Thispaleomammalogy list records newfossilmammaltaxa that weredescribed during the year 2019, as well as notes other significant paleomammalogy discoveries and events which occurred during that year.

• A study on the relationship between brain size and body mass in the evolutionary history of theproboscideans is published by Benoitet al. (2019).^[6]
• New proboscidean remains from the lateMiocene (Turolian) ofSamos Island (Greece), representing juvenile individuals ofdeinotheres,choerolophodonts andamebelodonts, are described by Konidaris & Koufos (2019).^[7]
• Revision of proboscidean fossils from thePliocene site ofKanapoi (Kenya) is published online by Sanders (2019).^[8]
• A study comparing the diversity ofelephantimorph proboscideans of northern and southern China during the late Miocene is published by Wanget al. (2019).^[9]
• A study on the intestinal contents of two late-glacialmastodons preserved in lake sediments inOhio andMichigan (Burning Tree mastodon and Heisler mastodon), and on their implications for inferring diet and habitats of these specimens, is published by Birkset al. (2019).^[10]
• A study on the diet of end-Pleistocene mastodons and mammoths from North America is published online by Cammidge, Kooyman & Theodor (2019).^[11]
• New fossil material ofChoerolophodon from the early and middle Miocene of China is reported by Liet al. (2019).^[12]
• A study on the diet of the Americangomphotheres, as indicated by stable isotope data fromtooth enamel anddentine from tusks, is published online by Pérez-Crespoet al. (2019).^[13]
• Mothé, Ferretti & Avilla (2019) support the validity ofNotiomastodon as a genus separate fromStegomastodon, arguing that members of the genusStegomastodon were absent from South America.^[14]
• Description of teeth of a member of the genusAnancus from theMiocene (Turolian) locality Chomateri (Greece), constituting the first late Miocene record of this genus in Greece, and a revision of the late Mioceneanancines from Europe, is published by Konidaris & Roussiakis (2019).^[15]
• A skull of a derived member of the genusTetralophodon of uncertain specific assignment is described from the late Miocene of the Ouarzazate Basin (Morocco) by Geraads, Zouhri & Markov (2019).^[16]
• A study on the evolution of the genusPalaeoloxodon, as indicated by data on skull morphology, is published online by Larramendiet al. (2019).^[17]
• A study on fossilmolars ofElephas jolensis from the PleistoceneKibish Formation (Kenya) and on the timing and causes of extinction of members of the genusElephas in Africa is published online by Manthiet al. (2019).^[18]
• A mammoth skeleton, probably belonging to a member of the speciesMammuthus rumanus, is described from the Erq el Ahmar Elephant Site (CentralJordan Valley part of theDead Sea Transform,Israel) by Rabinovichet al. (2019), representing the first known skeleton of a member of this species from the southern Levant.^[19]
• A study on the chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties oftuskdentine fromwoolly mammoth and from extantAfrican elephant, and on its implications for inferring the utility of mammoth ivory as a raw material for Late Pleistocene osseous projectile points, is published by Pfeiferet al. (2019).^[20]
• Stable carbon and nitrogen data of woolly mammoth fossils from north-easternSiberia ranging throughout the last ~50,000 years of the existence of this species is presented by Kuitemset al. (2019).^[21]
• A study on the age and origin of the Berelyokh mammoth site in northeast Siberia published by Lozhkin & Anderson (2018)^[22] is criticized by Pitulkoet al. (2019).^[23][24]
• Nucleus-like structures are extracted fromYuka mammoth specimen by Yamagataet al. (2019), who visualise their dynamics after transfer into living mouseoocytes.^[25]
• A study on the isotopic compositions of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in collagen in the population of woolly mammoths from theWrangel Island (Russia), aiming to determine the ecology of the Wrangel Island mammoth population and most likely cause of its extinction, is published by Arppeet al. (2019).^[26]
• A study on the cause of the extinction of theColumbian mammoth, using mathematical modelling to test theoverkill hypothesis, is published by Klapman & Capaldi (2019).^[27]
• A study on the diet of coexisting early Late PleistoceneAsian elephants and members of the speciesStegodon orientalis, as indicated by data from stable isotope analyses ofenamel of teeth from the Quzai Cave (southernChina), is published by Maet al. (2019).^[28]
• A review of Pleistocene proboscideans from the EasternMediterranean islands is published by Athanassiou, van der Geer & Lyras (2019).^[29]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Culebratherium[30]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Velez-Juarbe & Wood	Early Miocene	Culebra Formation	Panama	Adugonginedugong. The type species isC. alemani.
Norosiren[31]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Samondset al.	Miocene	Mahajanga Basin	Madagascar	Adugongiddugong. The type species isN. zazavavindrano.
Stegosiren[32]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Domning & Beatty	Oligocene	Ashley Formation Chandler Bridge Formation	United States ( South Carolina)	Adugongiddugong. The type species isS. macei.

• Description of the hindlimb bones ofSobrarbesiren cardieli is published online by Díaz-Berengueret al. (2019).^[33]
• Dugongid fossils are described from theOligocene (Rupelian)Borysthenic Formation (Ukraine) by Gol'din, Kovalchuk & Krakhmalnaya (2019), representing the first knownsirenian record from inner seas of theOld World (Paratethys).^[34]
• Three dugongid specimens preserving the firstsirenianendocranial casts from theWest Indies reported so far are described from the upper Oligocene–lowerMiocene Colón Formation (Cuba) by Orihuela, López & Macrini (2019).^[35]

• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of rodents andlagomorphs, based on data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by Asheret al. (2019).^[37]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Altasciurus leonardi[38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Korthet al.	Oligocene	Brule	United States ( North Dakota)	A member of the familyAplodontiidae belonging to the subfamilyProsciurinae
Aplodontia minor[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hopkins	LateHemphillian		United States ( Oregon)	A relative of themountain beaver
Borsodia prechinensis[40]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zheng, Zhang & Cui	Late Pliocene−Early Pleistocene	Nihewan	China	A member ofArvicolinae
Capromys pilorides lewisi[41]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Morganet al.	Late Pleistocene-Holocene		Cayman Islands	A subspecies ofDesmarest's hutia
Cardiatherium calingastaense[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cerdeñoet al.	Late Miocene	Las Flores	Argentina	A relative of thecapybara. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2019.
"Cricetodon" venczeli[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hír, Codrea & Prieto	Miocene		Romania	A large hamster. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Cupressimus perissos[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Storer	Eocene (Chadronian)	Cypress Hills Formation	Canada ( Saskatchewan)	A member of the familyEomyidae
Deperetomys calefactus[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Markovićet al.	Late Oligocene		Bosnia and Herzegovina	A member ofCricetodontinae
Deperetomys saltensis[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Markovićet al.	Late Oligocene		Serbia	A member ofCricetodontinae
Ecclesimus mcdougalli[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Storer	Eocene (Chadronian)	Cypress Hills Formation	Canada ( Saskatchewan)	A member of the familyFlorentiamyidae
Eumys lammersi[38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Korthet al.	Oligocene	Brule	United States ( North Dakota)	A member of the familyCricetidae
Geocapromys caymanensis[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Morganet al.	Late Pleistocene-Holocene		Cayman Islands	A species ofGeocapromys
Gobiocylindrodon[46]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Liet al.	Eocene	Erlian	China	A member of the familyCylindrodontidae. Genus includes new speciesG. ulausuensis.
Heliscomys borealis[38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Korthet al.	Oligocene	Brule	United States ( North Dakota)	A member of the familyHeliscomyidae
Heterocricetodon serbicus[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Markovićet al.	Oligocene		Serbia	A member of the familyMuridae belonging to the subfamilyPseudocricetodontinae
Japaneomys[48]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kimuraet al.	Early Miocene	Nakamura	Japan	A member of the familyEomyidae. The type species isJ. yasunoi.
Liodontia bathypotamos[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hopkins	LateHemingfordian		United States ( Montana)	A member of the familyAplodontiidae
Liodontia dailyi[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hopkins	LateHemingfordian		United States ( Nevada)	A member of the familyAplodontiidae
Maquiamys[49]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Boivinin Boivin, Marivaux & Antoine	Late Oligocene	Chambira	Peru	A member of the superfamilyChinchilloidea. The type species is"Scleromys" praecursor Boivin
Metanoiamys woodi[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Korth	Oligocene (Orellan)	Sage Creek	United States ( Montana)	A member of the familyEomyidae
Mimomys nihewanensis[40]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zheng, Zhang & Cui	Late Pliocene	Nihewan	China	A member ofArvicolinae
Monamys[51]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Sallam & Seiffert	Oligocene (Rupelian)	Jebel Qatrani	Egypt	A member ofPhiomorpha. The type species is"Paraphiomys" simonsi Wood (1968).
Montanamus taranae[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Storer	Eocene (Chadronian)	Cypress Hills Formation	Canada ( Saskatchewan)	A member of the family Eomyidae.
Natrona[52]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Dawson	Uintan andDuchesnean	Wagon Bed	United States ( Wyoming)	A member of the familySciuravidae. The type species isN. natronensis.
Paradjidaumo obritschorum[53]	Sp. nov	Valid	Korth, Boyd & Person	Oligocene (Whitneyan)	Brule	United States ( North Dakota)	A member of the familyEomyidae
Paraethomys balearicus[54]	Sp. nov	Valid	Torres Roiget al.	Pliocene (Zanclean)		Spain	A member of the familyMuridae belonging to the subfamilyMurinae
Petaurista tetyukhensis[55]	Sp. nov	In press	Tiunov & Gimranov	Late Pleistocene		Russia	A species ofPetaurista. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is scheduled to be published in 2020.
Pitymys simplicidens[40]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zheng, Zhang & Cui	Early Pleistocene	Nihewan	China	A species ofPitymys
Pliosiphneus daodiensis[40]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zheng, Zhang & Cui	Late Pliocene	Nihewan	China	Azokor
Pliosiphneus puluensis[40]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zheng, Zhang & Cui	Late Pliocene	Nihewan	China	Azokor
Proclinodontomys[56]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Candelaet al.	Early-Middle Pleistocene and earlyHolocene		Argentina  Brazil  Bolivia?	A member of the familyEchimyidae. The type species isP. dondasi; genus also includes"Mesomys" mordax Winge (1887).
Progonomys manolo[57]	Sp. nov	Valid	López Antoñanzaset al.	Late Miocene		Lebanon	A member of the familyMuridae belonging to the subfamilyMurinae
Prosciurus hogansoni[38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Korthet al.	Oligocene	Brule	United States ( North Dakota)	A member of the familyAplodontiidae belonging to the subfamilyProsciurinae
Prosigmodon tecolotum[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pacheco Castro, Carranza Castañeda & Jiménez Hidalgo	Early Pliocene (lateHemphillian)	Tecolotlán (San José)	Mexico	A member ofSigmodontini
Protorepomys[59]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Martin & Zakrzewski	Hemphillian	Shutler	United States ( Oregon)	A member of the familyCricetidae belonging to the subfamilyNeotominae. The type species isP. mckayensis; genus also includesP. bartlettensis.
Pseudocricetodon heissigi[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Markovićet al.	Oligocene		Serbia	A member of the familyMuridae belonging to the subfamilyPseudocricetodontinae
Saremmys[60]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Busker, Pérez & Dozo	Miocene (Colhuehuapian)		Argentina	A member ofChinchilloidea of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new speciesS. ligcura.
Spermophilinus kumkolensis[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liet al.	Middle Miocene	Shimagou	China	A member of the familySciuridae belonging to the subfamilySciurinae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Spermophilus praecox[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sinitsa & Pogodina	Late Pliocene andEarly Pleistocene		Ukraine	A species ofSpermophilus
Tsaphanomys[59]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martin & Zakrzewski	Hemphillian	Grassy Mountain	United States ( Oregon)	A member of the familyCricetidae belonging to the subfamilyNeotominae. The type species is"Paronychomys" shotwelli Korth (2011).
Typhlomys storchi[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qiu & Ni	Late Miocene	Xiaohe	China	A relative of theChinese pygmy dormouse
Wilsoneumys focarius[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Korth	Oligocene (Orellan)	Sage Creek	United States ( Montana)	A member of the familyCricetidae

• A study on the upperincisors of extant southern African rodents, evaluating whether themorphology of isolated rodent incisors can be used to provide dietary information, is published by Paineet al. (2019), who also apply their dietary model to fossil rodent incisors from theSouth African hominin-bearing sitesSterkfontein andSwartkrans.^[64]
• A study on the anatomy and affinities of rodent teeth from the earlyMiocene sites of Napak (Uganda) and on probable diets of rodents from these sites is published by Bento Da Costaet al. (2019).^[65]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossilcaviomorph rodents is published by Boivin, Marivaux & Antoine (2019), who name new cladesErethicavioi Boivin andOctochinchilloi Boivin.^[49]
• A study on theenamelmicrostructure of the incisors of caviomorph rodents from theEocene andOligocene localities inPeruvian Amazon is published by Boivinet al. (2019).^[66]
• A study on the anatomy of threetarsal bones of Eocene caviomorph rodents from Peruvian Amazon, and on their implications for inferring the locomotor behaviors of these rodents, is published by Boivinet al. (2019).^[67]
• New fossils of caviomorph rodents are described from thePaleogene of the vicinity of the cities of Juanjui and Balsayacu (Peruvian Amazonia) by Assematet al. (2019).^[68]
• A study on the morphology of the limb bones of caviomorph rodents from theMioceneSanta Cruz Formation ofPatagonia, and on its implications for interpreting the use of substrate by these rodents, is published by Muñozet al. (2019).^[69]
• A study on the evolution of the variation of themandibular shape in caviomorph rodents is published online by Álvarez, Ercoli & Verzi (2019).^[70]
• A study on the enamel microstructure of the incisors of thehystricognaths andanomaluroids from theOligocene ofWestern Sahara is published by Marivauxet al. (2019).^[71]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of early hystricognaths is published by Marivaux & Boivin (2019).^[72]
• A study on themorphology of the lowerdeciduouspremolars of extant and fossil caviomorph rodents and its implications for inferring the phylogenetic relationships of fossil caviomorphs is published by Verzi, Olivares & Morgan (2019), who argue thatEocene genusCachiyacuy might be astem-octodontoid.^[73]
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of thedolichotinecaviid rodentProdolichotis prisca is published by Madozzo-Jaén (2019).^[74]
• Description of a well-preserved skull ofTelicomys giganteus, estimation of body mass and analysis of the bite mechanics of this species is published by Rinderknechtet al. (2019).^[75]
• A study on themorphology of theossicles of the extinctneoepiblemid rodentPerimys and of extant and extinct caviomorph rodents in general is published by Kerber & Sánchez-Villagra (2019).^[76]
• A study on the morphology of cheek teeth, teeth replacement and systematics of members of the genusNeoepiblema is published by Kerber, Negri & Sanfelice (2019).^[77]
• A study on the anatomy of the skull ofNeoepiblema acreensis is published by Kerber, Ferreira & Negri (2019).^[78]
• A study on the morphology of uppermolars of extant and fossils members of Chinchilloidea, and on the phylogenetic relationships of members of this group, is published by Rasia & Candela (2019).^[79]
• Description of a new specimen ofLitodontomys from theDeseadan ofArgentina and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon is published by Busker & Dozo (2019).^[80]
• Nine virtual skullendocasts of members of the familyIschyromyidae (members of the generaPseudotomus,Notoparamys,Reithroparamys andRapamys) are reconstructed by Bertrandet al. (2019).^[81]
• Description of the skull anatomy of thePleistoceneground squirrel"Urocitellus" nogaici and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species and other European ground squirrel species previously attributed toUrocitellus is published by Sinitsa, Pogodina & Кryuchkova (2019), who transfer"U." nogaici,"U." polonicus and"U." primigenius to the genusSpermophilus.^[82]
• A study on the living and extinct species ofSpermophilus from Europe, focusing on factors affecting species distribution and speciation, is published by Popovaet al. (2019).^[83]
• New specimen ofTrogontherium cuvieri is described from the upper Pleistocene of the Songhua River drainage area nearHarbin (Heilongjiang,China) by Yanget al. (2019), documenting the survival of this species into the late Pleistocene in northeast China.^[84]
• A study on the ecology ofgiant beavers, as indicated by stable isotope data, is published by Plint,Longstaffe & Zazula (2019).^[85]
• Costeret al. (2019) describe a well-preservedastragalus of theanomaluroidPondaungimys anomaluropsis from theEocenePondaung Formation (Myanmar), and evaluate its implications for inferring the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of this species.^[86]
• A study on impact of climate changes on the populations of thebushy-tailed woodrat in western North America over the late Quaternary is published by Balk, Betancourt & Smith (2019).^[87]
• A study on the evolutionary change in body mass and correlated ecological variables over the 3.75 million year history of the North Americanmuskrat is published by Martin (2019).^[88]
• A study on the morphological variation in Middle to Late Pleistocene populations of thecommon vole and thefield vole from northernIberian Peninsula and southernFrance is published by Luzi & López-García (2019).^[89]
• Lyman (2019) describes fourmolars of thewater vole from the lateHolocene Stemilt Creek Village archaeological site (Washington, United States), and evaluates the implications of this finding for reconstructions of local environment in prehistoric times.^[90]
• A study on melanin pigment distribution in 3-million-year-old specimens of theOld World field mouse speciesApodemus atavus is published by Manninget al. (2019).^[91]
• A study on the diet, habitat and timing and cause of extinction of theTenerife giant rat (Canariomys bravoi) is published by Crowleyet al. (2019).^[92]
• Threemolar fossils of thegreater bandicoot rat are described from the Middle Pleistocene ofTaiwan by Kawamura, Chang & Kawamura (2019), indicating that this species inhabited Taiwan in the early Middle Pleistocene.^[93]
• A study on variations of size of fossilmurine rodents fromLiang Bua (Flores,Indonesia) through time, and on their implications for reconstructions of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of Flores, is published by Veatchet al. (2019).^[94]
• A study on thefemurhistology of an extinct (late Quaternary) form of Timorese giant rat is published by Miszkiewicz, Louys & O'Connor (2019).^[95]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Aegicetus[96]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gingerich, Antar & Zalmout	Eocene (Priabonian)	Gehannam Formation	Egypt	Aprotocetid. The type species isA. gehennae.
Borealodon[97]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shipps, Peredo & Pyenson	Oligocene (Rupelian)	Pysht Formation	United States ( Washington)	Astem-mysticete. The type species isB. osedax.
Casatia[98]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bianucciet al.	Early Pliocene		Italy	Amonodontid. The type species isC. thermophila.
Kentriodon nakajimai[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kimura & Hasegawa	Miocene (Serravallian/Tortonian)	Haraichi Formation	Japan	AKentriodontid.
Miobalaenoptera[100]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tanaka & Watanabe	Late Miocene	Horokaoshirarika Formation	Japan	Arorqual. The type species isM. numataensis.
Nehalaennia[101]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bisconti, Munsterman & Post	Miocene (lateTortonian)	Breda Formation	Netherlands	Arorqual. The type species isN. devossi.
Niparajacetus[102]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Solis-Añorve, González-Barba & Hernández-Rivera	Oligocene (Chattian)	El Cien Formation	Mexico	Anaetiocetoidbaleen whale. The type species isN. palmadentis
Norrisanima[103]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Leslie, Peredo & Pyenson	Miocene (lateTortonian)	Monterey Formation	United States ( California)	APan-balaenopteroid. The type species is"Megaptera" miocaena Kellogg (1922).
Peregocetus[104]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lambertet al.	Eocene (Lutetian)	Pisco Basin	Peru	Aprotocetid. The type species isP. pacificus.
Pliokogia[105]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Collareta, Cigala Fulgosi & Bianucci	Pliocene (Zanclean)		Italy	Akogiidsperm whale. The type species isP. apenninica.
Tranatocetus maregermanicum[106]	Sp. nov	Valid	Marxet al.	Late Miocene	Breda Formation	Netherlands	ACetotheriidmysticete
Tupelocetus[107]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gibson, Mnieckowski & Geisler	Eocene (Bartonian)	Tupelo Bay Formation	United States ( South Carolina)	Aprotocetid. The type species isT. palmeri.
Yaquinacetus[108]	Fam., Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lambert, Godfrey & Fitzgerald	LatestOligocene–earlyMiocene	Nye Mudstone	United States ( Oregon)	ASqualoziphiid relative ofSqualoziphius. The type species isY. meadi.

• A review of theEocene fossil record of cetaceans fromAntarctica is published by Buonoet al. (2019).^[109]
• Partial skeleton of anarchaeocete is described from thePaleogeneTongeren Formation (theNetherlands) by van Vlietet al. (2019).^[110]
• Newprotocetid fossils, including a nearly complete articulated forelimb providing new information on the locomotion and forelimb evolution of early cetaceans, are described from the upperLutetian ofSenegal by Vautrinet al. (2019).^[111]
• A study on the evolution of theossicles in early cetaceans, as indicated by data from a partially complete ossicular chain of a protocetid specimen collected in Eocene (Lutetian) phosphate deposits at Kpogamé (Togo), is published by Mourlam & Orliac (2019).^[112]
• A study on the anatomy of the olfactory and respiratoryturbinates ofAegyptocetus tarfa is published online by Periet al. (2019).^[113]
• A study on themorphology of teeth andenamel microstructure of two fossil cetaceans from Antarctica (abasilosaurid from theLa Meseta Formation and a member of the genusLlanocetus from the Submeseta Formation) is published online by Lochet al. (2019).^[114]
• Partly preserved tail vertebra of a basilosaurid is described from theEoceneCajaruro Formation (Peru) by Davydenko, Laime & Gol'din (2019), representing the first record of an Eocene marine mammal from the northwestern Amazon region.^[115]
• The discovery of over a hundred basilosaurid specimens from the middle to upper Eocene Gehannam and Birket Qaroun formation (Wadi El Hitan,Egypt) is reported by Mahdyet al. (2019), who also compare the anatomy and habitat ofDorudon atrox and extantkiller whale.^[116]
• A study on the stomach contents of a new specimen ofBasilosaurus isis from Wadi Al Hitan inEgypt is published by Vosset al. (2019).^[117]
• A study on the variation in feeding behavior of fossil toothed whales with extremely long rostra is published by McCurry & Pyenson (2019).^[118]
• A study on the evolution ofecholocation of toothed whales, as indicated by the anatomy of a skull of a toothed whale from theOligocenePysht Formation (Washington,United States) resemblingOlympicetus avitus, is published by Racicotet al. (2019).^[119]
• Redescription of theholotype and referred specimen ofProsqualodon australis from theMioceneGaiman Formation (Argentina) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Gaetán, Buono & Gaetano (2019).^[120]
• Isolated teeth resembling tooth taxonPhococetus vasconum are described from thePungo River Formation (North Carolina,United States) by Boessenecker (2019), who also notes their similarities to the teeth ofInticetus vertizi, and suggests thatPhococetus may be anInticetus-like, largeheterodonttoothed whale.^[121]
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships ofPhoberodon arctirostris is published by Viglinoet al. (2019).^[122]
• An isolated tooth of anInticetus-like cetacean is described from the Miocene deposits close to the village of Melpignano (Province of Lecce,Italy) by Periet al. (2019), who also review the geographic distribution of fossils ofInticetus-like cetaceans.^[123]
• A skull of a late Miocenebeaked whale belonging or related to the speciesMessapicetus longirostris, imaged by means of computed tomography rather than being extracted mechanically from the stone matrix, is described fromMenorca (Spain) by Bianucciet al. (2019).^[124]
• A new beaked whale specimen, with anatomy indicating that it relied primarily on suction feeding, is described from the upper MioceneGram Formation (Denmark) by Ramassamy & Lauridsen (2019).^[125]
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships ofDiaphorocetus poucheti is published online by Paolucciet al. (2019).^[126]
• A study on dental damage in a set of teeth ofScaldicetus caretti from the Miocene ofBelgium is published by Lambert & Bianucci (2019), who interpret this damage as evidence indicating thatS. caretti was amacroraptorial (rather thansuction-feeding) top predator.^[127]
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships ofMystacodon selenensis is published by de Muizonet al. (2019).^[128]
• Threepremolar teeth of a member of the genusLlanocetus reaching an estimated total body length of up to 12 m are described from theEocene Submeseta Formation (Seymour Island,Antarctica) by Marxet al. (2019), who interpret these fossils as indicative of at least two independent origins of gigantism inbaleen whale evolutionary history.^[129]
• A study aiming to explain the disappearance of baleen whales from the fossil record from 23Ma to 18–17 Ma is published by Marx, Fitzgerald & Fordyce (2019).^[130]
• New specimen ofJoumocetus shimizui, providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is described from the MioceneHaraichi Formation (Japan) by Kimura & Hasegawa (2019).^[131]
• A study on the age of fossilgray whale finds fromFlorida andGeorgia is published by Garrisonet al. (2019).^[132]
• Partial forelimb of arorqual with several shark bite marks is described from thePlioceneBurica Formation (Panama) by Cortéset al. (2019).^[133]
• Partial skeleton of aPleistoceneblue whale with an estimated total body length of 23.4–26.1 m, representing the largest whale fossil reported so far, is described from theLago di San Giuliano (Italy) by Bianucciet al. (2019), who also estimate body size of a specimen ofPelocetus from the Middle miocene locality of Mal Paso and two late Miocenerorquals from the Cerro Los Quesos site (Pisco Formation,Peru), and evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of evolution of gigantism of baleen whales.^[134]
• A study on the cetacean-bearingMioceneGaiman Formation (Argentina), and on its implications for inferring which factors affected the distribution and preservation of fossil cetaceans in several localities of the SouthwesternAtlantic Ocean, is published by Cuitiñoet al. (2019).^[135]
• A study on the diversity and abundance of cetaceans in the area of present-dayItaly through thePliocene, as indicated bychronostratigraphic data from Castell'Arquato Basin (northernApennine Mountains), is published by Freschiet al. (2019).^[136]
• A study on the oxygen isotope composition ofwhale barnacle shells from threePleistocene localities along the eastern Pacific coast, and on their implications for the knowledge of the history of whale migrations, is published by Tayloret al. (2019).^[137]

• A study on the phylogenetic relationships and timing of the origin ofCetartiodactyla is published by Zuranoet al. (2019).^[148]
• A study on the teeth eruption pattern of a wide range of extinct cetartiodactyl families is published by Rodrigueset al. (2019).^[149]
• Description of an articulated postcranial skeleton of anoreodont from theOligoceneTehuitzingo Formation, representing the first postcranial skeleton of an oreodont fromMexico reported so far, is published online by Ferrusquía-Villafranca & Ruiz-González (2019).^[150]
• New specimen of the fossilpeccaryParachoerus carlesi is described from the UpperPleistocene of theChaco Province ofArgentina by Gaspariniet al. (2019), representing the most complete fossil material of a member this species reported so far, and providing new information on themorphology of the species and the environment it lived in.^[151]
• A study on the paleobiology of the fossil peccaryPlatygonus compressus, based on fossils from Bat Cave (Missouri,United States), is published by Woodruff & Schubert (2019).^[152]
• A description of the skull anatomy of the fossilsuidNyanzachoerus jaegeri based on new fossil material and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by Reda, Lazagabaster & Haile-Selassie (2019).^[153]
• New fossil suid specimens, providing new information on the classification and relationships of theMioceneSuinae from China, are described from the latest Miocene site of Shuitangba (Zhaotong Basin, China) by Houet al. (2019).^[154]
• A study on the diet ofPliocene suids from theAustralopithecus anamensis site ofKanapoi and theAustralopithecus afarensis site ofHadar is published by Lazagabaster (2019).^[155]
• Description of deer fossils from the Pleistocene localities inBuenos Aires Province (Argentina), including the southernmost record of the genusMorenelaphus and the speciesM. lujanensis, is published by Chimentoet al. (2019).^[156]
• A systematic, macroscopic,radiographic, andhistologic study of the fossil bones of theCretan deerCandiacervus will be published by Lyraset al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of the occurrence of a metabolic bone disease in the Cretan deer population, probably caused by habitat degradation.^[157]
• New fossil material ofEucladoceros boulei, providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is described from the Shanshenmiaozui site in theNihewan Basin (China) by Tong & Zhang (2019).^[158]
• A study comparing the characteristics of the postcranial skeletons ofArvernoceros ardei andCervus perrieri is published online by Pfeiffer-Deml (2019).^[159]
• A study on the age andmorphometrics of a partial fossil caribouantler fromGraham Island (Canada) is published by Mathewes, Richards & Reimchen (2019).^[160]
• A study on theontogenetic variation of theantlers of the Yabe's giant deer (Sinomegaceros yabei) reported from all overJapan is published by Taruno, Okumura & Ishida (2019).^[161]
• A study on the pattern of extinction of theIrish elk, as indicated by radiocarbon data from fossil specimens from western and eastern Europe, is published by Lister & Stuart (2019).^[162]
• A study testing whether the antlers of the Irish elk could have withstood forces generated during fighting is published by Klinkhameret al. (2019).^[163]
• Amandible of thegiant muntjac (Muntiacus gigas, considered by the authors to be synonymous withM. vuquangensis) is described from the Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene deposits in the cave site of Hang Boi (Vietnam) by Stimpsonet al. (2019).^[164]
• A study on the diet of the late PleistoceneIndian muntjacs fromSumatra, as indicated by data from fossil teeth from cave sites of Lida Ajer, Sibrambang and Jambu, is published by Wirkner & Hertler (2019).^[165]
• A study on the long- and short-term dietary behavior of the MiocenemoschidsMicromeryx flourensianus andM.? eiselei, as indicated by data from tooth wear, is published by Aiglstorfer & Semprebon (2019).^[166]
• A revision of putative fossil material ofLagomeryx reported from theMiocene locality Ulan Tolgoi (Loh Formation;Mongolia) is published by Mennecartet al. (2019), who reinterpret this material of fossils of a moschid, representing the first Miocene moschid remains from Mongolia.^[167]
• Description of new specimens ofSardomeryx oschiriensis from theMiocene (Burdigalian) ofSardinia (Italy) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Mennecartet al. (2019).^[168]
• The first detailed description of thegiraffid speciesSchansitherium tafeli is published by Houet al. (2019), who compare this taxon withSamotherium boissieri.^[169]
• Description of an almost complete skull and a second partial skull ofBohlinia attic from the lateMiocene of Maragheh (Iran), as well as a complete upper dentition of a member of this species fromSamos (Greece), is published by Parizadet al. (2019).^[170]
• New skull remains ofDecennatherium rex are described from the late Miocene (Vallesian) Batallones-4 site (Cerro de los Batallones fossil site complex,Spain) by Ríos & Morales (2019).^[171]
• A revision of giraffid fossils from the late Miocene of the Thermopigi site (Greece) is published by Xafiset al. (2019).^[172]
• A study on the evolution ofNeogenebovids from centralMyanmar is published by Nishiokaet al. (2019), who also describe newcaprine andbovine specimens from the upper Miocene to Pliocene part of the Irrawaddy beds.^[173]
• Description of new fossil material ofLeptobos merlai from the early lateVillafranchian ofUmbria (Italy), providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is published by Cherin, D'Allestro & Masini (2019).^[174]
• Description of new fossil remains of spiral horned antelopeSpirocerus wongi fromNihewan Formation (Shanxi,China) and a study on the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the genusSpirocerus is published by Baiet al. (2019).^[175]
• New fossil material of thestem-caprine speciesOlonbulukia tsaidamensis is described from the Wuzhong region of northernChina by Wanget al. (2019), who also revise fossil stem-caprine taxa from the Wuzhong Fauna and so-called "Qaidam Fauna".^[176]
• A study on past distribution of thelong-tailed goral and causes of its range shift over time, based on data from fossil specimens from thePaleolithic sites, is published by Kimet al. (2019).^[177]
• New specimen ofBubalus murrensis, representing the westernmost occurrence of this species, is described fromMédoc (France) by Koenigswaldet al. (2019).^[178]
• A study on the paleoecology of Northern Great Plains bisons from the latePleistocene and throughout theHolocene, based on carbon and nitrogen isotope data from bison specimens from 22 archaeological sites across the Northern Great Plains, is published by Davieset al. (2019).^[179]
• Entelodontid teeth are described from the lateEocene of the Krabi coal mine in southernThailand by Ducrocq, Chaimanee & Jaeger (2019), representing the southernmost occurrence of entelodontids in Asia during thePaleogene reported so far.^[180]
• An uppermolar of theanthracothereSivameryx palaeindicus is described from the early Miocene Kamus Junction site (Israel) by Grossmanet al. (2019).^[181]
• A study on the paleoecology of Pleistocene Mediterraneandwarf hippos is published by Bethuneet al. (2019).^[182]
• The first directly dated fossil of a member of the genusHexaprotodon (an upper rightcanine fragment) from theNarmada Valley of CentralIndia is described by Jukaret al. (2019), who also present a tentative extinction chronology ofHexaprotodon, indicating that this genus survived into the EarlyHolocene.^[183]
• PutativehelohyidsPakkokuhyus andProgenitohyus are transferred to the familyDichobunidae by Ducrocq (2019).^[184]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Agriotherium hendeyi[185]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jiangzuo & Flynn	LateHemphillian	Quiburis	United States ( Arizona)	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Amblonyx barryi[186]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jiangzuo, Yu & Flynn	Pliocene	Sivalik Hills	Nepal	A relative of theAsian small-clawed otter. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Amphicyon zhanxiangi[187]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jiangzuoet al.	earlyMiddle Miocene		China	Abear dog
Amphimachairodus alvarezi[188]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ruiz-Ramoni, Rincón & Montellano-Ballesteros	LateHemphillian		Mexico	Amachairodontinefelid
Ballusia zhegalloi[189]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sotnikovaet al.	Early Miocene		Mongolia  Russia	Abear. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Corumictis[190]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Patersonin Patersonet al.	Oligocene (Arikareean) and earlyMiocene	John Day	France  United States ( Oregon)	A member of the familyMustelidae. The type species isC. wolsani; genus also includes"Plesictis" julieniViret 1929.
Cynelos anubisi[191]	Sp. nov	Valid	Morloet al.	Early Miocene		Egypt  Libya?	Abear dog. Originally described as a species ofCynelos; Morales &Pickford (2022) made it the type species of a separate genusMogharacyon.[192]
Gobicyon acutus[193]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jiangzuoet al.	lateMiddle Miocene		China	Abear dog belonging to the subfamilyHaplocyoninae
Gobicyon yei[193]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jiangzuoet al.	earlyMiddle Miocene		China	Abear dog belonging to the subfamilyHaplocyoninae
Hoplictis baihu[194]	Sp. nov	Valid	Valencianoet al.	Middle Miocene	Halamagai	China	A member of the familyMustelidae
Izmirictis[195]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Moraleset al.	Early Miocene		Turkey	A member ofFeliformia belonging to the familyLophocyonidae (new rank, formerly ranked as the subfamily Lophocyoninae within theViverridae). Genus includes new speciesI. cani.
Lartetictis pasalarensis[196]	Sp. nov	Valid	Valenciano, Mayda & Alpagut	Middle Miocene		Turkey	Anotter
Leptofelis[197]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Salesaet al.	Late Miocene		Spain	A member of the familyFelidae belonging to the subfamilyFelinae; a new genus for"Styriofelis" vallesiensis Salesaet al. (2012). Announced in 2017; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2019.
?Myacyon peignei[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Werdelin	Miocene (Serravallian)		Kenya	Abear dog
Peignecyon[199]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Moraleset al.	Early Miocene		Czech Republic	Abear dog belonging to the subfamilyThaumastocyoninae. The type species isP. felinoides.
Peignictis[200]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	De Bonis, Gardin & Blondel	Early Oligocene	Quercy	France	A member ofMustelida of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species isP. pseudamphictis.
Trochictis peignei[201]	Sp. nov	Valid	Morloet al.	Miocene		Germany	A member of the familyMustelidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Wangictis[200]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	De Bonis, Gardin & Blondel	Early Oligocene	Wulanbulage	China	A member ofAmphicynodontinae. The type species is"Pachycynodon" tedfordi Wang & Qiu (2003).

• A study on the morphology ofbony labyrinths of extant and fossil carnivorans, and on its implications for inferring hunting behaviours of extinct carnivorans, is published by Schwabet al. (2019).^[202]
• A study assess the usefulness of the scapholunar (one of thecarpal bones) for determining ecology and habitat of carnivorans, based on data from living and extinct carnivorans, is published by Dunnet al. (2019).^[203]
• A study on the morphology and functional anatomy of thethoracolumbar andsacrocaudal regions of the vertebral column ofMagericyon anceps is published online by Siliceoet al. (2019).^[204]
• Carnivoran fossils from the Hoyo Negro pit in theSac Actun cave system (Mexico), initially identified as remains of abear belonging to the genusTremarctos and acoyote, a reinterpreted as remains ofArctotherium wingei andProtocyon troglodytes by Schubertet al. (2019), representing the first record of these taxa outsideSouth America.^[205]
• Description of fossils ofNyctereutes donnezani from the earlyPliocene locality of Çalta (Turkey), and study on the phylogenetic relationships of species belonging to the genusNyctereutes, is published by Daguenet & Sen (2019).^[206]
• Revision of Pleistocene canid fossils from theSangiran Dome (Java,Indonesia), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the timing of the arrival of members of the genusCuon in Java, is published by Volmeret al. (2019).^[207]
• A study on the taxonomy of thedire wolf, assessing whether fossils fromMexico and the western coast of theUnited States should be assigned to the distinct subspeciesCanis dirus guildayi, is published by Ruiz-Ramoni & Montellano-Ballesteros (2019).^[208]
• A study on the origin of the current genetic uniqueness of theItalian wolves, as indicated by data from mitochondrial DNA of the Pleistocene and Holocenecanid specimens fromItaly, is published by Ciucaniet al. (2019).^[209]
• A study on the age of dog remains from theKoster Site and Stilwell II site inIllinois, dated to between 10,190 and 9,630calBP, is published by Perriet al. (2019), who interpret these remains as representing the earliest confirmed evidence of domestic dogs in the Americas and the earliest confirmed individual dog burials anywhere in the world.^[210]
• A study on the history of pre-contact dogs in the North American Arctic, aiming to determine the relationship between dogs from archaeologicalPaleo-Inuit and Inuit sites and modern Arctic dog populations, is published by Ameenet al. (2019).^[211]
• Remains ofIndarctos punjabiensis are described from the lateMiocene locality of Las Casiones (Spain) by Abellaet al. (2019), representing the last population of members of the subfamilyAiluropodinae from the Iberian fossil record, and possibly from Europe.^[212]
• A study on thetrophic andecological niche widths of ancient and modern pandas is published by Hanet al. (2019).^[213]
• Nuclear genome of an ~5,000-year-old giant panda from Jiangdongshan (Yunnan, China) is sequenced by Shenget al. (2019), who assign this specimen to a genetically distinct extinct population forming thesister group to all extant populations, and present evidence indicative ofgenetic admixture from this extinct population in extant pandas.^[214]
• A study on functional adaptations in the anatomy of the elbow joint of extant and fossil bears, and on its implications for inferring paleobiology ofQuaternary fossil species of bears, is published by Meloro & de Oliveira (2019).^[215]
• A study on the evolution of the shape and size of thebasicranium of bears, as indicated by data from extant and extinct taxa, is published by Arnaudoet al. (2019).^[216]
• A study on the evolution of bear teeth, and on its implications for inferring the phylogenetic placement of fossil bear taxa, is published by Jiangzuo, Liu & Chen (2019).^[217]
• A study on the diet ofAgriotherium africanum from theSouth African fossil site ofLangebaanweg, as indicated by tooth microwear, is published by Stynderet al. (2019).^[218]
• The first fossil of a member of the genusAgriotherium fromItaly will be described by Bellucciet al. (2019).^[219]
• A study on the systematics and paleobiology of bears from theDmanisi site (Georgia), and on their coexistence with early members of the genusHomo, is published by Medinet al. (2019).^[220]
• A study aiming to decipher the various factors influencing the isotopic composition of bones of a potentially omnivorous species likecave bear, as well examining how likely are the different interpretations of the palaeodiet of theRomanian cave bears in comparison with the rest of the European cave bears, is published by Bocherens (2019).^[221]
• A study on the cranial andmandibular morphology ofUrsus deningeri compared to other bear species, and on its implications for inferring the palaeobiology of this species, is published by van Heterenet al. (2019).^[222]
• A study on the tooth-root morphology ofmaxillary teeth of living bears, and on its implications for inferring the diet and feeding behaviour of the cave bears, is published by Pérez-Ramoset al. (2019).^[223]
• A study on the feedings preferences and timing of extinction of cave bears in Mediterranean Europe based on data from twoPaleolithic cave bear sites in northeasternItaly (Paina Cave and Trene Cave) is published by Terlatoet al. (2019).^[224]
• A study on the timing and causes of extinction of cave bears in theAlps is published by Döppeset al. (2019).^[225]
• A study on themorphometric andmorphotypic variability of upperincisors of the Middle and LatePleistocene cave bears from theCaucasus andUral Mountains is published by Baryshnikov, Gimranov & Kosintsev (2019).^[226]
• A study on themorphometrical variability of upper cheek teeth of cave bears from 123 geographical sites ofPliocene –Pleistocene ages is published by Baryshnikov & Puzachenko (2019).^[227]
• A study evaluating how the morphology of teeth of cave bears from theScladina Cave (Belgium) changed over time is published by Charterset al. (2019).^[228]
• A study on the feeding habits of cave bears from the Toll Cave inCatalonia, as indicated by data from tooth microwear and from stable isotopes extracted from bone collagen, is published by Ramírez-Pedrazaet al. (2019).^[229]
• A study on the feeding habits of cave bears from six Late Pleistocene caves in Catalonia will be published by Ramírez-Pedrazaet al. (2019).^[230]
• A study on the timing of the occupation of the Schwabenreith Cave (Austria) by cave bears is published by Spötlet al. (2019).^[231]
• A study on the palaeoecology of cave bears from three Late Pleistocene cave bear sites fromRomanian Carpathians, based on stable isotope data from their teeth, is published by Robuet al. (2019).^[232]
• A study on population dynamics andphylogeography of cave bears during the Late Pleistocene, based on data from reconstructed cave bear mitochondrial genomes, is published by Gretzingeret al. (2019).^[233]
• A study on the evolutionary history and paleoecology ofbrown bears in North-East Siberia, as indicated by mitochondrial DNA and stable isotopic data fromsubfossil remains fromYakutia (Russia), is published by Rey-Iglesiaet al. (2019).^[234]
• A study on the morphology and taxonomical status of the Late Pleistocenesteppe brown bear is published by Marciszaket al. (2019).^[235]
• A study on the evolutionary history of theEuropean brown bears in northernIberian Peninsula is published by García-Vázquez, Llona & Grandal-d'Anglade (2019), who report evidence indicating that the Pleistocene lineages of the Iberian brown bears were not the direct ancestors of the Holocene ones, and interpret their findings as indicative of the Holocene recolonization of the Iberian Peninsula by brown bears from a crypticrefugium in continentalAtlantic Europe.^[236]
• A study on the evolutionary history and changes of range and diet of the European brown bears, as indicated by data from mitochondrial DNA from brown bear remains collected from across Europe and ranging in age between the Late Pleistocene and historical times, is published by^[237]
• A study on the biomechanical capabilities of themusteloid speciesLeptarctus primus relative to living carnivoran taxa, and on their implications for inferring the paleoecology of this species, is published by Prybyla, Tseng & Flynn (2019).^[238]
• A revision of the systematics of fossilhog-nosed skunks fromArgentina will be published by Schiaffini & Juan (2019).^[239]
• A skull of a large fossilmustelid showing similarities to bothOriensictis melina fromZhoukoudian andEnhydrictis fromSardinia is described from the Jinyuan cave (Liaoning,China) by Jiangzuoet al. (2019), who relegateOriensictis to the rank of a subgenus ofEnhydrictis.^[240]
• Fossil remains of a late PleistoceneEuropean badger are described from Grotta Laceduzza (Apulia,Italy) by Mecozziet al. (2019), representing the largest sample of this taxon in the European Pleistocene record.^[241]
• A study aiming to determine occurrence and timing of shifts in skull shape, body size and body shape in the evolutionary history of mustelids is published by Law (2019).^[242]
• A study on the functional morphology of the teeth ofCyonasua andChapalmalania and on the diet of these taxa, aiming to determine whether these carnivorans may have ecologically overlapped with extinct predatory metatherians from South America, is published by Engelman & Croft (2019).^[243]
• A study on feeding strategies used by extinctpinnipeds, as indicated by morphology of their skulls andmandibles, and on the evolution ofphocid feeding strategies is published by Kienle & Berta (2019).^[244]
• A study aiming to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the fossil record of pinnipeds from taxonomic, geographical and temporal perspectives is published by Valenzuela-Toro & Pyenson (2019).^[245]
• A study on the morphological differences betweenhumeri andfemora of different modern phocid taxa, and on their implications for the utility of these limb bones in diagnosing fossil taxa, is published by Churchill & Uhen (2019).^[246]
• A study on the bonehistology ofNanophoca vitulinoides is published by Dewaeleet al. (2019).^[247]
• Miocenemonk seal teeth are described from the upperMonterey Formation (California,United States) by Velez-Juarbe & Valenzuela-Toro (2019), representing the oldest fossil record ofcrown phocids from the North Pacific region reported so far.^[248]
• A study on the impact of changing sea ice conditions on the diet of the Pacificwalrus during the last ~4000 years is published by Clarket al. (2019).^[249]
• Description of new dentary material ofPercrocuta carnifex from theNagri Formation (Pakistan), and a study on the occurrence andstratigraphic position of this species within theSivalik Hills and on the phylogenetic relationships of species assigned to the genusPercrocuta, is published by Ghaffaret al. (2019).^[250]
• A study evaluating the ability of the extinctgiant fossa to hunt large lemurs is published by Meadoret al. (2019).^[251]
• Description ofmongoose fossils from the early Pleistocene fossil locality Cooper 's D in theCradle of Humankind (South Africa) is published by Cohen, O'Regan & Steininger (2019).^[252]
• A study on the anatomy of thebasicranium ofDinocrocuta gigantea is published by Xiong (2019).^[253]
• Two isolated teeth ofhyenas belonging to the genusChasmaporthetes are described from the Old Crow Basin (Yukon,Canada) by Tseng, Zazula &Werdelin (2019).^[254]
• A study on the uppercanine replacement process in sabertooth carnivores belonging to the familyNimravidae is published by Wysocki (2019), who also compares the juvenile morphologies and upper canine replacement processes in the sabertooth lineages of the families Felidae,Barbourofelidae and Nimravidae.^[255]
• A study on the brain anatomy of an earlyMiocenefelid known from a skull from Ginn Quarry (Nebraska,United States), representing the oldest known felid specimen in the New World, is published by Lyras, Giannakopoulou &Werdelin (2019).^[256]
• A study on a sample of fossils of two species ofMachairodus from the earlyVallesian site of Los Valles de Fuentidueña (Province of Segovia,Spain), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of palaeoecology of these species, is published by Fernández-Monescillo, Antón & Salesa (2019).^[257]
• A study on the anatomy of the neck vertebrae ofMachairodus aphanistus, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the early evolution of adaptations enabling the killing bite of the sabre-toothed cats, is published online by Antónet al. (2019).^[258]
• Description of felid fossils recovered from bluffs along theSouth Saskatchewan River nearMedicine Hat (Alberta,Canada), including the first confirmed occurrence ofSmilodon fatalis in Canada, is published by Reynolds, Seymour & Evans (2019).^[259]
• A study oncanines ofSmilodon fatalis, aiming to determine whether extreme canine size functioned as a sexually selected signal, is published by O'Brien (2019).^[260]
• Two specimens ofSmilodon populator with injuries on their skulls are described by Chimentoet al. (2019), who interpret these injuries as most likely caused by uppercanines of anotherSmilodon.^[261]
• A felidcalcaneum is described from the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene Uquía Formation (Argentina) by Ercoliet al. (2019), who assign this specimen to thepuma lineage, and interpret it as one of the earliest records of this lineage in America, and of Felidae in South America.^[262]
• Tooth enamelstrontium isotopic values of a specimen of theAmerican lion from Cedral (San Luis Potosí,Mexico) are determined by Pérez-Crespoet al. (2019), who also evaluate the implications of their findings for inferring the mobility of the studied specimen.^[263]
• The first fossiltiger specimen from the Kyushu area (Japan) is reported by Hasegawaet al. (2019).^[264]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Barbastella maxima[265]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rosina, Kruskop & Semenov	Late Miocene		Ukraine	A species ofBarbastella
Koopmanycteris[266]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Morgan, Czaplewski & Simmons	Oligocene		United States ( Florida)	A member of the familyMormoopidae. The type species isK. palaeomormoops.
Myotis gerhardstorchi[267]	Sp. nov	Valid	Horáček & Trávníčková	Early Pliocene		Hungary	Amouse-eared bat
Quinetia frigidaria[268]	Sp. nov	Valid	Czaplewskiet al.	Whitneyan	Brule Formation	United States ( North Dakota)	A member of the familyVespertilionidae

• A study on the completeness of the bat fossil record is published by Brownet al. (2019).^[269]
• A study on aerodynamic features ofOnychonycteris finneyi is published by Amador,Simmons & Giannini (2019).^[270]
• Description ofPleistocene andHolocene bat fossils from the Grotta dei Pipistrelli (Sicily,Italy) is published by Salariet al. (2019).^[271]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Hemihegetotherium tantillum[272]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vera	Miocene	Collón Curá	Argentina	Ahegetotheriidnotoungulate
Orome[273]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bauzá, Gelfo & López	Eocene (Ypresian)	Las Flores	Argentina	Ahenricosborniid notoungulate. The type species isO. deepi.
Protypotherium concepcionensis[274]	Sp. nov	Valid	Solórzanoet al.	Miocene	Cura-Mallín	Chile	Aninteratheriidnotoungulate

• A study on variations ofincisorenamel microstructure innotoungulates and on their evolutionary and ecological significance is published online by Filippoet al. (2019).^[275]
• First skeletal remains ofNotostylops murinus recovered from middleEocene levels of the Sarmiento Formation (Argentina) are described by Lorente, Gelfo & López (2019).^[276]
• New fossil specimen ofPampahippus secundus is described from theEocene Upper Lumbrera Formation (Argentina) by García-Lópezet al. (2019).^[277]
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships ofNotohippus toxodontoides, as indicated by data from specimens from the Río Bote locality in the early MioceneSanta Cruz Formation (Argentina), is published by Del Pinoet al. (2019).^[278]
• A systematic revision of the genusPatriarchus and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this genus within theInteratheriidae is published by Fernández, Fernicola & Cerdeño (2019).^[279]
• A study on the braincase anatomy inmesotheriidnotoungulates is published by Fernández-Monescilloet al. (2019).^[280]
• Partial skeleton ofPlesiotypotherium achirense showing multiple skeletal and dental pathologies is described from the late Miocene locality of Achiri (BolivianAltiplano) by Fernández-Monescilloet al. (2019).^[281]
• A revision and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of theFriasian andMayoaninteratheriineinteratheriid notoungulates from southernArgentina andChile is published by Veraet al. (2019).^[282]
• A systematic re-evaluation ofhegetotheriid notoungulates belonging to the generaHegetotherium andPachyrukhos is published by Seoane & Cerdeño (2019).^[283]
• A revision of the fossil material assigned to the generaPropachyrucos andProsotherium is published by Seoane, Cerdeño & Singleton (2019).^[284]
• Detailed reconstruction of the masticatory muscles ofPaedotherium andTremacyllus is presented by Ercoli, Álvarez & Candela (2019), who report the presence of a truesciuromorph conditionconvergent with the condition evolved by rodents.^[285]
• A study on the anatomy of limbs of thetoxodontIsotemnus is published online by Lorente (2019).^[286]

• A study on the anatomy of the skeleton of extanttapirs andendemicEocene European odd-toed ungulates, aiming to determine whether tapirs represent viable analogues for locomotion inpalaeotheres andlophiodontids, is published online by MacLaren & Nauwelaerts (2019).^[293]
• A study on the diet and habitat ofSchlosseria magister andLophialetes expeditus is published online by Gonget al. (2019).^[294]
• A study on the intraspecific variation of the skeletal anatomy in the lophiodontid speciesEolophiodon laboriense is published by Vautrinet al. (2019).^[295]
• A study on the morphology of the nares of thebrontotheresMetarhinus andSphenocoelus, and on their functional significance, is published by Mader (2019).^[296]
• A revision of the fossil material ofrhinocerotids from the Miocene (Agenian) of Wischberg (Switzerland) is published by Jameet al. (2019).^[297]
• A study on the abundance of members of the generaAphelops andTeleoceras from the middle Miocene to the Pliocene of theGreat Plains, and on possible causes of their extinction, is published online by Wang & Secord (2019).^[298]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the Eurasian rhinocerotids of the Pleistocene epoch, based on data from theproteome fromenamel of a tooth of a member of the genusStephanorhinus from theDmanisi site (Georgia), is published by Cappelliniet al. (2019).^[299]
• A study on the timing of extinction ofElasmotherium sibiricum will be published by Kosintsevet al. (2019), who report evidence indicating that this species survived in Eastern Europe and Central Asia until at least 39,000 years ago.^[300]
• A study on cheek teeth andmandibular remains of a middle Pleistocene rhinoceros from the Matsugae Cave (Japan), previously identified as belonging to a member of the genusDicerorhinus, is published online by Handa, Kohno & Kudo (2019), who reinterpret this fossil material as belonging to a member of the genusStephanorhinus.^[301]
• A study on efficiency of the different modes ofmastication, changes in the different masticatory paths and probable diets of early members ofEquoidea is published by Engels & Schultz (2019).^[302]
• A study on the daily and seasonal movements ofequids from twoMiocene fossil sites in northernFlorida, as indicated by data fromstrontium isotope ratios intooth enamel, will be published by Wallace, Crowley & Miller (2019).^[303]
• A study on the life history of Miocenehipparionins, as indicated by teethhistology, is published by Orlandi-Oliveras, Nacarino-Meneses & Köhler (2019).^[304]
• Description of new fossil material of hipparions from the Miocene locality Ravin des Zouaves-5 (Greece), and a study on the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of these equids, is published by Koufos & Vlachou (2019).^[305]
• Limb bones fossils referred toHipparion (Hippotherium) chiai are described from the Miocene of the middle reaches of theYellow River (Shaanxi, China) by Liet al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the locomotor abilities ofH. chiai and the environment inhabited by members of this species.^[306]
• Fossils of members of the genusEurygnathohippus of uncertain specific assignment are described from the latePliocene sediments of thePotwar Plateau inPakistan and theSiwalik Hills in northwestIndia by Jukaret al. (2019), representing the first occurrence of members of this genus outside Africa reported so far.^[307]
• Revision and a study on variability of fossils ofDinohippus mexicanus from theHemphillian localities in centralMexico is published by Carranza-Castañeda (2019).^[308]
• A review of the evolutionary history of equid locomotor morphology, attempting to explain why themonodactyly evolved only in the lineage leading to modern equids, is published byJanis & Bernor (2019).^[309]
• A study assessing the evidence for different hypotheses explaining how and why monodactyly evolved in equids is published by McHorse, Biewener & Pierce (2019).^[310]
• A study on the functions ofhypsodonty of the tooth crowns in equids, as indicated by data from extant and fossil equids, is published by Solouniaset al. (2019).^[311]
• A review ofbiochronologic evidence which is the basis of recognizing Land Mammal Ages across different continents, evaluating is implications for the knowledge of the major equid evolutionary events for the last 8 million years, is published by Rooket al. (2019).^[312]
• Description of Pleistocene equid fossils from Cooper's D locality (Cooper's Cave,South Africa) is published by Badenhorst & Steininger (2019).^[313]
• A study on DNA extracted from Pleistocene equid fossils from Kunni River bed at Taiping village (Heilongjiang,China) is published by Yuanet al. (2019), who report evidence of presence ofEquus ovodovi in China.^[314]
• A study on teeth of Pleistocene equids from the Anagni Basin (centralItaly) and on their implications for the knowledge of the niche occupation and resource exploitation mechanisms of these equids is published by Straniet al. (2019).^[315]
• A study on the diversity and evolution of members of the genusEquus in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa, and on its implications for the knowledge origin and evolution of ancient and livingzebras, is published by Bernoret al. (2019).^[316]
• An overview of research advances from the preceding years concerning thebiostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the genusEquus in Europe is published by Boulbes & van Asperen (2019).^[317]
• A review and a study on the evolutionary history of early members of the genusEquus fromChina is published by Sun & Deng (2019).^[318]
• A study on the diversity of native South American members of the genusEquus is published by Machado & Avilla (2019).^[319]
• A study on the potential range of distribution of South American horses during the transition from theLast Glacial Maximum to theHolocene, and on its implications for the knowledge of the causes of the Late Quaternary extinction of South American horses, is published by Villavicencio, Corcoran & Marquet (2019).^[320]
• A review of theNeogene fossil record of members ofEquinae fromMexico is published by Bravo-Cuevas & Jiménez-Hidalgo (2019).^[321]
• A study on the diversity and paleoecology of late Pleistocene horses from northwestern and centralOaxaca and centralChiapas (Mexico) is published by Jiménez-Hidalgoet al. (2019).^[322]
• A study on themetapodial bonehistology ofEquus mosbachensis andEquus steinheimensis, and on its implications for the knowledge of the life history of these species, is published online by Nacarino-Meneses & Orlandi-Oliveras (2019).^[323]
• A study on the evolutionary history of domestic horses, based on DNA data from horsesubfossils with ages mostly spanning the last six millennia, is published by Fageset al. (2019), who present evidence of existence of two extinct horse lineages in Iberia and Siberia during early domestication.^[324]
• A review of the use of the generic nameEquus within different phylogenetic frameworks and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of derived members ofEquini is published by Barrón-Ortizet al. (2019).^[325]

• A study on the evolution of morphological traits associated with tail weaponry inglyptodonts and ankylosaur dinosaurs, aiming to quantitatively test the hypothesis that tail weaponry of these groups is an example ofconvergent evolution, is published online byArbour &Zanno (2019).^[327]
• New fossil material of the glyptodontNeuryurus, including associated remains ofcarapace andendoskeletal bones, is described from the PleistoceneSopas Formation (Uruguay) by Perea, Toriño & Ghizzoni (2019).^[328]
• A review of the late Pleistocene species ofGlyptodon from southern South America is published by Cuadrelliet al. (2019).^[329]
• New specimen ofPucatherium parvum is described from the Eocene of theLumbrera Formation (Argentina) by Herreraet al. (2019).^[330]
• A study on the impact of climate changes on the distribution ofarmadillos as indicated by fossil record is published by Soibelzon (2019).^[331]
• A study on the internal structure of theosteoderms of extinct armadillos, and on its possible associations with the climate and environmental conditions of the distribution areas of various armadillo species, is published by Ciancioet al. (2019).^[332]

• A study on the phylogeny, macroevolution, and historical biogeography of sloths is published by Varelaet al. (2019).^[335]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of extinct and living sloths, as indicated by data from extinct sloth mitogenomes, is published by Delsucet al. (2019).^[336]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of tree sloths and their extinct relatives, as indicated by collagen sequence information and mitochondrial DNA evidence, is published by Pressleeet al. (2019).^[337]
• A study on themusculoskeletal diseases of Pleistocene sloths from the Brazilian Intertropical Region is published by Barbosaet al. (2019).^[338]
• A study comparing theungualphalanges of the third finger from themanus of Pleistocene ground sloths and a wide range of extant mammals, and aiming to determine possible life habits of Pleistocene ground sloths, is published online by Patiño, Zerpa & Fariña (2019).^[339]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of members of the familyMylodontidae is published by Boscaini, Pujos & Gaudin (2019).^[340]
• New skull and teeth remains ofSimomylodon uccasamamensis are described from the latestMiocene–Pliocene of theBolivianAltiplano by Boscainiet al. (2019).^[341]
• A study on the skeletal morphology ofSimomylodon uccasamamensis is published by Boscainiet al. (2019), who report evidence indicative ofsexual dimorphism.^[342]
• New specimen ofLestodon armatus, providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is described from aQuaternary deposit inCaçapava do Sul (Brazil) by Vargas-Peixotoet al. (2019).^[343]
• New fossil remains ofProscelidodon rothi are described from thePliocene El Polvorín Formation (Buenos Aires Province,Argentina) by Miño-Boiliniet al. (2019).^[344]
• Partial specimen ofMegalonyx jeffersonii is described from a peat deposit near Newburgh,Orange County by McDonald, Feranec & Miller (2019), representing the first record of this species fromNew York reported so far.^[345]
• A study on sexual dimorphism and geographic variation of fossilmegalonychid sloths fromHispaniola is published online by McAfee & Beery (2019).^[346]
• New fossil specimens belonging to the genusNeocnus, representing the easternmost record of this genus reported so far, are described from the Upper Pleistocene localities of Padre Nuestro and Oleg's Bat House (Dominican Republic) by McAfee & Rimoli (2019).^[347]
• Description of a partialdentary with teeth and anastragalus ofMegathericulus patagonicus from the MioceneCollón Curá Formation (Argentina) is published online by Brandoni, Ruiz & Bucher (2019), who consider the speciesMegathericulus primaevus to be ajunior synonym ofM. patagonicus.^[348]
• Description of new fossil material ofThalassocnus from the Mina Fosforita member of theBahía Inglesa Formation (Chile) and a study on the taxonomic diversity of members of the genusThalassocnus in Chile is published by Peralta-Prato & Solórzano (2019).^[349]
• Description of new fossil material ofNothrotheriops from the late Pleistocene of the Esperanza Lithostratigraphic Unit from the Salado Fluvial Accumulation Depression (Santa Fe Province,Argentina), and a study on the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the dispersal of ground sloths during theGreat American Interchange, is published by Brandoni & Vezzosi (2019).^[350]
• A study on the paleoecology of the first fossilized specimen ofEremotherium laurillardi fromBelize, as indicated by stable isotope analysis, is published by Larmonet al. (2019).^[351]
• Description of fossils ofMegatherium americanum from the Pleistocene deposits of the Coastal Plain of the State ofRio Grande do Sul (Brazil) is published by Lopes & Pereira (2019).^[352]
• A study on the morphology of thescapulae of juvenile and adult specimens ofMegalonyx jeffersoniiandParamylodon harlani, and on its implications of the knowledge of the behavior of these sloths, is published by Grass (2019).^[353]

• A study on the anatomy of the bone elements of thehyoid apparatus of xenarthrans, and on its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of xenarthrans, is published by Zamorano (2019).^[354]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Astrapotherium guillei[355]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kramarz, Garrido & Bond	Middle Miocene	Collón Curá	Argentina	A new species ofAstrapotherium
Cartierodon[356]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Solé & Mennecart	Eocene (Lutetian)		France   Switzerland	A member ofHyaenodonta belonging to the familyHyaenodontidae. The type species isC. egerkingensis.
Enantiostylops[357]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Averianov	Early Eocene		China	A member ofArctostylopida; a new genus for"Sinostylops" progressus Tang & Yan (1976)
Fratrodon[358]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Soléet al.	Eocene (Ypresian)	Paris	France	A member of the familyParoxyclaenidae. Genus includes new speciesF. tresvauxi.
Hyaenodon pumilus[359]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lavrov	Late Eocene		Mongolia
Lophocion grangeri[360]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bai, Wang & Meng	Late Paleocene	Clark's Fork	United States ( Wyoming)	A member of the familyPhenacodontidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Merialus bruneti[358]	Sp. nov	Valid	Soléet al.	Eocene (Ypresian)	Paris	France	A member of the familyParoxyclaenidae
Nesophontes hemicingulus[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Morganet al.	Late Pleistocene-Holocene		Cayman Islands	A species ofNesophontes
Oligoechinus[361]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liet al.	Late Oligocene	Lanzhou Basin	China	A member of the familyErinaceidae. Genus includes new speciesO. lanzhouensis.
Pahelia[362]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zacket al.	Early Eocene	Cambay	India	An ungulate-like herbivorous mammal. Genus includes new speciesP. mysteriosa.
Paraspaniella[358]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Soléet al.	Eocene (Ypresian)	Paris	France	A member of the familyParoxyclaenidae. Genus includes new speciesP. gunnelli.
Propterodon witteri[363]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zack	lateUintan	Uinta Formation	United States ( Utah)	A member of the familyHyaenodontidae
Saltaodus[364]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gelfoet al.	Eocene	Lumbrera	Argentina	A native South American ungulate belonging to the familyDidolodontidae. Genus includes new speciesS. sirolli. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Simbakubwa[365]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Borths & Stevens	Early Miocene		Kenya	A member ofHyaenodonta belonging to the groupHyainailouroidea and to the subfamilyHyainailourinae. The type species isS. kutokaafrika.
Sororodon[358]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Soléet al.	Eocene (Ypresian)	Paris	France	A member of the familyParoxyclaenidae. Genus includes new speciesS. tresvauxae.
Uruguayodon[366]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Corona, Perea & Ubilla	Pleistocene		Uruguay	A member ofLitopterna belonging to the subfamilyProterotheriinae. Genus includes new speciesU. alius.

• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil moles belonging to the tribeScalopini is published by Schwermannet al. (2019).^[367]
• A study on early Miocene fossils of members of the familiesSoricidae andHeterosoricidae from theRibesalbes-Alcora Basin (Spain) is published by Crespoet al. (2019).^[368]
• A study on the anatomy oftarsals ofBatodonoides powayensis, and on its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of the familyGeolabididae, is published by Zack & Penkrot (2019).^[369]
• Description of the brain, inner ear, sinuses and endocranial nerves and vessels of theperiptychidCarsioptychus coarctatus is published by Cameronet al. (2019).^[370]
• Virtualendocasts of endocranium andinner ear ofChriacus pelvidens andChriacus baldwini are reconstructed by Bertrandet al. (2019).^[371]
• Description of new fossil material ofMolinodus suarezi,Simoclaenus sylvaticus,Tiuclaenus minutus,Tiuclaenus robustus andPucanodus gagnieri from thePaleocene of the Tiupampa locality (Bolivia), providing new information on the anatomy of skulls and teeth of these taxa, is published by de Muizon, Billet & Ladevèze (2019).^[372]
• Newastrapothere fossils from theEocene Cañadón Vaca Member of the Sarmiento Formation (Argentina), providing new information the early diversification of this group, are described by Kramarz, Bond & Carlini (2019).^[373]
• Redescription ofProtolipterna ellipsodontoides and a study on the teeth variation between members of this species is published by Zanesco, Bergqvist & Pereira (2019).^[374]
• Description oflitopterns from the early Miocene Pampa Castillo fauna (Galera Formation,Chile) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships ofproterotheriids is published online by McGrath, Flynn & Wyss (2019).^[375]
• Description of new cranial remains of theproterotheriidNeolicaphrium recens from thePleistoceneSopas Formation (Uruguay), and a study on the diet of this species as indicated by tooth microwear, is published by Corona, Ubilla & Perea (2019).^[376]
• A study on the dietary and environmental preferences ofNeolicaphrium recens is published by Morosi & Ubilla (2019).^[377]
• New proterotheriid andmacraucheniid fossil material is described from the lateOligocene Quebrada Fiera locality (Mendoza Province,Argentina) by Schmidt, Cerdeño & Del Pino (2019), extending the geographical range ofConiopternium, and including the first Argentinian record ofLambdaconus outsidePatagonia.^[378]
• Leftdentary of a member of the genusHarpagolestes belonging or related to the speciesH. uintensis is described from theEoceneClarno Formation (Oregon,United States) by Robsonet al. (2019), representing the firstmesonychid from this formation reported so far.^[379]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships ofdesmostylians is published by Matsui & Tsuihiji (2019).^[380]
• New fossil material ofPantolestes is described from theUinta Basin (Utah, United States) by Dunn & Townsend (2019), who also revise species-level diversity ofPantolestes from theBridgerian andUintanNorth American land mammal ages.^[381]
• A study comparing the teeth ofPrionogale to the teeth of subadulthyaenodonts and carnivorans, as well as evaluating the phylogenetic affinities ofPrionogale andNamasector within Hyaenodonta, is published by Borths & Stevens (2019), who reinterpret the type specimen ofPrionogale breviceps and some of the paratype materials as preservingdeciduous teeth which were previously interpreted as permanent dentition.^[382]
• A reconstruction of theendocast ofProviverra typica based on X-ray microtomography is presented by Dubied, Solé & Mennecart (2019), who also study the phylogenetic relationships of hyaenodonts.^[383]
• Description of a partial skeleton of a medium-sized carnivorous mammal (classified as amachaeroidineoxyaenid) from theUinta Formation (Utah,United States) and a study on machaeroidine locomotor habits and on phylogenetic affinities of machaeroidines and "creodonts" in general is published by Zack (2019).^[384]
• Description of rabbit fossils from the Late Miocene Shuitangba site (Zhaotong Basin;Yunnan,China), assigned to the extant genusNesolagus, and a study on their implications for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of this genus and paleoecology of the site, is published by Flynnet al. (2019).^[385]
• A study on the size of fossil rabbits from 14 late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sites inPortugal, and on its implications for the knowledge of temperatures and environment in the area of Portugal during the last glaciation, is published by Davis (2019).^[386]
• Description of the anatomy of a partial skeleton and adentary with anterior teeth of theplesiadapiformTorrejonia wilsoni from the lowerPaleoceneNacimiento Formation (New Mexico,United States) is published by Chesteret al. (2019).^[387]
• A study on the anatomy, life history and phylogenetic relationships ofPlesiadapis cookei is published by Boyer &Gingerich (2019).^[388]

• A study on the relationship betweenmorphological and molecular rates of evolution ofplacental mammals is published by Hallidayet al. (2019), who interpret their findings as supporting a Late Cretaceous origin ofcrown placentals, and indicating that early members of major placental groups may not be easily distinguishable from one another or fromstemeutherians.^[389]
• A study on the phylogenetic distribution, morphological variation and functions of apicobasal ridges (elevated ridges oftooth enamel) in aquatic mammals and reptiles, as indicated by data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by McCurryet al. (2019).^[390]
• New lateRupelian mammal fossils, including new specimens of the shrewSrinitium marteli and fossils of taxa formerly unknown in this locality, are described from the Aubenas-les-Alpes locality (France) by Maridet, Hugueney & Costeur (2019).^[391]
• A study on the brain size of extinctinsular dwarf species of hippos and elephants is published by Lyras (2019).^[392]
• A study on the relative contributions of grass and grit as a driving force of evolutionary changes in teeth of North Americanungulates is published by Semprebon, Rivals & Janis (2019).^[393]
• A study on fossils ofMicromeryx flourensianus from aMiocene locality inFrance, preserving signs of carnivore activity, and on the possible identity of the predator which produced marks on these bones, is published by Aiglstorfer, Heizmann & Peigné (2019).^[394]
• A study on changes in local climate and habitat conditions in centralSpain in a period from 9.1 to 6.3 million years ago, and on the diet and ecology of large mammals from this area in this time period as indicated bytooth wear patterns, is published by De Miguel, Azanza & Morales (2019).^[395]
• Miocene (Turolian) mammal faunas from several fossiliferous localities at Gorna Sushitsa (southwesternBulgaria) are described by Spassovet al. (2019).^[396]
• New late Miocene vertebrate assemblage, including turtle, rodent andxenarthran fossils (among which is the oldest record of anarmadillo belonging to the genusDasypus reported so far), is described from the Los Alisos locality (Guanaco Formation,Argentina) by Ercoliet al. (2019).^[397]
• A study on modern and fossil mammal herbivore communities from eastern Africa spanning the last ~7 million years, aiming to determine whether modern herbivore communities are suitable analogs for the ancient ecosystems in which early hominins evolved, is published by Faith, Rowan & Du (2019).^{[398][399][400]}
• A study on the anatomical traits of teeth and inferred diet ofbovids,suids andrhinocerotids from thePliocene site ofKanapoi (Kenya), and on their implications for reconstructing the environments of this site, is published online by Dumouchel & Bobe (2019).^[401]
• A study on the mortality profiles of bovids from theOldowan localities in Kanjera South (Kenya) andOlduvai Gorge (Tanzania), and on their implications for inferring hunting and scavenging behavior of early hominins in different (i.e. grassland and woodland) habitats, is published by Oliveret al. (2019).^[402]
• A study on spatial and temporal variation in species composition of ungulates from theKoobi Fora Formation throughout the Early Pleistocene is published online by O'Brienet al. (2019).^[403]
• Results of stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses oftooth enamel samples fromPleistocene mammals from the Yugong Cave and Baxian Cave (China) are presented by Sunet al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of Pleistocene climatic and environmental changes in South China.^[404]
• A study on the affinities and ages of Pleistocene mammalian faunas from China is published online by Dong, Liu & Bai (2019).^[405]
• A study on Pleistocene mammal fossils from the Yai Ruak Cave (Krabi Province,Thailand), including the southernmost known record ofCrocuta crocuta ultima in Southeast Asia, is published by Suraprasitet al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for reconstructions of the environment in the area of theMalay Peninsula in the Pleistocene.^[406]
• A study onPaleolithic faunal remains from theManot Cave (Israel), comparing human and hyena prey choice in theUpper PaleolithicGalilee, is published online by Orbach & Yeshurun (2019).^[407]
• A study on Pleistocene small mammal remains from Stratigraphic Unit V from El Salt site (Alcoy, Spain), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of climatic conditions in the eastern Iberian Peninsula at the time of the disappearance of local Neanderthal populations duringMarine Isotope Stage 3, is published by Fagoagaet al. (2019).^[408]
• A study onleporid assemblages from 8 sites in southernFrance associated withAcheulean andMiddle Paleolithic occupations by hominins, aiming to examine small fastgame exploitation by archaicHomo populations, is published by Morinet al. (2019).^[409]
• A study on the taxonomic and skeletal identification and on surface modifications of mammals bones from the Fumane cave (Italy), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of subsistence behaviour of hominins inhabiting the cave across the Middle toUpper Paleolithic transition, is published by Sinet-Mathiotet al. (2019).^[410]
• A study on the dietary patterns and the ecological niches occupied by ungulates from theMousterian of the Covalejos Cave (Cantabria,Spain), as inferred from analyses of teeth wear and dentalcementum, is published by Sánchez-Hernándezet al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the environmental conditions of this region, the knowledge of the age and season at the time of death these ungulates, and the knowledge of the seasonality and duration of Neanderthal occupations of the Covalejos Cave and the seasonality of their hunting activities.^[411]
• A study on animal remains from the El Cierro cave (Asturias,Spain), evaluating how much energyred deer supplied to the diet of the humans that inhabited El Cierro during the LowerMagdalenian in comparison with other animals, is published by Porteroet al. (2019).^[412]
• A study on movement patterns of theColumbian mammoths and other herbivores from theWaco Mammoth National Monument site (Texas,United States), based onstrontium isotope data from their teeth, is published by Eskeret al. (2019).^[413]
• Description of Pleistocene mammal fossils from Extinction Cave (Belize), including one of the southernmost record of the bison and one of two records of the bear speciesTremarctos floridanus from Central America, is published online by Churcher (2019).^[414]
• A revision and a study on the age of the Late Pleistocenemegafauna ofGuatemala is published by Dávilaet al. (2019).^[415]
• Evidence from the Campo Laborde site inArgentina indicating that humans hunted and butchered a giantground slothMegatherium americanum is presented by Politiset al. (2019).^[416]
• A study on diet and niche width of late Quaternary large herbivorous mammals from the Brazilian Intertropical Region is published by Pansaniet al. (2019).^[417]
• A study on late Pleistocene mammal fossils recovered from a tank deposit in Lagoa de Pedra (Anagé municipality,Bahia State, Brazil), aiming to determine the diet of these mammals and the paleoenvironment they lived in, is published by da Silvaet al. (2019).^[418]
• A study on late Quaternary mammal remains from the Upper Gunnison Basin (Colorado,United States), focusing on their implications for the knowledge ofimpact of climate changes since theLast Glacial Maximum on small mammals from this area, is published by Emslie & Meltzer (2019).^[419]
• A study on the ecology of mammals from theLa Brea Tar Pits, focusing on the dietary responses of carnivorans to changing climate and megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene, is published by DeSantiset al. (2019).^[420]
• A study on possible causes of the late Pleistocene extinctions, as indicated by the analysis of tooth wear andenamelhypoplasia in late Pleistocene horses and bisons from North America, is published by Barrón-Ortizet al. (2019).^[421]
• A study aiming to identifycommunity assembly effects of the end-Pleistocene extinctions of large mammals in North America is published by Tóthet al. (2019).^[422]
• A study on the role of past climate, extinctmegafauna andguanaco in shaping the vegetation of the Patagonian steppe is published by Hernández, Ríos & Perotto-Baldivieso (2019).^[423]
• A study on the impact of climate change on the faunal composition and extinction dynamics of European mammal species during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition, aiming to test the hypothesis of the existence of common evolutionary processes of change in faunal composition during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, independent of the regions of Europe, is published by Puzachenko & Markova (2019).^[424]
• A study on population density of large herbivores in Europe during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, reconstructed on the basis of data from fossildung fungusspores from centralLatvia, is published by Stivrinset al. (2019).^[425]
• The discovery of ancient bear, roe deer and bat DNA recovered fromstalagmites from the Solkota cave (Georgia) is reported by Stahlschmidtet al. (2019).^[426]
• A study on evolutionary changes in body size and sexual size dimorphism associated with the independent colonization ofMadagascar by primates, carnivorans,tenrecs and rodents is published by Kappeleret al. (2019).^[427]
• A study aiming to evaluate whetherintroduced deers and hares fill the same ecological niches as extinctmoa birds inNew Zealand, as indicated by data from pollen extracted from moacoprolites and mammal feces, is published by Wood & Wilmshurst (2019).^[428]
• Description of small mammal fossils from the Pliocene site of Kanapoi (Kenya) is published online by Manthi & Winkler (2019).^[429]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Apeirodon[430]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Babotet al.	Eocene (Priabonian)	Geste Formation	Argentina	A smallbunodont metatherian, possibly an early divergent member ofPolydolopimorphia. The type species isA. sorianoi. Announced in 2019; the final article version was published in 2020.
Chaeropus yirratji[431]	Sp. nov	Valid	Travouillonet al.	Holocene		Australia	A relative of thepig-footed bandicoot
Patene coloradensis[432]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rangelet al.	Middle Eocene	Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation	Argentina	Asparassodont
Unnuakomys[433]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Eberleet al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Prince Creek Formation	United States ( Alaska)	A member of the familyPediomyidae. Genus includes new speciesU. hutchisoni.

• Description of the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton ofArgyrolagus scaglai from thePliocene ofArgentina is published online by Abello & Candela (2019), who interpret this species as having bipedal jumping locomotion.^[434]
• Description of the anatomy of the caudal part of the cranium ofThylacosmilus atrox is published by Forasiepi, Macphee & del Pino (2019).^[435]
• Description of a nearly complete juvenile skull ofSparassocynus derivatus from thePlioceneChapadmalal Formation (Argentina) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of "sparassocynids" is published online by Beck & Taglioretti (2019).^[436]
• A study on the locomotion ofbalbarids is published by Den Boer, Campione & Kear (2019).^[437]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of a giant short-faced kangarooSimosthenurus occidentalis and giant wallabyProtemnodon anak, as indicated by data from fossils and near-complete mitochondrial genomes, is published by Casciniet al. (2019).^[438]
• A study on the skull morphology ofSimosthenurus occidentalis, and on its implications for inferring the diet of this mammal, is published by Mitchell & Wroe (2019).^[439]
• A study on the skull ofSimosthenurus occidentalis, evaluating whether it was capable of consuming tough vegetation and withstanding twisting forces while biting resistant objects, is published by Mitchell (2019).^[440]
• The first descriptions of theappendicular skeleton and body mass estimates for threepalorchestid species (Palorchestes azael,Palorchestes parvus and a member of the genusPropalorchestes of uncertain specific assignment from theBullock Creek Fossil Site) are presented by Richardset al. (2019).^[441]
• A study on fossils of a putativeCretaceousdicynodont fromAustralia reported byThulborn & Turner (2003)^[442] is published online by Knutsen & Oerlemans (2019), who consider these fossils to be ofPliocene-Pleistocene age, and reinterpret it as fossils of a large mammal, probably adiprotodontid.^[443]
• A study on the range and ecological tolerances of theTasmanian devil living in the mainland Australia in prehistoric times, and on its implications for the viability of the proposal to reintroduce Tasmanian devils to mainland Australia, is published by Westawayet al. (2019).^[444]
• A study on the pre-Pleistocene evolutionary history of the familyThylacinidae is published by Rovinsky, Evans & Adams (2019).^[445]
• An atlas of the skeletal elements of thethylacine is published by Warburton, Travouillon & Camens (2019).^[446]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Cimbriodon[447]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Martinet al.	Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)	Süntel	Germany	Amultituberculate. Genus includes new speciesC. multituberculatus.
Cimolodon akersteni[448]	Sp. nov	Valid	Weaveret al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Wayan	United States ( Idaho)	Amultituberculate
Dolichoprion[449]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kusuhashi, Wang & Jin	Early Cretaceous	Fuxin	China	Aneobaataridmultituberculate. Genus includes new speciesD. lii. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Fuxinoconodon[450]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kusuhashiet al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian)	Fuxin	China	A member of the familyGobiconodontidae. The type species isF. changi. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Galulatherium[451]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	O'Connoret al.	Late Cretaceous (Turonian–Campanian)	Galula	Tanzania	Possibly a member ofGondwanatheria and the familySudamericidae. The type species isG. jenkinsi.
Guibaatar[452]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wible, Shelley & Bi	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Bayan Mandahu	China	Adjadochtatheriidmultituberculate. The type species isG. castellanus.
Jeholbaatar[453]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Meng & Wang	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Jiufotang	China	Aneobaataridmultituberculate. Genus includes new speciesJ. kielanae.
Maiopatagium sibiricum[454]	Sp. nov	Valid	Averianovet al.	Middle Jurassic	Itat	Russia	A member ofEuharamiyida
Microdocodon[455]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zhouet al.	Middle Jurassic	Daohugou	China	A member ofDocodonta. Genus includes new speciesM. gracilis.
Origolestes[456]	Gen. et sp. nov		Maoet al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Yixian	China	A member of the familyZhangheotheriidae. Genus includes new speciesO. lii. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in2020.
Qishou[457]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mao & Meng	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Tiaojishan	China	A member ofEuharamiyida. Genus includes new speciesQ. jizantang.
Sharypovoia[454]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Averianovet al.	Middle Jurassic	Itat	Russia	A member ofEuharamiyida belonging to the familyShenshouidae. Genus includes new speciesS. arimasporum andS. magna.
Storchodon[458]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Martinet al.	Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)	Süntel	Germany	A member ofMorganucodonta. The type species isS. cingulatus.