  Top: A CCTV still of the tornado (top-left, dark cloud) in RinggoldBottom: EF4-rated damage to a home along Cherokee Valley Road northeast ofRinggold, Georgia | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | April 27, 2011, 8:15 p.m.EDT (UTC−04:00) |
| Dissipated | April 27, 2011, 9:07 p.m. EDT (UTC−04:00) |
| Duration | 52 minutes |
| EF4 tornado | |
| on theEnhanced Fujita scale | |
| Path length | 54.75 miles (88.11 km) |
| Highest winds | 190 mph (310 km/h) |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 20–24 (+1 indirect)[note 1] |
| Injuries | 335 |
| Economic losses | >$88 million (2024USD) |
| Areas affected | Catoosa County inGeorgia andHamilton,Bradley,Polk andMcMinn counties inTennessee |
Part of the2011 Super Outbreak andTornadoes of 2011 | |
In the evening hours of April 27, 2011, a violent and long-trackedmulti-vortex tornado impacted several communities along a 54 miles (87 km) path through northernGeorgia and southeastTennessee, includingRinggold, Georgia,Apison, Tennessee andCleveland, Tennessee. The tornado, which was on the ground for 52 minutes and became known as theRinggold–Apison tornado orThe Monster,[1] killed over twenty people while having windspeeds that were estimated to have been as high as 190 miles per hour (310 km/h). The tornado was part ofthe largest outbreak of tornadoes in recorded history, and was the deadliest to hit Georgia during the outbreak.
The tornado touched down in ruralCatoosa County, Georgia nearRock Spring, where it slowly intensified and damaged trees before crossingJackson Lake and entering into Ringgold, where it damaged several commercial buildings and later residential homes. Nine people were killed in Ringgold as the tornado devastated the town at EF3 intensity, and hundreds of buildings were destroyed before the tornado crossed intoHamilton County, Tennessee before impacting Apison, where eight people were killed and EF4 damage was inflicted to several homes.
The environmental conditions leading up to the 2011 Super Outbreak were among the "most conducive to violent tornadoes ever documented".[2] On April 25, a vigorous upper-levelshortwave trough moved into the Southern Plains states.[3] Ample instability, low-level moisture, andwind shear all fueled a significanttornado outbreak fromTexas toTennessee; at least 64 tornadoes touched down on this day.[2] Anarea of low pressure consolidated over Texas on April 26 and traveled east while the aforementioned shortwave trough traversed theMississippi andOhio River valleys.[4] Another 50 tornadoes touched down on this day.[2] The multi-day outbreak culminated on April 27 with the most violent day of tornadic activity since the1974 Super Outbreak. Multiple episodes of tornadic activity ensued with two waves ofmesoscale convective systems in the morning hours followed by a widespread outbreak ofsupercells fromMississippi toNorth Carolina during the afternoon into the evening.[2]
Tornadic activity on April 27 was precipitated by a 995 mbar (hPa; 29.39 inHg) surface low situated overKentucky and a deep, negatively tilted (aligned northwest to southeast) trough overArkansas andLouisiana. A strong southwesterly surface jet intersected these systems at a 60° angle, anageostrophic flow that led tostorm-relative helicity values in excess of 500 m2s−2—indicative of extreme wind shear and a very high potential for rotatingupdrafts within supercells. Ample moisture from theGulf of Mexico was brought north across theDeep South, leading to daytime high temperatures of 77 to 81 °F (25 to 27 °C) anddewpoints of 66 to 72 °F (19 to 22 °C). Furthermore,convective available potential energy (CAPE) values reached 2,500–3,000 J/kg−1.[2]
On the morning of April 27, a strongcold front with several areas of embeddedlow pressure extended from theTexas Hill Country northeastward towards theArklatex and theOzarks, and later into the lowerOhio Valley. Warm moist air was in place due to strong southerly flow ahead of the front over Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee. An upper level disturbance sparked a broad area ofshowers andthunderstorms as it moved across the frontal boundary on the previous evening. The eastern edge of the line of showers and storms continued to move eastward, in concert with the upper disturbance, reaching the northwest Alabama border around 2:00 a.m. CDT.[5]
This produced the last and most violent round of severe weather, which began around 2:30 p.m. CDT for northern Alabama as supercells began to line up to the southwest of the area. During the early afternoon hours, the potential for destructive tornadoes was highlighted by theStorm Prediction Center's upgrade to ahigh risk for severe weather around 1:00 p.m. CDT.[6] This prompted aparticularly dangerous situation (PDS)tornado watch, which was issued for northern Alabama and portions of southernTennessee at 1:45 p.m. CDT. The bulletin that accompanied the watch read:[7]
THE NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER HAS ISSUED A TORNADO WATCH FOR PORTIONS OF: MUCH OF ALABAMA, NORTHWEST GEORGIA, SOUTHEAST MISSISSIPPI, SOUTHERN MIDDLE TENNESSEE, EFFECTIVE THIS WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING FROM 145 PM UNTIL 1000 PM CDT.
...THIS IS A PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS SITUATION...
DESTRUCTIVE TORNADOES...LARGE HAIL TO 4 INCHES IN DIAMETER. THUNDERSTORM WIND GUSTS TO 80 MPH...AND DANGEROUS LIGHTNING ARE POSSIBLE IN THESE AREAS.
The potential for tornadoes ramped up from noon through 9:00 p.m. CDT. Tornadoes continued tracking through central Alabama that afternoon and into the early evening hours.A dangerous and destructive tornado struck the city ofCullman, Alabama, at around 3:00 p.m. CDT (20:00 UTC). This large, multiple-vortex tornado was captured on several tower cameras fromtelevision stations, such asFox affiliateWBRC (channel 6) and ABC affiliateWBMA-LD/WCFT-TV/WJSU-TV (channels 58, 33, and 40) both out ofBirmingham. Tornadoes continued touching down further to the northeast as the sun set, particularly in Georgia. This included the Ringgold tornado.[8]
The tornado first touched down at approximately 8:15 p.m. EDT to the west ofRock Spring. The tornado downed several power lines and uprooted small trees as it moved through the town, eventually crossing Will Potts Road intoCatoosa County, where EF0 damage was recorded.[9] The tornado reached EF1 intensity for the first time as it crossed theJackson Lake, where it damaged trees. The tornado then destroyed a garage west of Brock Road in rural Catoosa County, and several homes sustained minor damage.[10] The tornado grew to 710 yards (0.65 km) near Holcomb Road, where it damaged several homes and blew in the doors of the Heritage Propane building.[11]
Near Poplar Springs, the tornado hit a home with two occupants, blowing open a door that a man stood by, causing him to fall down the basement stairs where the second occupant was sheltering. The man sustained back and shoulder injuries, while the second occupant was unharmed.[12] Near Poplar Springs Road, several buildings in a strip mall sustained heavy damage, and a building located next to anAce Hardware, which sustained heavy roof damage, was completely destroyed. Damage to the strip mall was later determined to be from a smallsubvortex of the main tornado. The sub-vortex also struck a parking lot and a drive-thru restaurant, tossing cars and de-roofing the building.[13][14] Several people that were inside of the building sheltered in food coolers that were located in the latter half of the building; at least one person was cut by glass as the tornado moved through the building.[15][16]
The Highland Pharmacy, located next to the Food Lion building, was heavily damaged by the tornado, with the front-facing wall of the building collapsing onto the strip's parking lot. AShell gas station nearby was also struck by the tornado as it moved to the northeast at 60 miles per hour (97 km/h). The roof of the gas station was found to the southeast of its original location, and pieces of metal from the building were found wrapped around trees to the east.[17][18]
EF3 damage was first observed as the tornado crossed Frontage Road and hit a hotel, where the company's sign was lifted from its pole and tossed to the northeast.[19][20] On Exit 348 Interstate 75, the tornado moved through a row of restaurants, including aRuby Tuesday. Several people who were eating at the restaurant sheltered in the kitchen area as the roof collapsed inward, falling on the dining area. ARed Roof Inn located a short distance away sustained heavy roof damage by the tornado, and headstones were broken and thrown at a cemetery nearby.[21] A furniture store nearby was also heavily damaged, and the awning above the entrance was destroyed.[6] The damage to buildings in this area was later determined to likely have been caused by a suction vortex produced by the tornado, which rotated clockwise.[22]
On Lafayette Street, the tornado destroyed a car wash and hit the parking lot of a car dealership, where the windows of several cars were shattered and a stoplight was thrown into the main building of the dealership.[22]
The tornado continued to move to the northeast as it hit the southern portions of Clark Field, before entering the downtown district of Ringgold.[18][6] The tornado took its first life on Clark Circle, where the home of Rhea McClanahan was swept away, resulting in his death.[23][24] Several homes on Spark Street were also destroyed by the tornado as it moved past.[25] A building on the corner of Nashville Street and Clark Circle was heavily damaged, and a church nearby was completely destroyed.[26] As the tornado struck a laundromat, the ceiling of the building fell on several people who were sheltering under tables, but none were injured.[27]
The Ringgold High and Middle schools, located to the north of the town's center, took a direct hit by the tornado. Six tennis courts that were positioned in a grid patten on the main campus were ripped from the ground, and the nets were picked up by the winds of the tornado and tossed. Light poles that were located near the complex's football field were tipped over, and light towers that illuminated the field were bent and fell on the field.[28] The tornado uprooted trees and heavily damaged homes as it moved past Ooltewah-Ringgold Road, before running directly on top of Cherokee Valley Road, and later crossing Swallow Lane, where numerous homes were de-roofed and sustained other forms of damage, and a further twelve were completely destroyed.[29][18]
The first indication of EF4 intensity was observed as the tornado crossed Council Lane, where two homes were obliterated. Trees nearby were alsodebarked, and a short distance away several other homes were destroyed. The tornado grew to a width of 1,400 yards (1.3 km) as it moved through a neighborhood located near Friendship Road, where 20 homes were destroyed and deep cycloidal ground scouring was documented. A pickup truck located in the area was lofted by the tornado and thrown 40 yards (37 m) away.[30] The tornado continued to heavily granulate debris at is moved to the northeast, as more vehicles were lofted. A family of four were killed in a home as they tried to take shelter in a closet.[18] A short time later, the tornado crossed Ware Road and moved into Tennessee. It had killed nine people in Georgia, and over 500 residential buildings were damaged.[31]
After crossing Ware Road and London Lane, the tornado moved intoHamilton County, Tennessee, immediately destroying a home and snapping trees as it moved closer toApison. At this point in its life, the tornado was approximately 1,350 yards (1.23 km) in width.[32] The tornado continued to produce EF4-consistent damage as it moved across Bill Jones Road, where it obliterated a multi-story brick building and dropped a 1,200 pounds (19,000 oz) gun safe on a family who was sheltering inside of a closet in a nearby home.[33] Despite several members of the family sustaining serious injuries, all survived the tornado.[34]
The tornado then moved through the southern end of Apison,[35][36] where 18 homes were destroyed on Apison Pike and two other nearby roads. Vehicles in the area were lofted by the tornado and found approximately 100 yards (91 m) from their original locations. Eight people were killed within a few minutes of the tornado impacting Apison,[37][38] and extreme ground scouring occurred as the tornado continued to move to the northeast, where several more homes were destroyed along Alabama Road.[39] In Hamilton County, the tornado produced a total of $20 million (2024 USD) in damages, and 56 homes were destroyed.[40]
After devastating Apison, the tornado tracked into Bradley County, striking a neighborhood located on Wilhoit Drive. One home in the area was destroyed, and several others sustained varying levels of damage. More homes were swept away as the tornado crossed Tunnel Hill Road, and aLincoln Town Car was lifted by the tornado and tossed approximately 225 yards (206 m) away before being dropped over a field.[41] Two people were killed on Lead Mine Valley Road as the tornado moved past, and several mobile homes were obliterated nearby.[42]
The tornado killed four people along Blue Springs Road as it neared the town ofCleveland and surrounding areas, which had a combined population of 116,000 people in March 2011, a month before the tornado.[43] A complex of trailers located to the northeast of Blue Springs Road was struck by the tornado, and several of the trailers were completely destroyed. A short distance away, the tornado narrowly avoided hitting the Blue Springs Elementary School, where a tree fell into the cafeteria.[44] The school never reopened, and was demolished later the same year.[45][46] To the northeast, two children were killed as the tornado hit and obliterated a multi-story home; several others in the structure sustained serious injuries.[47][48] The tornado tracked through forested areas for up to a mile at EF3 intensity, before entering into southern Cleveland.[49]
The tornado damaged hundreds of buildings as it moved through the Cleveland area, with the exterior walls of a home near Bellview Drive collapsing inward.[50] Heavy structural damage continued west of Dalton Pike, where several homes were destroyed.[51] The tornado weakened as it crossed Young Road, with only minor roof damage being observed in the area near Twin Oaks Drive. At this point in its life, the tornado was 440 yards (400 m) wide, and began to restrengthen as it moved over Spring Place and Durkee Road, before striking a strip mall. The eastern portions of the mall sustained heavy damage, and more homes in the area sustained varying levels of damage.[52]
The tornado obliterated several other homes as it moved across the Brooklawn Trail, and passed through the Willbrook Circle neighborhood nearU.S. Route 74 a short time later, where one person was killed.[53] After the tornado, a man was arrested after he was found looting tornado-damaged homes in the neighborhood.[54] A man in the English Oaks neighborhood, located to the northeast of Willbrook Circle, was injured when the tornado dropped a large block of concrete on the front porch of his home, which penetrated into the basement.[55]
The tornado damaged over 800 trees as it passed through an area that was hit by an EF2 tornado earlier on April 27. On Benton Pike, a home was heavily damaged and de-roofed. The home was the last major structures to be hit by the now-weakening tornado in Bradley County.[56] The tornado continued to the northeast, destroying a single mobile home before entering intoPolk County, Tennessee, where the tornado inflicted minor damage to a home before moving intoMcMinn County. The tornado briefly regained strength as it moved over Piney Grove Road, where a home was destroyed.[57] A man was injured inside of a trailer home on the road as the tornado moved through the area, and uprooted trees before dissipating at 9:07 p.m. EDT to the east of Huffman Avenue. The tornado was on the ground for a total of 52 minutes, and killed twenty people along a 54.75 miles (88.11 km) path that stretched over five counties through Georgia and Tennessee.[58]
On January 23, 2025, Anthony W. Lyza with theNational Severe Storms Laboratory along with Harold E. Brooks and Makenzie J. Kroca with theUniversity of Oklahoma’s School of Meteorology published a paper to theAmerican Meteorological Society, where they stated the tornado in Apison was an "EF5 candidate". It was also explained that the EF5 starting wind speed should be 190 miles per hour (310 km/h) instead of 201 miles per hour (323 km/h).[59]
| Name | Age | State | County/City |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rhea McClanahan | 86 | GA | Ringgold |
| Holly Readus | 26 | ||
| Robert Jones | 47 | ||
| Jack Estep | 61 | ||
| Chris Black | 47 | ||
| Pam Black | 46 | ||
| Cody Black | 21 | ||
| Chelsea Black | 16 | ||
| Unborn infant | 0 | ||
| Adam Carroll | 17 | TN | Apison area |
| Bobby Raper | 63 | ||
| Mary Raper | 60 | ||
| Brenda Prescott | 56 | ||
| Donald Christian | 70 | ||
| Dorothy Christian | 62 | ||
| Joann Darnell | 77 | ||
| Joshua Poe | 31 | ||
| Chase Glasgow | 0 | Cleveland | |
| Eva Catlett | 67 | ||
| Evelyn Johnson | 56 | ||
| Kandice Satterfield | 40 | ||
| Lisa Pack | 42 | ||
| Rhonda Smith | 33 | ||
| Tammi Glasgow | 42 | ||
| Tommy Evans | 56 |
The tornado killed an estimated twenty to twenty-five people, the majority of which occurred in Tennessee.[60] Discrepancies exist between theStorm Prediction Center's total fatality count of 20,[61][62][63] and theStorm Data publication for April 2011, which listed 21 fatalities. Due to the tornado crossing the paths of several other prolific tornadoes that happened earlier on the same day, the exact number is unknown.[60] The tornado inflicted an estimated total in excess of $88 million (2024 USD) in damages to several communities.[64]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.