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250s

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Decade

Millennia
1st millennium
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2nd century 3rd century 4th century
Decades
230s 240s 250s 260s 270s
Years
250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259
Categories
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v t e

The250s (pronounced two-fifties or two-hundred and fifties) was a decade that ran from January 1, 250, to December 31, 259.

Events

250

This section istranscluded fromAD 250.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

A group ofFranks penetrate as far asTarragona inSpain (approximate date).
TheGoths under KingCniva invadeMoesia. They cross theDanube and lay siege toNovae andMarcianopolis.
Battle of Augusta Traiana: The Romans lose the battle against the Goths.
Cniva lays siege toPhilippopolis (modernPlovdiv). After a long resistance, Cniva conquers the city and slays its one hundred thousand inhabitants.
TheAlamanni drive the Romans from the modern area ofDonau-Ries.
An epidemic begins inEthiopia, moves intoEgypt and theRoman colonies in North Africa, and spreads through theRoman Empire (named thePlague of Cyprian, afterSt. Cyprian, bishop ofCarthage).

Africa

The Kingdom ofAksum (Axum) takes control of commerce on theRed Sea.

Asia

The earliest Chinese references to a device known as "emperor's south-pointingcarriage" date to this period.

Mesomerica

Teotihuacán is rebuilt as a four-quartered cosmogram byZapotec architects brought fromMonte Albán inOaxaca.
Classic period ofMesoamerican civilization begins.

By topic

Art and science

Diophantus writesArithmetica, the first systematic treatise on algebra.
Approximate date
- The family portrait medallion, traditionally called theFamily of Vunnerius Keramus, is made (it is later placed in the Brescia Cross, and then in the Museo Civico dell'Etá Cristiana,Brescia).
- TheLudovisi Battle sarcophagus, depicting battle between the Romans and the Barbarians, is made for use inRome (it is later moved to the collection of theNational Roman Museum).
- TheIgel Column is erected atTrier in Germany.

Religion

January 3 –Decian persecution ofChristians is initiated when EmperorDecius orders everyone in theRoman Empire (except Jews) to perform a sacrifice to the gods ofreligion in ancient Rome. OnJanuary 20, PopeFabian becomes one of the first martyrs of thispersecution.
Possible date –Denis, a bishop ofParis, is martyred by beheading.^[1]

251

This section istranscluded fromAD 251.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

July 1 –Battle of Abritus: TheGoths defeat EmperorDecius and his sonHerennius Etruscus, on swampy ground in theDobruja (Moesia).
May – The firstSynod of Carthage, a pre-ecumenical council, is held under the presidency ofSaint Cyprian.
InRome,Hostilian, son of Decius, succeeds his father, whileTrebonianus Gallus is proclaimedEmperor by the troops. Gallus accepts him as co-emperor, but an outbreak ofplague strikes the city, and kills Hostilian.
The prosperity ofRoman Britain declines during this period, as theGermanic tribes of theFranks andSaxons, whose homelands are inFriesland and theLow Countries, make raids around the southeast coast.
Gallus makes peace with the Goths; he permits them to keep their plunder, and offers them a bribe not to return.
A 15-yearplague begins in theRoman Empire.

Persia

Sassanid KingShapur I orders an invasion ofSyria, with the intent of finally capturing the city ofAntioch during the campaign of 251–254.

China

Wang Ling's rebellion against the Wei regentSima Yi is quelled.
Sima Yi passes away inLuoyang.
Sima Shi, Sima Yi's eldest son, inherits his father's authority.

By topic

Religion

March –Pope Cornelius succeedsPope Fabian as the 21stpope.

252

This section istranscluded fromAD 252.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

Battle of Barbalissos: KingShapur I defeats the Roman army (some 70,000 men) atBarbalissos inSyria (approximate date).^[2]

Persia

Shapur I puts down therevolt inKhorasan (Iran andTurkmenistan), and rejoins his army.
Shapur I invadesArmenia, and appointsArtavazd VI as the new Armenian king.
Georgia submits peacefully to Shapur I, and becomes a vassal of theSassanid Empire.

Asia

Sun Liang succeeds his fatherSun Quan, as emperor of the Chinese state ofEastern Wu.

By topic

Religion

PopeCornelius is exiled toCentumcellae, by EmperorTrebonianus Gallus.

253

This section istranscluded fromAD 253.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

Thelegions who have campaigned against theGoths on theDanube electMarcus Aemilius Aemilianus as new emperor. He advances onRome along theFlaminian Way, to meet his opponent emperorTrebonianus Gallus and his sonVolusianus. For the most part, generals in the border regions are proclaimedemperor by their armies to halt the invasion ofGermanic tribes.
Aemilianus is proclaimed "enemy of the State" by theRoman Senate. Trebonianus Gallus is defeated atInteramna Nahars (Umbria); he flees with Volusianus to the north, but atFoligno they are killed by their own troops.
Aemilianus rules the Roman Empire for three months; he promises to fight inThrace and goes to war againstPersia. The Senate gives him the rank ofPontifex Maximus.
Aemilianus is murdered atSpoletium andPublius Valerianus, age 60, is recognised as the new emperor by theRhine legions. He gives his sonPublius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus the titleAugustus. Valerianus I dispatches him to the Danube where the Goths have violated the treaty signed with Rome and invadedMoesia.
Valerianus I splits the Roman Empire in two; Gallienus taking control of the West and his father ruling the East, where he faces thePersian threat.
Battle of Barbalissos: KingShapur I, defeats a Roman field army atBarbalissos inSyria.^[3]
Valerian reformsLegio IIIAugusta to fight the "five peoples", a dangerouscoalition ofBerber tribes inAfrica.

By topic

Religion

Pope Cornelius is sent into exile.^[4]
June 25 –Pope Lucius I succeedsPope Cornelius as the 22ndpope.^[5]
Lucius is arrested almost immediately following his election and also exiled.^[5]

254

This section istranscluded fromAD 254.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus andPublius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus becomeRoman Consuls.
TheRoman Empire is threatened by several peoples on their borders: the Germanic confederations, such as theFranks on the MiddleRhine, theAlemanni on the upper Rhine and Danube, and theMarcomanni facing the provinces atNoricum andRaetia. On land the confederation ofGoths threaten the lower Danube provinces, and on the sea they threaten the shores of Thracia, Bithynia et Pontus, and Cappadocia. In the eastern provinces, theSassanid Persians had the previous year defeated a Roman field army at Barballisos, and afterwards plundered the defenseless provinces. This period of time is called today theCrisis of the Third Century.

By topic

Religion

May 12 –Pope Stephen I succeedsPope Lucius I.^[6]

255

This section istranscluded fromAD 255.(edit |history)

By place

China

Sima Shi quellsGuanqiu Jian andWen Qin'srebellion.
March 23 – Sima Shi passes away.
Sima Zhao, Sima Shi's younger brother, inherits his brother's authority.

By topic

Science

Ma Jun, Chinese mechanical engineer fromCao Wei, invents thesouth-pointing chariot, a path-finding directionalcompass vehicle that uses adifferential gear, notmagnetics.

256

This section istranscluded fromAD 256.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

February 28 –Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3035, a warrant for the arrest of a Christian, is written.^[7]
TheGoths invadeAsia Minor.Dacia is lost for theRoman Empire, and the Goths appear at the walls ofThessalonica.
TheFranks cross theRhine; theAlemanni reachMediolanum (Milan) (disputed date).
InAfrica, theBerbers massacre Roman colonists.
KingShapur I of theSasanian Empire invadesMesopotamia andSyria. He conquers and plundersAntioch, destroysDura-Europos, and sacks the Anatolian city ofZeugma on theEuphrates.^[8] A devastating fire and an earthquake soon follow, causing Zeugma to be abandoned.
Cities in the Roman Empire begin to build walls, as the defense of the frontiers begins to crumble; future emperorAurelian inspects along the Rhine.

Asia

Peace and unity are finally restored in China, with the victories of theWei Kingdom in the north. The ruling dynasty is worn out by war, and the kingdom is ruled by ministers on their behalf.

By topic

Medicine

The greatpandemic of the Roman world strikes violently inPontus on theBlack Sea, and causes enormous loss of life inAlexandria, encouraging thousands to embrace Christianity.

Religion

EmperorValerian persecutes Christians.
Pope Stephen I threatens to excommunicateCyprian, bishop ofCarthage, and otherbishops in Africa and Asia Minor, unless they stop rebaptizingheretics. Cyprian attacks the Pope in a treatise that gains support from theCouncil of Carthage. He sends envoys toRome, raising the specter of aschism between the Roman and CarthaginianChurches.
ASynod of Carthage is held.

257

This section istranscluded fromAD 257.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

Gallienus enters into a jointconsulship with his fatherValerianus I, having brought some order to theDanube area.
Future emperorAurelian defeats theGoths and brings many prisoners back toRome.
InBavaria theLimes Germanicus (Upper Raetian Limes) along the riverIller is abandoned by theRomans.
Valerian, under guardianship ofIngenuus, is established atSirmium (Pannonia) to represent the Roman government in the troubledIllyrian provinces.
Emperor Valerian recoversAntioch,Syria from KingShapur I ofPersia.
TheGoths build a fleet on theBlack Sea.
The Goths separate into theOstrogoths and theVisigoths.

By topic

Religion

August 30 –Pope Sixtus II succeedsPope Stephen I as the 24thpope.
Valerian's persecution ofChristians begins: his edict orders bishops and priests to sacrifice according to the pagan rituals, and prohibits Christians, under penalty of death, from meeting at the tombs of their deceased.

258

This section istranscluded fromAD 258.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

TheGoths ravageAsia Minor andTrapezus.^{[citation needed]}
The amount ofsilver in theRoman currency of thedenarius falls below 10%. Thecrisis ruinscraftsmen,tradesmen, and smallfarmers, who are forced intobartering; landowners grow richer by buying up cheap land.^{[citation needed]}
Valerian II, eldest son ofGallienus, dies, possibly murdered byPannonia's governorIngenuus; EmperorValerian bestows on another one of Gallienus's sons,Saloninus, the title ofCaesar.^[9]
A second Imperialedict prohibitsChristianity in the Roman Empire. This edict divides Christians into four categories:priests, who are to be put to death; senators andequestrians, who are to be stripped of their positions and their property confiscated;nuns, who are to be exiled; and imperial civil servants, who are condemned to forced labour.^{[citation needed]}

Asia

Sima Zhao quellsZhuge Dan's rebellion, thereby also ending what are known as theThree Rebellions in Shouchun.^{[citation needed]}
Sun Xiu succeeds his brotherSun Liang as emperor of the Chinese state ofEastern Wu.^{[citation needed]}

By topic

Religion

Cyprian, bishop ofCarthage, is martyred (decapitation).^[10]
PopeSixtus II, bishop ofRome, is martyred.^[11]

259

This section istranscluded fromAD 259.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

EmperorValerian leads an army (70,000 men) to relieveEdessa, besieged by the forces of Persian KingShapur I. An outbreak of aplague kills manylegionaries, weakening the Roman position inSyria.
Battle of Mediolanum: AGermanic confederation, theAlamanni (300,000 warriors), who crossed theAlps, are defeated byRoman legions underGallienus, nearMediolanum (modernMilan).
Postumus revolts against Gallienus inGaul. The western provinces ofBritain andSpain join his independent realm—which is called in modern times theGallic Empire.
Postumus, governor of Gaul, declares himselfEmperor, and continues to rule the Gallic Empire until269, when he is killed by his soldiers.
The Roman fort ofWiesbaden (Germany) is captured by theAlamanni (possibly260).
TheFranks, who invaded theRoman Empire nearCologne in257, reachTarraco inHispania.

Persia

Mesopotamia:Odaenathus, the ruler of the kingdom ofPalmyra, sacks the city ofNehardea, destroying its greatyeshiva.

By topic

Religion

Pope Dionysius is elected as thepope.^[12]

Significant people

This section is empty. You can help byadding to it.(March 2016)

Births

Transcluding articles:250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258, and259

250

March 31 –Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor (d.306)
Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Roman emperor (d.311)
Lu Jing (orShiren), Chinese general and writer (d.280)
Maximian (Herculius), Roman consul and emperor (d.310)
Zuo Si (orTaichong), Chinese poet and writer (d.305)

251

January 12 –Anthony the Great, Christian monk and saint (d.356)

252

Eusignius of Antioch, Roman general and martyr (d.362)
Wang Jun (orPengzu), Chinese general and warlord (d.314)
Wei Huacun, founder of theShangqing sect ofDaoism (d.334)

255

January 6 –Marcellus I, bishop ofRome (d.309)
Dorotheus of Tyre, Syrian bishop andmartyr (d.362)
Zhang Gui, Chinese governor of theJin Dynasty (d.314)
Zuo Fen, Chinese poet of theWestern Jin Dynasty (d.300)
Saint Helena, Roman empress who was the reputed discoverer ofChrist’s cross and mother ofEmperor Constantine (d. 318)

256

Arius, Egyptian priest and founder ofArianism (d.336)
Wang Yan (orYifu), Chinese official and politician (d.311)

257

Gregory the Illuminator, Armenian religious leader (approximate date)
Jia Nanfeng (orShi), Chinese empress (d.300)

258

Clement of Ancyra, Christian bishop and martyr (d.312)^{[citation needed]}

259

Hui of Jin, Chinese emperor of theJin Dynasty (d.307)
Tao Kan (orShixing), Chinese general and politician (d.334)
Yang Zhi, Chinese empress of the Jin Dynasty (d.292)^[13]

Deaths

Transcluding articles:250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258, and259

250

January 20 –Fabian (or Fabianus), pope ofRome and martyr
Du Qiong (or Boyu), Chinese official and astronomer
Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius, Christian martyrs
Marcus Minucius Felix, Roman apologist and writer
Peter, Andrew, Paul and Denise, Christian martyrs
Secundian, Marcellian and Verian, Christian martyrs
Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha, Christian martyrs
Zhu Ju, Chinese general and chancellor (b.194)

251

February 5 –Cao Lin, Chinese prince of theCao Wei state
June – August
- Decius, Roman emperor (killed after thebattle of Abritus)^[14]
- Herennius Etruscus, Roman emperor and son of Decius
June 15 –Wang Ling, Chinese general and politician
August 22 –Zhen, Chinese empress of the Cao Wei state
September 7 –Sima Yi, Chinese general andregent (b.179)
Agatha of Sicily, Christian martyr and saint (approximate date)
Cao Biao, Chinese prince of the Cao Wei state (b.195)
Deng Zhi, Chinese general, politician and diplomat
Hostilian, Roman emperor (of plague inRome)
Lü Yi, Chinese official, governor and politician

252

May 21 –Sun Quan, founder of theEastern Wu state (b.182)
Pan (orPan Shu), Chinese empress of the Eastern Wu state
Tian Yu (orGuorang), Chinese general and politician (b.171)
Tiridates II (orKhosrov), Roman client king ofArmenia

253

Aemilianus, Roman emperor^[15]
Pope Cornelius^[4]
Saint Babylas,Patriarch of Antioch^[16]
Fei Yi, Chinese statesman, general and regent of theShu Han state
Sun He, Chinese prince of the Eastern Wu state (b.224)
Trebonianus Gallus, Roman emperor
Volusianus, Roman emperor
Zhuge Ke, Chinese general and regent of theEastern Wu state (b.203)
Origen, a Christian scholar from Alexandria (b. c.184)

254

March 5 –Lucius I, bishop ofRome^[17]
Li Feng (or Anguo), Chinese official and politician
Tiberius Julius Pharsanzes, Roman client king
Xiahou Xuan (or Taichu), Chinese general and politician (b.209)
Zhang Ni (or Boqi), Chinese general, official and politician

255

February 23 –Guo Huai (orBoji), Chinese general
March 16 –Guanqiu Jian, Chinese general and politician
March 23 –Sima Shi, Chinese general andregent (b.208)^[18]
Fu Gu (orLanshi), Chinese official and politician (b.209)
Liu Zan (orZhengming), Chinese general (b.183)
Sun Luyu (orXiaohu), Chinese princess

256

March 11 –Cao Lin, Chinese prince and son ofCao Cao
October 19 –Sun Jun (orZiyuan), Chinese general andregent (b.219)
October 21 –Lü Dai (orDinggong), Chinese general (b.161)
November 12 –Lü Ju (orShiyi), Chinese general and politician
Guan Lu (orGongming), Chinese diviner and politician (b.209)
Wang Su (orZiyong), Chinese scholar and official (b.195)

257

August 2 –Stephen I, bishop ofRome^[19]
September 26 –Zhu Yi (orJiwen), Chinese general
Wen Qin (orZhongruo), Chinese general and politician
Zhang Changpu, Chinese concubine (b.199)

258

August 6 –Sixtus II, bishop ofRome
September 14 –Cyprian, bishop ofCarthage
Anak the Parthian, Parthian nobleman
Chen Zhi (orFengzong), Chinese politician
Novatian, Italian antipope and theologian
Valerian II, son of co-emperorGallienus
Zhuge Dan (orGongxiu), Chinese general

259

January 10 –Polyeuctus, Roman soldier and saint
January 18 –Sun Chen, Chinese general andregent (b.232)
Augurius of Tarragona, ChristianHispano-Roman clergyman
Cao Jun (orZi'an), Chinese prince and son ofCao Cao
Fructuosus of Tarragona, Christian bishop, martyr and saint
Wang Chang (orWenshu), Chinese general and politician

References

^"Saint Denis bishop of Paris".Encyclopædia Britannica.
^Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen; Bowman, Alan; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (1970).The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337. Cambridge University Press. p. 469.ISBN 978-0-521-30199-2.
^Slootjes, Daniëlle; Peachin, M. (2016).Rome and the Worlds beyond Its Frontiers. BRILL. p. 40.ISBN 9789004326750.
^^a ^b"Saint Cornelius - pope".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved17 April 2018.
^^a ^b"Saint Lucius I - pope".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved17 April 2018.
^"Saint Stephen I | pope".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved25 March 2020.
^"P.Oxy. XLII 3035. Order to Arrest".figshare. 2022-09-20. Retrieved2023-12-10.
^"Zeugma".History Hit. Retrieved2023-12-10.
^Vagi, David L. Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, C. 82 B.C.--A.D. 480: History. Germany, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000. 357.
^"St. Cyprian | Biography, Persecution, Martyrdom, Feast Day, & Facts | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved2024-04-28.
^"St. Sixtus II | Biography, Papacy, Martyrdom, Feast Day, & Facts | Britannica".www.britannica.com. 2024-04-09. Retrieved2024-04-28.
^Butler, Alban; Burns, Paul (1 January 1995).Butler's Lives of the Saints. A&C Black. p. 151.ISBN 978-0-86012-260-9.
^McMahon, Keith (6 June 2013).Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 125.ISBN 978-1-4422-2290-8.
^Southern, Patricia (December 16, 2003).The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. United Kingdom:Taylor & Francis. p. 236.ISBN 9781134553815.
^"Aemilian - Roman emperor".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved17 April 2018.
^"St. Babylas - Saints & Angels".Catholic Online. Retrieved17 April 2018.
^Guiley, Rosemary (2001).The Encyclopedia of Saints. Infobase Publishing. p. 212.ISBN 978-1-4381-3026-2.
^Declercq, Dominik (1998).Writing against the state: political rhetorics in third and fourth century China. Leiden. p. 123.ISBN 9004103767.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^"St. Stephen I".Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved7 March 2024.

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