamed the Islamic State (IS).[89][90]
The declaration of a caliphate was heavily criticized by Middle Eastern governments, other jihadist groups,[91] andSunni Muslim theologians and historians. Qatar-based TV broadcaster and theologianYusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void undersharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group.[92]
As a caliph, al-Baghdadi was required to hold to each dictate of thesunnah, whose precedence is set and recorded in thesahihhadiths. According to tradition, if a caliph fails to meet any of these obligations at any period, he is required by the law to abdicate his position and the community has to appoint a new caliph, theoretically selected from throughout the caliphdom as being the most religiously and spiritually pious individual among them.[93] Due to the widespread rejection of his caliphhood, al-Baghdadi's status as caliph has been compared to that of other caliphs whose caliphship has been questioned.[94]
In an audio-taped message, al-Baghdadi announced that IS would march on"Rome"—generally interpreted to mean theWest—in its quest to establish an Islamic State from the Middle East across Europe. He said that he would conquer both Rome andSpain in this endeavor[95][96] and urged Muslims across the world to immigrate to the new Islamic State.[95]
On 8 July 2014, IS launched its online magazineDabiq. The title appeared to have been selected for its eschatological connections with the Islamic version of theend times, ormalahim.[97]
According to a report in October 2014, after suffering serious injuries, al-Baghdadi fled IS's capital cityRaqqa due to the intense bombing campaign launched byCoalition forces, and sought refuge in the Iraqi city ofMosul, the largest city under IS control at the time.[98]
On 7 November 2014, there were unconfirmed reports of al-Baghdadi's death after an airstrike in Mosul,[99] while other reports said that he was only wounded.[100][101]
On 20 January 2015, theSyrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that al-Baghdadi had been wounded in an airstrike inAl-Qa'im, an Iraqi border town held by IS at that time, and as a result withdrew to Syria.[102]
On 8 February 2015, after Jordan had conducted 56 airstrikes which reportedly killed 7,000 IS militants from 5–7 February, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was said to have fled from Raqqa toMosul out of fear for his life.[103][104] However, after a Peshmerga source informed the US-led Coalition that al-Baghdadi was in Mosul, Coalition warplanes continuously bombed the locations where IS leaders were known to meet for 2 hours.[104]
Al-Baghdadi was aserial rapist,[13] having maintained "a number of personal sex slaves".[14]
On 14 August 2015, it was reported that he allegedly claimed, as his "wife", American hostageKayla Mueller andraped her repeatedly.[105] Mueller was later alleged by an IS media account to have been killed in an airstrike by anti-IS forces in February 2015.[106] However, a Yazidi woman who had been held as a sex slave stated that Mueller was killed by IS.[107]
Through his forename, al-Baghdadi was rumored to have been styling himself after the first caliph,Abu Bakr, who led the "Rightly Guided" orRashidun. According toSunni tradition, Abu Bakr replacedMuhammad as prayer leader when he was suffering from illnesses.[22] Another feature of the original Rashidun was what some historians dub as the firstSunni–Shia discord during theBattle of Siffin. Some publishers have drawn a correlation between those ancient events and modernSalafizing andcaliphizing[108] aims under al-Baghdadi's rule.[109][110]
Due to the relatively stationary nature of IS control, the elevation of religious clergy who engage intheocratization,[111] and the group's scripture-themed legal system, some analysts declared al-Baghdadi a theocrat and IS a theocracy.[112] Other indications of the decline ofsecularism were the destruction of secular institutions and its replacement with strictsharia law, and the gradual caliphization andSunnification of regions under the group's control.[113]
A video, made during the first Friday prayer service ofRamadan, shows al-Baghdadi speaking on a pulpit in the Arabic language to a congregation at theGreat Mosque of al-Nuri inMosul, northern Iraq on 4 July 2014. In the video, al-Baghdadi declares himself caliph of the Islamic State and calls on Muslims worldwide to support him.[114] A representative of theIraqi government denied that the video was of al-Baghdadi, calling it a "farce."[92] However, both theBBC and theAssociated Press quoted unnamed Iraqi officials as saying that the man in the video was believed to be al-Baghdadi.[115][116][117]
IS released an audio-taped message, claiming it to be in the voice of al-Baghdadi, on 13 November 2014. In the 17-minute recording, released viasocial media, al-Baghdadi says that IS fighters would never cease fighting "even if only one soldier remains." Al-Baghdadi urges supporters of the Islamic State to "erupt volcanoes of jihad" across the world. He calls for attacks to be mounted in Saudi Arabia, describing Saudi leaders as "the head of the snake", and also says that the US-led military campaign in Syria and Iraq was failing. He declares that IS would keep marching forward and would "break the man-made borders" of Jordan and Lebanon as well as "freePalestine".[118]
IS released an audio message which it claimed was from al-Baghdadi, on 14 May 2015. In the recording, al-Baghdadi urges Muslims to immigrate to the Islamic State and join the fight in Iraq and Syria. He also condemns theSaudi involvement in Yemen, and claims that the conflict will lead to the end of theSaudi royal family's rule. He further claims thatIslam was never areligion of peace but instead is "the religion of fighting".[119]
An audio message that was approximately 23 minutes long was released on 26 December 2015. Al-Baghdadi warns Western nations to not interfere further in their matters and threatens the future establishment of IS inIsrael. He also celebrates the defeat of "crusaders" and "Jews" in Iraq and Afghanistan.[120]
An audio message was released on 2 November 2016. In it, al-Baghdadi discusses the need for IS to defend their forces withinMosul and encourages IS forces to persecuteShia Muslims and theAlawites. He also states plans to begin fighting in Saudi Arabia,Turkey, and further away, and argues in favour of usingmartyrdom in Libya to spread support.[121][122]
A 46-minute audio recording was released on 28 September 2017 through the IS-owned media organizationAl Furqan in which al-Baghdadi accuses the United States of wilting in the face ofRussia and lacking "the will to fight".[123][124] Al-Baghdadi refers to recent events includingNorth Korean threats againstJapan and the United States and the recapture ofMosul by US backed Iraqi forces over two months earlier, likely to dispel rumours of his death.[125] Throughout, al-Baghdadi calls for further attacks in the West and, more specifically, for attacks on Western media, saying: "Oh soldiers ofIslam in every location, increase blow after blow, and make the media centers of the infidels, from where they wage their intellectual wars, among the targets."[125]
An audio message was released on 23 August 2018, almost a year after his previous communication. Al-Baghdadi calls on his followers to "persevere" despite heavy losses in Iraq and Syria and calls for more attacks around the world. He also comments on recent events, suggesting that the audio message was recorded recently. Many experts believed that it was him as the voice resembled that heard in his other audio messages.[126]
On 29 April 2019, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was shown in an 18-minute long video released by an Islamic State media group, his first public appearance in almost five years. In the video, al-Baghdadi is shown with an assault rifle mentioning recent events such as the loss of the last IS territory inBaghuz Fawqani, theSri Lanka Easter bombings and the overthrow of Sudanese and Algerian presidentsOmar al-Bashir andAbdelaziz Bouteflika, suggesting that the video was filmed around a week before being released.[127][128]
On 16 September 2019 al-Baghdadi released an audio message calling for his followers to free detained IS members and their families held in camps in Iraq and Syria.[129] It was recorded and distributed by Al Furqan Establishment for Media Production.[130]
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was designated by theUnited States Department of State as aSpecially Designated Global Terrorist.[10] The US Department of State'sRewards for Justice Program identified Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as a senior leader of the IS terrorist organization, and as having been "responsible for the deaths of thousands of civilians in the Middle East, including the brutal murder of numerous civilian hostages from Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States."[10] Authorities within the United States had also accused al-Baghdadi of kidnapping, enslaving, and repeatedly raping an American,Kayla Mueller, who IS later alleged was killed in a Jordanian airstrike but is believed to have been executed by IS.[106]
Al-Baghdadi was the top target in the war against IS. US Intelligence believed that he was based inRaqqa and that he kept a low profile, hiding among the civilian population. Until summer 2017, IS was believed to be headquartered in a series of buildings in Raqqa, but the proximity of civilians made targeting the headquarters off-limits under USrules of engagement.[131] Photos of a possible public appearance in aFallujah mosque surfaced in February 2016.[132]
Haider al-Abadi was reported (Ensor, 7 February 2017) to have stated he knew of the location of al-Baghdadi. Colonel John Dorrian, of the Combined Joint Task Force, stated he was aware of al-Baghdadi having chosen to sleep in asuicide vest, in the event he should find himself facing capture.[133]
In 2018, Iraqi intelligence officials and a number of experts believed that al-Baghdadi was hiding in IS's then-de facto capital ofHajin, in IS'sMiddle Euphrates Valley Pocket in Syria. Even though no direct evidence has yet been found that al-Baghdadi himself was present in the city, experts noted that the remaining IS leadership was concentrated in Hajin, and that IS was persistently launching a strenuous defense.[134] Hajin was captured by theSyrian Democratic Forces on 14 December 2018, but al-Baghdadi's whereabouts were still unknown.[135]
On 1 February 2019, the chief of the Intelligence Office ofIraq's Interior Ministry, Abu Ali al-Basri, stated that al-Baghdadi never stayed in one place at a time as he continued to sneak back-and-forth across theIraq-Syria border. "We have information that he moved from Syria and entered Iraq throughAnbar and thenSalaheddine", al-Basri said.[136] Additionally, Fadhel Abu Rageef, a Baghdad-based political and security analyst, toldFox News that Baghdadi maneuvered without convoys or any attention-drawing security figures, and was instead only flanked by a couple of trusted loyalists – and neither he nor his associates had mobile phones or detectable devices. "We think Baghdadi is in theSyrian desert at large, wearing modern clothes, no mobiles, a simple car, and just a driver. Anyone around him is dressed in modern clothes", Rageef said.[137]
According to anAssociated Press interview with aYazidi slave of his, al-Baghdadi had tried to escape to Idlib in late 2017 along with a wife and his security guards, but returned midway due to fear of an attempt on his life. According to her, he later first stayed atHajin for a week, before travelling toDashisha where she stayed for four months at the home of his father-in-law Abu Abdullah al-Zubaie. She stated that he would only move around at night and in disguise, along with five of his guards, stating she last met him in the spring of 2018 before a new master took her away.[138]
Al-Baghdadi's brother-in-law Mohamad Ali Sajit, during an interview withAl Arabiya, described al-Baghdadi during the last months of his life as having been "a nervous wreck" who would often suspect IS governors of betrayal. Sajit stated that he met al-Baghdadi for the first time in Hajin in late 2017, and that the final time was in the desert located along theIraq-Syria border. According to Sajit, al-Baghdadi only traveled with five to seven confidantes, which includedAbul-Hasan al-Muhajir, his security head Abu Sabah, al-Zubaie who was killed in March 2019, and Tayseer alias Abu al-Hakim, IS's former wali of Iraq. Sajit further stated that while in hiding, al-Baghdadi always kept a suicide vest with him, ordered others to do the same, sometimes disguised himself as a shepherd, and that only his confidante al-Muhajir used a mobile phone. Sajit also related how on one occasion al-Baghdadi had to be hidden in a pit to save him from a possible raid along the Iraq-Syrian border, that Baghdadi's diabetes had worsened in the end due to his constantly trying to evade capture, and that he didn't fast duringRamadan, nor let his associates do so.[138]
According tomedia reports, al-Baghdadi was wounded on 18 March 2015 during a coalition airstrike on the al-Baaj District, in theNineveh Governorate, near the Syrian border. His wounds were apparently so serious that the top IS leaders had a meeting to discuss who would replace him if he died. According to reports, by 22 April al-Baghdadi had not yet recovered enough from his injuries to resume daily control of IS.[139] TheUS Department of Defense said that al-Baghdadi had not been the target of the airstrikes, and "we have no reason to believe it was Baghdadi."[140] On 22 April 2015, Iraqi government sources reported thatAbu Ala al-Afri, the self-proclaimed caliph's deputy and a former Iraqi physics teacher, had been installed as the stand-in leader while Baghdadi recuperated from his injuries.[141]
April 2015:The Guardian reported that al-Baghdadi was recovering from the severe injuries which he had received during the airstrike on 18 March 2015, in a part ofMosul. It was also reported that aspinal injury which had left him paralyzed meant that he might never be able to fully resume direct command of IS.[142]
20 July 2015:The New York Times wrote that rumors that al-Baghdadi had been killed or injured earlier in the year had been "dispelled".[143]
11 October 2015: the Iraqi air force claimed to have bombed al-Baghdadi's convoy in the western Anbar province close to the Syrian border while he was heading toAl-Karābilah to attend an IS meeting, the location of which was also said to be bombed. His fate was not immediately confirmed.[144] There was some subsequent speculation that he may not have been present in the convoy at all.[145]
9 June 2016: Iraqi State TV claimed that al-Baghdadi had been wounded in a US airstrike in Northern Iraq. Coalition spokesmen said they could not confirm the reports.[146]
14 June 2016: several Middle Eastern media outlets claimed that al-Baghdadi had been killed in a US airstrike in Raqqa on 12 June. Coalition spokesmen said they could not confirm the reports.[147][148]The Independent however, later stated that these reports of Baghdadi's death were based on a digitally altered image claiming to be a media statement from IS.[149]
3 October 2016: Various media outlets claimed that al-Baghdadi and 3 senior IS leaders were poisoned by an assassin but still alive.[150]
18 April 2017: some media reported that al-Baghdadi was arrested in Syria. Citing the European Department for Security and Information (DESI), several media outlets reported that al-Baghdadi was apprehended by Syrian and Russian joint forces.[151][152][153] However, theRussianForeign Ministry toldRudaw they did not have knowledge of the news and were not aware of his arrest.[154]
11 June 2017: Syrian state TV claimed al-Baghdadi had been killed in theartillery strike that was backed by the US.[155]
16 June 2017: Russian media reported that al-Baghdadi might have been killed in a Russian air strike near Raqqa, Syria, on 28 May[156][157] along with 30 mid-level IS leaders and 300 other fighters. The Russian claims to have killed 330 IS fighters including Baghdadi did not match reports fromRaqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently andSyrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which found 17 or 18 civilian deaths and possibly 10 IS fighter deaths from an airstrike against buses south of Raqqa on 28 May.[158] The United States cast doubt on the claim, noting a lack of independent evidence.[159][160]
23 June 2017: Russian politician Viktor Ozerov stated that al-Baghdadi's death was almost "100% certain".[161] Iran later claimed to confirm Russia's claim that Al-Baghdadi was killed in an airstrike.[162]
29 June 2017: TheIslamic Republic News Agency (IRNA), the Iranian government's official media, published an article quoting a representative for Iranian leaderAyatollah Ali Khamenei to theQuds Force, stating that al-Baghdadi was "definitely dead". IRNA removed this quotation in an updated version of this article.[163]
11 July 2017: Iraqi news agencyAl Sumaria stated on its website that IS had circulated a brief statement inTal Afar that Baghdadi was dead.[164] TheSyrian Observatory for Human Rights claimed it had "confirmed information" of his death.[165] The US Department of Defense stated it was trying to confirm the new reports of his death.[166] The Kurdish counter-terrorism officialLahur Talabany toldReuters he was "99 percent" sure Baghdadi was alive and hiding in Raqqa.[167] The search was reported to still be ongoing byThe Guardian in January 2018.[168]
28 July 2017: Drone expert and former intelligence soldierBrett Velicovich, described multiple covert missions[169] in which his special operations team led the hunt for al-Baghdadi immediately after they killed his predecessor,Abu Omar al-Baghdadi in April 2011. One of those missions described an opportunity to capture al-Baghdadi when he was discovered via drone meeting IS associates in downtown Baghdad—a mission that was ultimately delayed due to State Department rules of engagement at the time.[170][171] Velicovich was further questioned byFox News about the reports of al-Baghdadi's death after a Russian government claim of having killed him in Syria, during which Velicovich stated that he did not believe the claims and if he was dead the US Government would have announced it.[172]
23 August 2018: Al-Furqan, an IS media outlet, released an audio statement "Glad Tidings to the Steadfast" on the Muslim holiday ofEid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice). The statement was made by Baghdadi, ending the speculation about his purported death.[173]
29 April 2019: A video emerged of Baghdadi on IS media network Al Furqan praising the perpetrators of the2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings.[174]
On 27 October 2019, USJoint Special Operations Command's (JSOC) 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (SFOD-D) (commonly known asDelta Force), along with soldiers from the75th Ranger Regiment and160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) conducted a raid through air space controlled by Russia and Turkey into therebel-heldIdlib province of Syria on the border with Turkey to capture al-Baghdadi.[175][176][177] US PresidentDonald Trump and his officials stated that while being hunted by Americanmilitary canines and after being cornered in a tunnel, al-Baghdadi died by self-detonating a suicide vest, killing three young children, reportedly his own, as well.[178][179] Trump stated: "He died like a dog. He died like a coward. The world is now a much safer place."[180] The commander of US Central Command, Gen.Frank McKenzie, later revised the number of children killed to two.[181] The blast also injured 2 Delta operators and 1military working dog (Conan) but caused no life-threatening injuries.[182][183] The raid was launched based on aCIASpecial Activities Division intelligence effort that located the leader of IS.[184][15] This operation was conducted during the withdrawal of US forces from northeast Syria.[185][186]
President Trump announced on 27 October 2019 that American forces used helicopters, jets and drones through airspace controlled by Russia and Turkey.[187] He said that "Russia treated us great ... Iraq was excellent. We really had great cooperation" and Turkey had been informed of the operation prior to its commencement.[179] He also thanked Russia, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and the Syrian Kurdish forces for their support.[179]
The Turkish Defence Ministry confirmed on 27 October that Turkish and US military authorities exchanged and coordinated information ahead of an attack in Syria's Idlib.[188][189] Fahrettin Altun, a senior aide to Turkish PresidentRecep Tayyip Erdogan, also stated, among other things, that "Turkey was proud to help the United States, our NATO ally, bring a notorious terrorist to justice" and that Turkey would "continue to work closely with the United States and others to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations."[190] Kremlin spokesmanDmitry Peskov declined confirming whether the United States had told Russia about the raid in advance, but stated the result (of the strike), if confirmed, represented a serious contribution by the United States to combat terrorism.[191] Russia had previously stated they believed he was killed during a Russian airstrike on 4 apartment buildings inRaqqa city on 28 May 2017, but, at the time, were still seeking confirmation.[192][193]DNA profiling was undertaken immediately after Baghdadi's death in 2019 to confirm his identity.[179]
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,Mark A. Milley stated during a Pentagon briefing that "the disposal of his [al-Baghdadi's] remains has been done and is complete and was handled appropriately." Milley initially claimed Washington had no plans to release images of his death, later revealing footage of the raid at a briefing on 30 October.[194][195] According to three anonymous U.S. officials, Baghdadi was buried at sea and afforded Islamic rites.[196][197][198][199] and General Frank McKenzie.[200]
In September 2019, a statement attributed toAmaq News Agency - IS's propaganda arm - statedAbdullah Qardash was named as al-Baghdadi's successor.[202][203] Analysts dismissed this statement as a fabrication, while relatives were reported to have said Qardash died in 2017.[204]Rita Katz, a terrorism analyst and co-founder ofSITE Intelligence, noted the font used for the statement released in September differed from that of prior statements published by the agency, nor had it been distributed via Amaq or IS channels.[205] Two other individuals - Saudi Arabian, Abu Saleh al-Juzrawi, and Tunisian, Abu Othman al-Tunsi - were named as possible candidates to succeed al-Baghdadi,[204][206] given their close relationship with Baghdadi, and believed to be present in his last video appearance.[207]
On 29 October 2019, Trump stated on social media that al-Baghdadi's "number one replacement" had also been killed by American forces, adding he "Most likely would have taken the top spot - Now he is also Dead!"[208] While Trump did not specify the name of the alleged successor, a U.S. official later clarified Trump was referring toAbul-Hasan al-Muhajir - an IS spokesman and senior leader[209] killed in a U.S. airstrike in Syria two days earlier.[210] On 31 October, an IS outlet namedAbu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi as al-Baghdadi's successor onTelegram.[211]
Reuters, quoting tribal sources in Iraq, reported Baghdadi had three wives, twoIraqis and oneSyrian.[212] TheIraqi Interior Ministry said that al-Baghdadi had two wives, Asma Fawzi Mohammed al-Dulaimi (sometimes referred to as "al-Qubaysi" or "al-Kubaysi"[213]) and Israa Rajab Mahal al-Qaisi.[214] However, in 2016Fox News reported, based on local media, that Saja al-Dulaimi was al-Baghdadi's most powerful wife.[215]
On 27 October 2019, when it was said al-Baghdadi died, it was reported that two of al-Baghdadi's wives were also killed, wearing suicide vests that had not detonated.[216][217] This was confirmed byUnited States Secretary of StateMike Pompeo.[218]
In November 2019, Turkish PresidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that they had captured Asma. A Turkish official stated that she had already been captured on 2 June 2018 in the province ofHatay, along with 10 others.[219] She was sentenced to death in Iraq on July 10, 2024, as punishment for detaining Yazidi women in her house.[220]
In April 2015, multiple media reports emerged claiming that al-Baghdadi had married a German teenager on 31 March 2015.[221] On 28 February 2016, Iraqi media reported that she had left IS and had fled Iraq along with two other women. She was identified as Diane Kruger.[222] According to reports in the Iraqi media, she had married him during October 2015, somewhere withinNineveh Governorate.[223]
According to several sources, Sujidah (sometimes referred to as "Saja"[224]) al-Dulaimi was the wife of al-Baghdadi.[225] It was reported the couple had allegedly met and fallen in love online.[225] Sujidah al-Dulaimi was arrested in Syria in late 2013 or early 2014, and was released from a Syrian jail in March 2014 as part of a prisoner swap involving 150 women, in exchange for 13 nuns taken captive by al-Qaeda-linked militants. Also released in March were her two sons and her younger brother.[226] TheIraqi Interior Ministry has said, "There is no wife named Saja al-Dulaimi."[215]
Al-Dulaimi's family allegedly all adhere to IS's ideology. Her father, Ibrahim Dulaimi, an IS emir in Syria, was reportedly killed in September 2013 during an operation against the Syrian Army in Deir Attiyeh. Her sister, Duaa, was allegedly behind a suicide attack that targeted a Kurdish gathering in Erbil.[227] The Iraq Interior Ministry has said that her brother is facing execution in Iraq for a series of bombings in southern Iraq.[224][228] The Iraq government, however, said that al-Dulaimi is the daughter of an active member of al-Qaeda's affiliate in Syria,al-Nusra Front.[229]
In late November 2014, al-Dulaimi was arrested and held for questioning by Lebanese authorities, along with two sons and a young daughter. They were traveling on false documents.[212] The children were held in a care center while al-Dulaimi was interrogated.[229]
The capture was a joint intelligence operation by Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq, with the US assisting the last. Al-Dulaimi's potential intelligence value is unknown. An unnamed intelligence source toldThe New York Times that during the Iraq war, when the Americans captured a wife ofAbu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader ofal-Qaeda in Iraq, "We got little out of her, and when we sent her back, Zarqawi killed her."[224] As of December 2014[update], al-Baghdadi's family members were seen by the Lebanese authorities as potential bargaining chips in prisoner exchanges.[230]
In the clearest explanation yet of al-Dulaimi's connection to al-Baghdadi, Lebanese Interior MinisterNohad Machnouk told Lebanon's MTV channel that "Dulaimi is not Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's wife currently. She has been married three times: first to a man from the former Iraqi regime, with whom she had two sons."[229] Other sources identify her first husband as Fallah Ismail Jassem, a member of theRashideen Army, who was killed in a battle with the Iraqi Army in 2010.[226][231][232] Machnouk continued, "Six years ago she married Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi for three months, and she had a daughter with him. Now, she is married to a Palestinian and she is pregnant with his child." The Minister added, "We conducted DNA tests on her and the daughter, which showed she was the mother of the girl, and that the girl is [Baghdadi's] daughter, based on DNA from Baghdadi from Iraq."[229][233]
Al-Monitor reported a Lebanese security source as saying that al-Dulaimi had been under scrutiny since early 2014. He said thatJabhat al-Nusra "had insisted back in March on including her in the swap that ended the kidnapping of theMaaloula nuns. The negotiators said on their behalf that she was very important, and they were ready to cancel the whole deal for her sake." He added, "It was later revealed byAbu al-Malik al-Talli, one of al-Nusra's leaders, that she was Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's wife."[234]
On 9 December 2014, al-Dulaimi and her current Palestinian husband, Kamal Khalaf, were formally arrested after the Lebanese Military Court issued warrants and filed charges for belonging to a terrorist group, holding contacts with terrorist organizations, and planning to carry out terrorist acts.[235] In December 2015, the Lebanese government exchanged al-Dulaimi and her daughter for Lebanese soldiers being held by al-Qaeda affiliateal-Nusra Front in a prisoner swap deal.[236] Her brother is reported to be a Nusra member according to a Lebanese security source.[237]
Dulaimi in an interview conducted byExpressen in 2016, described al-Baghdadi as a family man, but said he rarely talked with her. She stated that she had a co-wife while they were married. Dulaimi claimed that she ran away after becoming pregnant because she was not happy with him, stating the last time they talked was in 2009 and the two had divorced.[237] She now resides in Lebanon.[238]
On 4 November 2019, Turkey announced that they captured al-Baghdadi's older sister, Rasmiya Awad, near the town ofAzaz.[239] Her identity, however, had not been verified.[240][241]
Baghdadi's brother Jumah (also referred to as "Jomaa"[242]) acted as a courier for him according to anonymous Iraqi intelligence agents in an interview withThe National, delivering messages to and fro between IS militants in Turkey and his brother. A Western intelligence agent stated that they hadn't apprehended him yet deliberately, so he could lead them to al-Baghdadi.[243] According to Iraqi officials in interview withThe Guardian, the wives of Jumah and another brother Ahmad have been smuggled out to Turkey throughIdlib province.[244]
According to an investigation by news outletAl-Monitor based on an interview with Abu Ahmad, who claimed to have known al-Baghdadi since the 1990s, al-Baghdadi's brothers are named Shamsi, Jumah, and Ahmad.[242] Jumah is reported to be the closest to him and is also said to have been his bodyguard. Shamsi and al-Baghdadi were reported to have a dispute over Baghdadi's decision to join the insurgency in Iraq.[45] The former is reported to be under the custody of Iraqi authorities and suffering from severe health issues.[242] Personal information on Ahmad is scarce other than his money problems.[45]
According to a reporter forThe Guardian, al-Baghdadi married in Iraq around the year 2000 after finishing his doctorate. The son of this marriage was 11 years old in 2014.[32]
A girl named Hagar born in 2008, who was detained in Lebanon in 2014 with her mother Saja al-Dulaimi, is allegedly al-Baghdadi's daughter.[224][229][245]
Al-Baghdadi's son Hudhayfah al-Badri was killed in action in 2018 during theSyrian civil war while taking part in anInghimasi-style attack on the Syrian Army and Russian forces inHoms Governorate.[246]
During theBarisha raid, three of al-Baghdadi's children died with him in a dead-end tunnel after he detonated his vest, according to US President Donald Trump.[247] General Frank McKenzie however later said only two children had died.[248]
After Saja al-Dulaimi's arrest in 2014, a connection was made to her sister, Duaa Amid Ibrahim (aged 24 in 2016), who was arrested with a suicide vest enteringErbil in about 2011.[249] Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi'ssister-in-law remains in aKurdish jail.[215]
Abu Ahmed al-Samarrai:
The Head of the Khalidiya Council inAl Anbar Governorate reported in February 2016: "Today, Iraqi Air Force conducted an airstrike on the so-called IS sharia court in Albu Bali area in Khalidiya Island east of Ramadi. The strike resulted in the death of Abu Ahmed al-Samarrai, the nephew of the IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, along with eight of his companions, as well as Adel al-Bilawi, the Military Commander ofAlbu Bali area."[250]
Muhammad Ali Sajit orMuhammad Ali Sajid al-Zobaie:
Reported asbrother-in-law of al-Baghdadi, being the husband of a daughter of al-Baghdadi'sfather-in-law Abu Abdullah al-Zubaie. He claims to have acted as a courier for the IS leader, delivering messages to the group's commanders in Iraq. Caught in June 2019 by Iraqi forces.[138][251]
^abcKamolnick, Paul (February 2017).The Al-Qaeda Organization and the Islamic State Organization: History, Doctrine, Modus Operandi, and U.S. Policy to Degrade and Defeat Terrorism Conducted in the Name of Sunni Islam. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press.
^abGardner, Frank (29 October 2019)."Baghdadi death: What now for IS?".BBC News.Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved4 November 2019.The fact that Baghdadi was a serial rapist, forcing himself on, among others, the captured American aid worker Kayla Mueller, and presiding over the mass enslavement of Yazidi women and underage girls, does not seem to have troubled his followers at all.
^abWarrick, Joby (27 October 2019)."Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, extremist leader of Islamic State, dies at 48".The Washington Post.Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved28 October 2019.Later, former hostages would reveal that Mr. Baghdadi also kept a number of personal sex slaves during his years as the Islamic State's leader
^"A biography of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi".Insite Blog on Terrorism & Extremism.SITE Intelligence Group. 12 August 2014.Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved15 August 2014.He is a graduate of the Islamic University in Baghdad, where he finished his academic studies (BA, MA and PhD)
^Kazemzadeh, Masoud (2020). "5:The sources of the Middle East's crises and American grand strategy".Iran's Foreign Policy: Elite Factionalism, Ideology, the Nuclear Weapons Program, and the United States. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017: Routledge. p. 72.ISBN978-0-367-49545-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^James Gordon Meek (14 August 2015)."ISIS Leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi Sexually Abused American Hostage Kayla Mueller, Officials Say". Washington, D.C.:ABC News.Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved14 August 2015.The information about al-Baghdadi's extraordinary direct role in the captivity and physical abuse of Kayla Mueller was drawn from, among many sources, the U.S. debriefings of at least two Yazidi teenage girls, ages 16 and 18, held as sex slaves in the Sayyaf compound as well as from the interrogation of Abu Sayyaf's wife Umm Sayyaf, who was captured in the U.S. raid, the officials told ABC News.
^Rabil, Robert G. (1 September 2018)."ISIS Isn't Dead Yet".The National Interest.Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved20 October 2018.
