| 2015 Sousse attack | |
|---|---|
| Part of the2015 Ramadan attacks and theIslamic State insurgency in Tunisia | |
  Sousse | |
| Location | Riu Imperial Marhaba and Soviva,Port El Kantaoui,Sousse, Tunisia[1][2] |
| Coordinates | 35°54′43.52″N10°34′48.1″E / 35.9120889°N 10.580028°E /35.9120889; 10.580028 |
| Date | 26 June 2015[1] c. 11:45 a.m.-12:15 p.m.[3] (GMT+1) |
| Target | European tourists staying at a hotel[1][2] |
| Weapon | AK-47assault rifle |
| Deaths | 39 (including the perpetrator)[4] |
| Injured | 39[1] |
| Perpetrators |  Islamic State[5] |
| Assailant | Seifeddine Rezgui Yacoubi |
On 26 June 2015, amass shooting occurred at the tourist resort atPort El Kantaoui, about 10 kilometres north of the city ofSousse,Tunisia.[1][2] Thirty-eight people, 30 of whom were British, were killed when a gunman, Seifeddine Rezgui, attacked a hotel.[6] It was the deadliestnon-state attack in thehistory of modern Tunisia, with more fatalities than the 22 killed in theBardo National Museum attack three months before.[7] The attack received widespread condemnation around the world.[8] The Tunisian government later "acknowledged fault" for slow police response to the attack.[9]
In October 2013, a suicide bomber blew himself up in a botched attack on a Sousse beach while security forces foiled another planned attack nearby.[10] The post-Tunisian revolution led to the2014 parliamentary election in which the principal secularist party gained a plurality but was unable to govern alone, and ultimately formed a national unity government. SecularistBeji Caid Essebsi was elected president in the2014 Tunisian presidential election.[11] After the overthrow of Tunisian presidentBen Ali, terrorism increased, leading to 60 victims among security and military troops. Other attacks targeted civilians and tourists. Despite this, Tunisia was considered to be a secure country.[12]
On 18 March 2015, theBardo National Museum inTunis was attacked by three terrorists, in which 21 foreigners visiting the museum and a local police officer were killed. Two of the gunmen, Tunisian citizens Yassine Labidi and Saber Khachnaoui, were killed by police, while the third attacker escaped.[13] Police treated the event as aterrorist attack.[14][15] TheIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attack, and threatened to commit further attacks.[16] However, the Tunisian government blamed a local splinter group ofal-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, called the Okba Ibn Nafaa Brigade, for the attack. A police raid killed nine members on 28 March.[17] After the Bardo attack, the government announced new security measures and declared the country safe again.[12]
On 26 June 2015 the Spanish-owned five-star Riu Imperial Marhaba Hotel atPort El Kantaoui, a tourist complex situated on the coast about ten kilometres north ofSousse, Tunisia, was hosting 565 guests, mainly from Western Europe, 77% of its capacity.[18] Tourists from the hotel as well as from the Soviva Hotel located nearby were relaxing on the beach.[19]
At around noon, Seifeddine Rezgui Yacoubi, disguised as a tourist,[20] socialised with others, and then took out aKalashnikov assault rifle concealed in a beach umbrella and fired at the tourists on the beach. He then entered the hotel, shooting at people he came across.[18] He was killed by security forces during an exchange of fire.[18][21][22] His autopsy later revealed that he had medications and an illegal drug in his system.[23] All bullets were found to have been fired from the one weapon; the attacker had fourmagazines of ammunition.[24][25] The attacker had spoken to his father on a mobile telephone which he then threw into the sea during the attack; it was retrieved later.[25]
An Interior Ministry spokesman said that they were sure that others assisted but did not participate directly, providing the Kalashnikov and helping get Rezgui to the scene.[25]
| Nationality | Deaths | Wounded | Total | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 United Kingdom | 30 | 26 | 56 | [26] |
 Republic of Ireland | 3 | 0 | 3 | [27][28] |
 Germany | 2 | 1 | 3 | [29][30] |
 Belgium | 1 | 3 | 4 | [31] |
 Russia | 1 | 1 | 2 | [32][33] |
 Portugal | 1 | 0 | 1 | [34][35] |
 Tunisia | 0 | 7 | 7 | [31] |
 Ukraine | 0 | 1 | 1 | [36] |
| Total | 38 | 39 | 77 | [32] |
Thirty-eight people were killed, 30 of whom were British.[2][22] Among the fatalities wasDenis Thwaites, a former professional footballer forBirmingham City, and his wife, Elaine.[37] Victims also included people from three generations of one family: Adrian Evans, Patrick Evans and Joel Richards.[38]
Thirty-nine people were also wounded.[18][39][40][41]
The killer, Seifiddine Rezgui Yacoubi, also known asAbu Yahya al-Qayrawani,[42] (29 August 1992 – 26 June 2015[43]) was a 22-year-old electrical engineering student atUniversity of Kairouan fromGaâfour, in northwest Tunisia.[44] He did not have the typical traits of an Islamic extremist: he had a girlfriend, drank alcohol and was a local break-dancing star. He was also believed to be high on cocaine during his rampage.[44][45] He is believed to have been radicalized over such issues as theLibyan Civil War and Western inaction against the Assad government during theSyrian Civil War.[46]
Rezgui is thought to have been recruited byAjnad al-Khilafah,[47] an outgrowth ofthe Tunisian branch ofAnsar al-Sharia, which was founded bySeifallah Ben Hassine, who had lived in the UK in the 1990s and whose mentor during that time wasAbu Qatada.[48] High Court papers relating to a control order placed on a British-based suspect state that Ben Hassine "aimed to recruit new members and send them to Afghanistan for training".[47] The control order documents add that: "Abu Qatada appears as a watermark running through the whole of this case as being the mastermind."[47]
Ben Hassine is reported to have been killed by theUSAF near Adjabiya in eastern Libya on 14 June 2015. The strike was designed to killMokhtar Belmokhtar in an Ansar meeting. After the overthrow of Tunisia's PresidentZine el-Abedine Ben Ali in 2011, Ben Hassine was released from jail in March 2011 under an amnesty, and later founded Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia, which resisted proscription until 2013 arguing it was carrying out humanitarian work, even though Ben Hassine personally had led the storming of theUS Embassy in Tunis on 14 September 2012, three days afterAnsar's Libyan counterparts killed US ambassadorJ. Christopher Stevens inBenghazi, Libya. When Ansar was finally outlawed in August 2013, after the murders of two secular leftist MPs, he was listed as a proscribed terrorist by the United States, and he fled to Libya.[49][50]
Qatada wrote in a letter published online in January 2014 that Ben Hassine "is among the best of those I have known in intellect" and "the most knowledgeable of people of my intentions ... for he was the closest of people to me".[47]
In January 2017, documents obtained byPanorama identified Chamseddine al-Sandi as the orchestrator behind the attack. He is named in confessions from suspects who were arrested in connection with the shootings. Rezgui was killed at the scene, but the documents obtained byPanorama say that he was recruited and directed by al-Sandi. The confessions say al-Sandi ran a militant cell responsible for both the Sousse shootings and the attack three months earlier at theBardo National Museum in which 22 people died. Both attacks were claimed by the Islamic State.[51]
Immediately after the attack, the flight JAF5017, on its way toEnfidha-Hammamet International Airport, was redirected to Brussels.[18] German tour operatorTUI offered German tourists the opportunity to fly back to Germany and to cancel or adjust their bookings in Tunisia.[52] British tour operatorThomson announced that flights to Tunisia would be cancelled until at least 9 July 2015,[53][54] with ten flights departing on the evening of the attacks to bring 2,500 customers in the resort back to the United Kingdom.[55]EasyJet and Thomas Cook announced that customers planning to visit Tunisia would be able to change their travel plans free of charge.[56]
Hotels were targeted in attacks to undermine tourism and because they were considered "brothels" by ISIS.[57] Both tourism and the related industries accounted for up to 14.9% of the Tunisian economy in 2014.[citation needed]
TheUnited Kingdom's Home SecretaryTheresa May and Foreign Office MinisterTobias Ellwood visited the site of the shooting on 29 June 2015. It was also announced that aRoyal Air Force aircraft would be sent to repatriate bodies and evacuate the injured back to the UK.[58] On 29 June an RAFBoeing C-17 Globemaster III flew fromRAF Brize Norton to Tunisia to recover four British victims, with the C17 returning viaBirmingham Airport to unload one patient, and returning to Brize Norton with the other three.[59]
On 29 June, theHouse of Commons chamber observed a minute of silence shortly before the UK Prime Minister,David Cameron, announced that a national minute of silence would be held on 3 July 2015 at 12:00 local time to remember the victims, exactly one week on from the attacks.[60] Cameron later led severalCOBRA meetings.[61] The Foreign Office sent a team to the hotel to support British survivors and learn more about the British victims. TheMetropolitan PoliceDeputy Assistant Commissioner announced a heightened police presence and security forArmed Forces Day andPride London events taking place in London over the weekend.[62] On 28 June 2015, the Queen said she and the Duke of Edinburgh were shocked by the attack and offered their deepest sympathy to the injured.[63] Sixteen British counter-terrorism police were deployed to Tunisia in the direct aftermath of the attacks, and almost 400 officers were sent to British airports to identify potential witnesses to the attack who had returned home.[64]
Between 1 and 4 July the bodies of all thirty British nationals killed in the attacks were flown from Tunisia toRAF Brize Norton.[65][66][67][68] On 2 July David Cameron andDefence SecretaryMichael Fallon began making calls for airstrikes in Syria, believing the Sousse attacks to have been coordinated from there.[69] On 3 July, the UK held a nationwide minute's silence at 12:00 local time to remember the victims of the attacks as government buildings andBuckingham Palace flew theUnion Jack at half-mast.[67]
Two British tourists, Allen Pembroke and Paul Short, were awarded theQueen's Commendation for Bravery in the2017 Birthday Honours for aiding victims of the attack while it was still underway.[70]
An inquest to the attack was initially scheduled to start in November 2016 but was postponed to 2017. On 16 January 2017, the first hearing of the inquest was held in theRoyal Courts of Justice in London.[71][72] The inquest found that the police response to the Tunisia Beach Attacks was "at best shambolic and at worst cowardly" after officers in the vicinity were found to be hiding or running in the opposite direction to the attacker. A security team close to the attack and armed with assault rifles and wearing protective vests, retreated to wait for reinforcements for a half an hour, during which time the lone gunman killed the 38 victims.[9]
By March 2017, at least six police officers were referred to trial for criminal negligence for failing to help the victims, and 27 others were referred on similar charges, according to the Tunisian Justice Ministry.[9]
A coroner at the inquest ruled that the victims of the attacks were "unlawfully killed" prompting the relatives of British victims to take legal action against tour operator TUI.[73]
Law firm Irwin Mitchell represented 85 families affected by the attack, who amongst them had lost 22 family members. Of the families represented, 63 Britons were injured, some suffering life changing injuries from gunshot and shrapnel wounds.[74]
The trial, involving more than 50 witnesses and experts, was heard in private due to the evidence being considered sensitive for security reasons.[74] In a joint statement, a spokesperson for Irwin Mitchell and tour operator TUI announced a settlement had been reached. The settlement was reached “without admission of liability or fault and in recognition of the wholly exceptional circumstances of the case”.[75]
Tunisian presidentBeji Caid Essebsi called for a global strategy againstterrorism[76] and visited Sousse with Prime MinisterHabib Essid,[22] who promised to close 80 mosques within the week.[77][78] The government also planned to crack down on financing for certain associations as a countermeasure against another attack.[79] Essid announced new anti-terrorism measures, including the deployment of reserve troops to reinforce security at "sensitive sites ... and places that could be targets of terrorist attacks." The "exceptional plan to better secure tourist and archaeological sites" will include "deploying armed tourist security officers all along the coast and inside hotels from 1 July,"[10] and that:
The country is under threat; the government is under threat. Without the cooperation of everyone and a show of unity, we cannot win this war. We have won some battles and lost others, but our objective is to win the war... Some mosques continue to spread their propaganda and their venom to promote terrorism. No mosque that does not conform to the law will be tolerated.[78]
Beji Caid Essebsi also denounced the "cowardly" attacks, promising "painful but necessary" measures to fight extremism in the country. He called for a firm response: "No country is safe from terrorism, and we need a global strategy of all democratic countries."[78]
On 4 July, Essebsi removed from his post the provincial Governor of Sousse and at least five senior police officers. Among the policemen dismissed were three from Sousse, one fromGaafour (the home city of Rezgui) and one fromKairouan, where Rezgui was studying.[80]
On 22 July, Tunisian MPs began a three-day debate on new counter-terrorism legislation. The legislation would allow the courts to impose death sentences to those convicted of terrorism-related offences. The legislation would also make public support of terrorism a jailable offence. If passed, the bill would allow law enforcement and security services to tap phone calls of individuals suspected of terrorism.[81]
On 8 July, the British Foreign & Commonwealth Office changed the advised status of Tunisia to "Advise against all but essential travel", resulting from 9 July in the planned return home of the estimated 3,000 British nationals in Tunisia at that time. ABTA and travel organisations First Choice, TUI and Thomson have stated that they plan to send no further British tourists to Tunisia until after 31 October 2015.[82]
On 4 March 2019, a memorial to the British victims, and a victim of the Bardo attack, calledInfinite Wave, was unveiled inCannon Hill Park, Birmingham, byPrince Harry, Duke of Sussex.[83][84]
Four other Islamist attacks took place on the same day in France, Kuwait, Syria and Somalia. The attacks followed an audio message released three days earlier byISIL senior leaderAbu Mohammad al-Adnani encouraging militants everywhere to attack during the month ofRamadan. No definitive link between the attacks has yet been established. Oneattack, at a French factory, resulted in the beheading of one person; anotherbombing at a Shia mosque in Kuwait City killed at least 27; and the otherattack on an African Union base in Somalia undertaken byAl-Shabaab, killed at least 70.[85]
