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1580s

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Decade

The1580s decade ran from January 1, 1580, to December 31, 1589.

English Ships and theSpanish Armada, August 1588

Millennium
2nd millennium
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Events

1580

This section istranscluded from1580.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 31 –Portuguese succession crisis of 1580: The death ofHenry, King of Portugal, with no direct heirs, leads to conflict between his potential successors, including KingPhilip II of Spain andInfanta Catherine, Duchess of Braganza.^[1]
February 16 – The massacre of 20 artists at theMardi Gras festivities at the annualCarnaval de Romans during the festival takes place in France atRomans-sur-Isère.^[2]
February 28 – Three Jesuit priests fromPortuguese Goa, includingRodolfo Acquaviva, arrive inAgra on the mainland of India as guests of theMughal Emperor,Akbar the Great, who is curious aboutChristianity. The Emperor grants land to the Jesuit fathers for the building ofthe first Roman Catholic Church in the Mughal Empire.^[3]
March 1 –Michel de Montaigne signs the preface to his most significant work,Essays. They are published later this year.^[4]
March 3 –George de Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg defects from the Union of Utrecht and the Dutch Republic, and turns over theprovince of Groningen to King Philip II of Spain.
March 25 –Iberian Union: KingPhilip II of Spain becomes King of Portugal under the name Philip I, following the death without heirs of KingHenry of Portugal, in apersonal union of the crowns, thus maintaining Portuguese independence (in Europe and throughout thePortuguese Empire).^[1] ThePhilippine Dynasty rule lasts until1640.

April–June

[edit]

April 6 – TheDover Straits earthquake occurs.^[5]
April 9 –English Fury at Mechelen: English and Scottish mercenaries, assisting the Dutch Republic, storm the Spanish Netherlands city ofMechelen (in modern-day Belgium), killing 60 civilians and plundering the town's houses and churches.^[6]
May 29 –Stephen Báthory is formally crowned as Grand Duke of Lithuania at theVilnius Cathedral.^[7]
May – TheLipizzan stud is established byCharles II, Archduke of Austria.
June 5 – In theKingdom of Golconda (part of the modern-day Indian state ofTelangana), 15-year-oldMuhammad Quli Qutb Shah is proclaimed as the new Sultan upon the death of his father,Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali.
June 9 – Rebels of the Dutch Union of Utrecht, aided by French soldiers,make a surprise attack on the Spanish Netherlands city ofDiest in theDuchy of Brabant, and overwhelm the strategic location, now in Belgium, in one day.^[8]
June 11 – Within the Viceroyalty of Peru in South America Spanish explorerJuan de Garay founds the first permanent Spanish settlement at what is now the capital ofArgentina, on theRio de la Plata. Garay, who came on an expedition down theParaná River fromAsunción (now in Paraguay), arrives at the site of the failed Spanish settlement of Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre, that had been created byPedro de Mendoza in 1536 and abandoned in 1542. Garay names the new settlement "Santísima Trinidad" but the city eventually takes the name of the port, which he calls "Puerto de Santa María de losBuenos Aires."^[9]
June 21 (8Cemazi ul-evvel 988 AH) –England signs a commercial treaty with theOttoman Empire, and Sultan Murad III sends a letter to Queen Elizabeth I informing her, "Just as the merchants of Poland and France and Venice come and go, the merchants of your domain also shall bring wares to our Well-Protected Domains and take away wares."^[10] In return, Murad III is able to purchase English metals (iron, brass and tin) for his war withPersia.^[11]
June 25 – TheBook of Concord, a collection ofLutheran confessional documents, is published.

July–September

[edit]

July 12 – TheOstrog Bible, the first complete printedBible translation into a Slavic language (Old Church Slavonic), is first printed atOstroh in thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (modern-dayUkraine) byIvan Fyodorov.^[12]
July 24 –Portuguese succession crisis of 1580:António, Prior of Crato, a grandson of the late King Manuel by Manuel's second son, theDuke of Beja is proclaimed King of Portugal by his supporters in the city ofSantarém, and popular acclamation follows inLisbon and other locations.^[13]^[14] Portugal's parliament, the Cortes, refuses to acknowledge Antonio and he is defeated 32 days later at Alcântara.
August 25 –Battle of Alcântara: Spanish armies, led byFernando Álvarez de Toledo, defending the claim of KingPhilip II of Spain to thePortuguese throne, defeat the armies of Portuguese claimantAntónio, Prior of Crato.^[15]
September 26 –Francis Drake returns toPlymouth, England from hisvoyage of circumnavigation (westbound) on theGolden Hind,^[16] the second completed in a continuous voyage, and the first under its original commander.
September 29 – Five of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic (with the exception ofZeeland andHolland) sign theTreaty of Plessis-les-Tours, recognizingFrancis, Duke of Anjou as the Republic's sovereign.

October–December

[edit]

October 4 –Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza, the Spanish Count of Coruña, arrives in Mexico City to take office as theViceroy of New Spain, administering Mexico and Central America on behalf of King Philip II.^[17]
October 15 (5th waning of Tazaungmon 942 ME) –King Bayinnaung of Bruma dispatches a naval force of 200 ships and 8,000 soldiers to invade theKingdom of Mrauk U (now in the Rakhine State of Myanmar), but the attempt fails after a year. Burmese troops are ordered withdrawn after Bayinnaung dies and is succeeded by his sonNanda Bayin.^[18]
October 18 – TheSiege of Steenwijk in the Dutch Republic is started by the Spanish Netherlands. The siege will last four months and the Spanish troops will capture Steenwijk on February 23.
October 24 – TheWar of the Portuguese Succession comes to an end as Spanish forces crush the final Portuguese resistance in the last stronghold in mainland Portugal,Porto. For the next 60 years, Portugal will be ruled by the Kings of Spain.
November 10 –Second Desmond Rebellion: TheSiege of Smerwick (now Ard na Caithne in County Kerry, Ireland) ends after three days when their commander surrenders to the English. Members of a group of at least 400 freelance soldiers, and perhaps as many as 700, for thePapal States are summarily executed on orders of the English Lord Deputy of Ireland,Baron Grey de Wilton.^[19]
December 31 –James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, formerly the regent for King James VI of Scotland, is arrested during a meeting of Scotland's Privy Council atHolyrood on the accusation ofJames Stewart, Earl of Arran that the Earl of Morton had participated in the 1567 murder of Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots and father of King James.^[20] Morton is taken toDumbarton Castle and convicted of conspiracy to murder, and executed on June 2.

Date unknown

[edit]

TheBilly Mitchell volcano, on the island of Bougainville, undergoes a catastrophic eruption (VEI 6).
The first session of the JewishVaad (Council of Four Lands) is held inLublin,Poland; 70 delegates of Jewish localqahals meet to discuss taxation, and other issues important to Jewish communities.
TheOld City of Zamość is established in Poland, byJan Zamoyski.
The1580 influenza pandemic sweeps the world, starting in Asia and moving rapidly through Africa, Europe, and eventually the Americas. More than 10% of the population of Rome dies, and whole towns in Spain are depopulated.^[21]

1581

This section istranscluded from1581.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 11 –Chandrasen Rathore, ruler of theKingdom of Marwar (now part of the state of Rajasthan in India) dies at the age of 39, leaving a power vacuum that allows theMughal Empire to take control of the kingdom.^[22]
January 14 – TheTreaty of Drohiczyn is concluded, ending theLivonian War and adding the conquered city ofRiga to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.^[23]
January 23 – TheTreaty of Plessis-les-Tours between the Duchy of Anjou and most of the states of the Dutch Republic is ratified atBourdeaux, grantingFrançois, Duke of Anjou executive authority over the Republic with the title "Protector of the Liberty of the Netherlands".^[24]
February 8 – (7th waxing of Tabaung 942 ME) Prince Shin Thissa, later to become King of Burma in 1599 asNyaungyan Min, receives his first executive job when he is appointed to be Governor of Nyaungyan by his father, KingBayinnaung.^[25]
February 23 – The Spanish Army is forced to abandon thesiege of Steenwijk in the Netherlands after more than four months.
March 18 – TheParliament of England'sAct against Reconciliation to Rome imposes heavy fines, for practisingRoman Catholicism.^[26]
March 25 –Iberian Union:Philip II of Spain is crowned Philip I of Portugal.

April–June

[edit]

April 4 – Following his circumnavigation of the world,Francis Drake isknighted byElizabeth I of England.^[16]
May 15 –Zsigmond Báthory, the 8-year-old son ofKristóf Báthory, ruler of the Principality of Transylvania, is elected by the Diet of Transylvania as the newvoivode at the request of Kristóf, who dies 12 days later.^[27]
May 26 – (10th waning of Nayon 943 ME) In Burma,Thiri Thudhamma Yaza of Martaban becomes the new Viceroy of Martaban (now Mottama in the Mon State of Myanmar) after the demise of Minye Nandameit.^[28]
June 2 –James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, the last regent for Scotland from 1572 to 1578 during the minority of King James VI, is beheaded at Edinburgh using the "Scottish Maiden", after being convicted of conspiracy in the 1567 murder ofHenry Stuart, Lord Darnley, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots and father of King James."^[29]
June 14 – The representatives of theStates General of the Netherlands vote to declare that the throne of the Union of Utrecht is vacant because of the erratic behavior of King Philip II.^[30]

July–September

[edit]

July 11 – TheKnights Hospitaller deposeJean de la Cassière as Grandmaster and appointMathurin Romegas in his place.^[31]
July 14 – EnglishJesuit Edmund Campion is arrested.
July 22 At a meeting of the States General of the Union of Utrecht at Antwerp, the representatives vote to proclaim their independence from Spain in theAct of Abjuration, abjuring loyalty toPhilip II of Spain as their sovereign, and appointingFrancois, Duke of Anjou, as the new sovereign of the Netherlands; public practice of Roman Catholicism is forbidden.
July 26
- TheAct of Abjuration is signed atThe Hague by representatives of eight Dutch provinces as a declaration of independence from Spanish rule and a secession from theUnion of Utrecht. The signing confirms a decision made in a July 22 meeting of the States General inAntwerp. King Philip II of Spain refuses to acknowledge the Abjuration.
- A meteorite strikes the Earth inThuringia in theHoly Roman Empire.^[32]
July 27 –Capture of Breda: After a surprise attack the day before,Spanish troops under the command ofClaude de Berlaymont, Lord of Haultepenne, take the walled cityBreda in the Netherlands. Once inside the gates, the Spanish troops overcome the defenders and carry out the massacre of 584 citizens in the "Haultepenne Fury".^[33]
August 28 – The army of KingStephen Báthory ofPoland begins its siege of theRussian garrison ofPskov.
September 6 – A mercenary army ofSweden, underPontus De la Gardie, capturesNarva fromRussia.^[34]
September 23 –Martín Enríquez de Almanza arrives inLima and becomes the newViceroy of Peru, replacingFrancisco de Toledo, who was summoned home by King Philip II.^[35]
September 30 – In Japan, warlordOda Nobunaga invades the Iga Province.^[36] With 42,000 troops under his command against 10,000 defenders led by Takino Jurobei, Nobunaga controls most of central Japan within eight days.

October–December

[edit]

October 8 – TheTenshō Iga War ends in Japan with the surrender of Kashiwara Castle to Oda Nobunaga.^[37]
October 10 – KingBayinnaung of Burma, who created the largest empire in mainland southeast Asia, dies at age 65.
October 15 –Ballet Comique de la Reine, the first narrativeballet, devised byLouise of Lorraine, wife ofHenry III of France, and choreographed byBalthasar de Beaujoyeulx, opens in its first performance at the court ofCatherine de' Medici, in theLouvre Palace in Paris, as part of the wedding celebrations forMarguerite of Lorraine.
November 4 –Jean de la Cassière is restored as Grandmaster of theKnights Hospitaller, byPope Gregory XIII.
December 1 – InEngland,Jesuit priestEdmund Campion is executed for treason.^[38]

Date unknown

[edit]

TheMing Dynasty Chancellor of China, Chief Grand SecretaryZhang Juzheng, imposes the Single Whip Reform, by which taxes are assessed on properties recorded in the land census, and paid insilver, as the acceptedmedium of exchange.
TheTrier witch trials begin.
John Dee practices angel magic with Barnabas Saul, but with no success.
Guru Arjan Dev becomes the fifth Guru ofSikhs, succeeding his fatherGuru Ram Das.
The lastBishop of Meissen,John IX of Haugwitz, resigns his office in the wake ofthe Reformation.

1582

This section istranscluded from1582.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 2 –University of Würzburg is refounded.^[39]
January 15 –Russia cedes its conquered areas inLivonia (NorthernLatvia and SouthernEstonia), to thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
February 10 –François, Duke of Anjou, arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed byWilliam the Silent.
February 24 (Julian) (March 6 Gregorian) –Pope Gregory XIII proclaims theGregorian Calendar, to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the6th century and is 10 days off schedule.^[40]
March 9 –Scryer Edward Kelley arrives atJohn Dee's house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops theEnochian language.^[41]
March – TheNew Testament of theDouai Bible, the translation intoEnglish byFather Gregory Martin fromLatin of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578.^[42]

April–June

[edit]

April 2 –1582 Ancuancu earthquake: Ancuancu (in modern-dayLa Paz Department,Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak.^[43]^[44] On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake.^[45]
April 3 –Battle of Temmokuzan: Unable to reverse the collapse ofTakeda clan,Takeda Katsuyori and his household commit suicide.
April 14 – KingJames VI ofScotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes theUniversity of Edinburgh.
April 16 –Spanish conquistadorHernando de Lerma founds the settlement ofSalta,Argentina.
April 17 –Siege of Takamatsu: In Japan,Toyotomi Hideyoshi departs from theHimeji Castle in the modern-dayHyōgo Prefecture and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to theBitchū Province in the modern-dayOkayama Prefecture. Along the way, he stops at theKameyama Castle where he makes a rendezvous with theUkita clan and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle.^[46]
May 17 – TheSiege of Takamatsu begins as Hideyoshi attacks the forces ofShimizu Muneharu, who has twice as many soldiers. Hideyhoshi orders an engineering project to block the Ashimori River and divert its waters to flood Takamatsu Castle.^[46]
June 8 –Siege of Takamatsu: Heavy rains and the dikes built by Hideyoshi's forces turn the area around Takamatsu Castle into a lake.^[46]
June 21 – (2nd day of the sixth month,Tenshō 10) TheHonnō-ji Incident occurs inKyoto inJapan, as Japanese warlordOda Nobunaga, on the verge of unifying Japan under his rule, is assassinated following a betrayal by a rebel subject,Akechi Mitsuhide.^[47]
June 23 – After learning of the assassination of his commander, Oda Nobunaga,Shimizu Muneharu surrenders Takamatsu Castle to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and, in return for the pledge that the castle's defenders will be spared, commits the ritual suicide ofseppuku.^[48]

July–September

[edit]

July 2 –Battle of Yamazaki: Counterattacking forces led byToyotomi Hideyoshi decisively defeatAkechi Mitsuhide's smaller army; Akechi is killed while retreating to his domain.
July 26 –Battle of Ponta Delgada (War of the Portuguese Succession): Spanish admiralSanta Cruz decisively defeats a larger mercenary fleet fromFrance,England, supporters of thePortuguese claimantAntónio, Prior of Crato, and theDutch Republic, underFilippo di Piero Strozzi (who is killed) off theAzores, the first engagement between large fleets ofgalleons, operating at any great distance from the mainland.^[49]

August 23 –Raid of Ruthven inScotland:Presbyterian nobles led byWilliam Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie kidnapKing James VI of Scotland, the kingdom's 16-year-old ruler, while he is hunting inPerthshire. The Earl of Gowrie imprisons the King at Ruthven Castle as part of a coup d'etat to reform the Scottish government.^[50]
September 28 – Ruthven and his co-conspirators arrange forJohn Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell, heir to former regentJames Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, to be installed asScotland's regent. Douglas had been executed in 1581 for the 1567 murder ofHenry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and father of King James VI, who is imprisoned at Ruthven's castle.

October–December

[edit]

October 4 (Julian) (October 14 Gregorian) – TheJulian calendar is discarded at the end of the day in Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain asPope Gregory XIII implements theGregorian calendar. In the nations where the calendar is accepted, Thursday, October 4 is followed the next day by Friday,October 15.^[40]
October 26 (Julian) (November 5 Gregorian) – GeneralYermak Timofeyevich completes theRussian conquest of Siberia in theBattle of Chuvash Cape asKuchum Khan abandonsQashliq, the capital of theKhanate of Sibir.^[51] The Qashliq fortress will be torn down and a new town,Tobolsk will be built 11 miles (18 km) further up theIrtysh river.
November 29 – Ten years before he begins writing his first known plays,William Shakespeare, 18 years old, marries pregnant 26-year-oldAnne Hathaway in England.^[52]
December 9 (Julian) (December 19 Gregorian) –France discards the Julian Calendar at the end of the day and adopts theGregorian Calendar at midnight. Sunday, December 9 is followed the next day in France by Monday,December 20.^[40]

Date unknown

[edit]

The temple complex ofKumbum is founded inTibet.
InMing dynastyChina:
- Jesuit Matteo Ricci is allowed to enter the country.
- The earliest reference is made to the publishing of privatenewspapers inBeijing.
The sultanate ofMorocco begins to press southward, in search of a greater share of the trans-Saharan trade.
TheCagayan battles in the Philippines, the only recorded clashes between Spanish regular soldiers andsamurai warriors.

1583

This section istranscluded from1583.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 1 – TheDuchy of Savoy adopts theGregorian Calendar, replacing theJulian Calendar.^[53]
January 18 –François, Duke of Anjou, attacksAntwerp.
February 4 –Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, newly converted toCalvinism, formally marriesAgnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben, a former canoness ofGerresheim, while retaining his position asArchbishop-Elector of Cologne.
February 7 – In the Netherlands, theSiege of Eindhoven by the Spanish Army begins.^[54] The walled city will fall in April.
March 10 (February 28 O.S.) – TheQueen Elizabeth's Men troupe of actors is founded inEngland by order of Queen Elizabeth toEdmund Tilney, the royalMaster of the Revels.^[55]

April–June

[edit]

April 9 – A Burmese Army force of 16,000 men, commanded by Thado Dhamma Yaza II of Prome and Nawrahta Minsaw of Lan Na to suppress the rebellious of the Shan States in the modern-dayYunnan province of China, is welcomed by KingNanda Bayin at the royal capital,Pegu, after a successful punitive expedition. The commanders bring with them the rebel chief from the Sanda state.^[56]
April 19 – Queen Elizabeth dissolves theEnglish Parliament which had been convened in 1572 but last met in 1581.^[57]
April 23
- The Kingdom of England establishes its first diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire.^[58]
- After a siege of 75 days,Dutch Republic commander Hendrik van Bonnivetsurrenders Eindhoven to theSpanish Netherlands.^[54]
April 25 – In a clash between a 50,000-man Persian Empire force and the Ottoman Empire for control of theCaucasus region in modern-day Russia, the Ottomans are routed.^[59]
May 11 – In modern-day Russia, on theCaspian Sea, the three-day "Battle of Torches" ends asOttoman Empire troops defeat forces of the Persian Empire.^[60]
May 21 –Battle of Shizugatake inJapan:Shibata Katsuie is defeated byToyotomi Hideyoshi, who goes on to commence construction ofOsaka Castle.^[61]
May 22 –Ernest of Bavaria is elected asRoman Catholic Archbishop of Cologne, in opposition toGebhard Truchsess von Waldburg. The opposition rapidly turns into armed struggle, theCologne War within theElectorate of Cologne, beginning with theDestruction of the Oberstift.
May 28 – The first installment of the translation byJurij Dalmatin of theBible into theSlovene language,Bibilija, tu je vse svetu pismu stariga inu noviga testamenta (The Bible, featuring the complete Old and New Testaments), is published inWittenberg.^[62]
June 17 – Spanish troops under the command ofAlexander Farnese, Duke of Parma overwhelm a combined army of Dutch, French and English soldiers at theBattle of Steenbergen in the modern-day Netherlands. The multinational force sustains 3,200 people killed or wounded.^[63]
June 18 – In England, the first knownlife insurance policy is issued. The Royal Exchange of London accepts a premium from William Gibbons, agreeing to pay a group of 30 beneficiaries a total of £383, 6s. 8d if he dies on or before June 17, 1584. Gibbons dies on May 29, 1584, and the Royal Exchange refuses to pay until a court rejects the insurer's argument that a month is actually four weeks or 28 days.^[64]
June 27 – Ten months after being taken hostage on August 23, 1582 in theRaid of Ruthven, the 17-year-oldKing James VI of Scotland is able to escape Falkland Prison and flees to safety in St. Andrews.^[65]^[66]

July–September

[edit]

July 25 –Cuncolim Revolt: The first documented battle ofIndia's independence against a European colonial ruler is fought by theDesais ofCuncolim inGoa, against thePortuguese.
August 5 – SirHumphrey Gilbert, on the site of the modern-day city ofSt. John's, claims the island ofNewfoundland on behalf ofEngland, marking the beginning of theBritish Empire.
August 19 –Petru Cercel entersBucharest, and becomesPrince ofWallachia.
August 29 –English shipDelight, with Humphrey Gilbert's expedition, becomes the first of over 350 ships over time to run aground and be wrecked onSable Island in the North Atlantic.^[67]
September 4 – King James VI of Scotland orders a gift toColonel William Stewart in recognition of Stewart's rescue of the King from prison. Colonel Stewart is presented with some of thejewels of Mary, Queen of Scots (the King's mother).^[68]
September 9 –English shipSquirrel, the flagship of explorer, SirHumphrey Gilbert, sinks in a storm with all hands along with all but one of Gilbert's colonial expedition.^[69] Gilbert and his men had been returning from North America after claimingNewfoundland in the name of Queen Elizabeth.^[70]

October–December

[edit]

October 14 – InScotland, theUniversity of Edinburgh holds its first classes, accepting more than 80 students as "Tounis College".^[71] In continuous operation for more than 440 years, the University will have more than 41,000 students.^[72]
October 16 – KingPhilip II of Spain orders the transfer ofAbada therhinoceros from theCasa de Campo public park of Madrid, to themenagerie at his residence atEl Escorial.^[73]
October 17 –Peter the Lame becomes Prince of Moldavia (in modern-day Romania) for the third and last time, reigning until 1591.^[74]
October 18 – In South America, theThird Council of Lima comes to an end after two months after being convened to provide a consistent doctrine for the Roman Catholic Church in theViceroyalty of Peru. Among other things, the Council approves the treatment of the native population "not like slaves but as free men" as part of evangelism and conversion to Christianity, as well as the use of theQuechua language and theAymara language to spread the gospel. The use ofSpanish is ordered for church services, andLatin is forbidden.
October 24 –Jan van Hembyze becomes the last leader of theCalvinist Republic of Ghent after a coup d'etat against the ruling Count of Flanders.^[75] Hembyze's action leads days later to thesiege of Ghent by Spanish GeneralAlexander Farnese.
November 4
- Francis Throckmorton, instigator of theThrockmorton Plot to overthrow QueenElizabeth I of England, is arrested. Convicted of treason, he is executed on July 10, 1584.^[76]
- Gerolamo Chiavari is elected to a 2-year term as the newDoge of theRepublic of Genoa to succeedGerolamo De Franchi Toso.
November 5 –Willem IV van den Bergh, the Stadtholder of Guelders for theDutch Republic is arrested along with his family and charged with treason on suspicion of having allowed the Spanish Army to seizeZutphen.^[77] Imprisoned for five months, he is released in March after promising to retire from public service.^[78]
November 13 – InIndia, the city ofAllahabad (modern-day Prayagraj in the state ofUttar Pradesh) is founded as a strategic fortress byAkbar, Emperor of theMughal Empire.Surendra Nath Sinha (1974).^[79]
November 24 –Philippe Hurault de Cheverny is appointed as the newChief Minister of France byKing Henri III upon the death ofRené de Birague, who had governed for nine years. Hurault will serve until 1589.
December 17 –Cologne War: TheSiege of Godesberg (begun onNovember 18) concludes whenCatholic forces under Prince-elector-archbishopErnest of Bavaria capture the strategic position, from defenders of theCalvinist convertGebhard Truchsess von Waldburg.

Date unknown

[edit]

The world's oldest, intact, surviving amusement park,Dyrehavsbakken, is founded north ofCopenhagen.
The current building housing the Bunch Of Grapes pub is built on Narrow Street in Limehouse, London. Referred to by Charles Dickens inOur Mutual Friend as "The Six Jolly Fellowship Porters", it still stands in the 21st century, much rebuilt and renamed 'The Grapes'.^[80]

TheOttoman fleet crosses into theWestern Mediterranean and raids theItalian coastline. InCorsica, the towns ofSartene andArbellara are sacked (summer).

1584

This section istranscluded from1584.(edit |history)

March 18:Feodor I becomes the newTsar of Russia.

June 4:Roanoke Island is discovered by English settlers.

January–March

[edit]

January 11 – SirWalter Mildmay is given a royal licence to foundEmmanuel College, Cambridge in England.^[81]
January 16 – Roman Catholic priestGeorge Haydock, imprisoned in theTower of London since 1582, states during an interrogation that he claimed that Queen Elizabeth, leader of theChurch of England, was aheretic. Convicted of treason, he is executed on February 12.^[82]
February 2 – (6th waning moon of the Magha,BE 2126) In what is now Thailand, PrinceNaresuan, theUparaja of theAyutthaya Kingdom and the son ofKing Mahathammarachathirat carries out the orders of Burma's KingNanda Bayin, and leads an army to suppress a rebellion by the Viceroy of the Ava Kingdom,Thado Minsaw. Arriving in April, Naresuan learns that King Nanda has ordered Naresuan to be assassinated, and begins his own rebellion against Burma, theBurmese–Siamese War.^[83]
February 22 – After being falsely accused of various charges,Jeremias II Tranos, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church asEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, is deposed by his fellow bishops and exiled to the island ofRhodes. Jeremias is replaced byPachomius II Patestos.^[84]
March 5 – The city ofKarlstad,Sweden gainescity status byDuke Charles.^[85]
March 28 (O.S.March 18) –Ivan the Terrible, ruler ofRussia since1533, dies; he is succeeded as Tsar by his son,Feodor.

April–June

[edit]

April 24 – (1st waning of Kason946 ME) In what is nowMyanmar, Prince Naresuan of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (now Thailand) suppresses the rebellion of Thado Minsaw of the Ava Kingdom.^[83]
April 28 – (Tenshō 12, 18th day of the 3rd month) In Japan, theBattle of Komaki begins as fight betweenToyotomi Hideyoshi andTokugawa Ieyasu when Ieyasu, commander of 100,000 men, begins the occupation of the Komakiyama Castle, prompting Hideyoshi to advance fromOsaka with 30,000 troops.
May 17 – (Tenshō 12, 8th day of the 4th month) The conflict betweenToyotomi Hideyoshi andTokugawa Ieyasu culminates in theBattle of Nagakute.
June 1 – With the death of theDuc d'Anjou, theHuguenot Henry of Navarre becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France.
June 4 –Walter Raleigh sendsPhilip Amadas andArthur Barlowe to explore theOuter Banks ofVirginia (modern-dayNorth Carolina), with a view to establishing anEnglish colony; they locateRoanoke Island.^[86]
June 11 – Walk (modern-dayValka andValga, towns inLatvia andEstonia respectively), receives city rights fromPolish kingStefan Bathory.

July–September

[edit]

July 3 – TheSiege of Antwerp by the Spanish Army begins^[87] and lasts for 13 months until Antwerp's surrender on August 17, 1585.^[88]
July 5 – TheMaronite College is established inRome.^[89]
July 10 –Willem van Oranje, the leader of theDutch Republic asStadtholder of Holland, is assassinated inDelft.Balthasar Gérard, who bought twowheel-lock pistols and then made an appointment with at thePrinsenhof, shoots William in the chest at close range and fatally wounds him, making William the first head of state to be assassinated with a handgun.^[90]
August 6 –Russian conquest of Siberia: Russian GeneralYermak Timofeyevich, who had been dispatched by Ivan the Terrible in 1582 to conquer theKhanate of Sibir, is killed along with all but one member of his invading force in an ambush commanded byKuchum Khan, the ruler of Siberia.^[91]^[92]
August 7 – InLima in theViceroyalty of Peru, Italian printerAntonio Ricardo receives official permission to set up the first printing press inSouth America, and prints the first publication there,Pragmatica, a four-page outline of how the newGregorian calendar (adopted 1582) works.^[93]
August 11 – (Tenshō 12, 16th day of the 7th month) TheTenshō embassy, Japan's first diplomatic mission to Europe, arrives in Portugal with four teenagers— Julião Nakaura, Mancio Itō, Martinho Hara and Miguel Chijiwa— who had become converts to Christianity.^[94]
September 17 – In what is now Belgium, theCalvinist Republic of Ghent comes to an end after seven years when its capital,Ghent, falls followinga siege of 13 months.Jan van Hembyze, leader of the republic since October 1583, surrenders the city toAlexander Farnese, Governor of theSpanish Netherlands.^[95]

October–December

[edit]

October 26 – At theBattle of Slunj in the Kingdom of Croatia, an Ottoman invasion led byFerhad Pasha Sokolović is turned back by Croatian forces, aided by troops of the Habsburg monarchy.^[96]
November 23 – In the wake of theThrockmorton plot to overthrow her government, Queen Elizabeth convenes a new session of the English House of Commons since 1581.John Puckering is appointed by her as the Speaker of the House of Commons, which has 460 members. The parliament passes theSafety of the Queen Act and theJesuits Act 1584,^[97]
November 24 –Albert Fontenay sends an enciphered letter toMary, Queen of Scots that will become the chief evidence against her in her trial for treason during theBabington Plot. After becoming a witness for the English government in return for immunity from prosecution,Jérôme Pasquier will decipher the letter in 1586, leading to Mary's conviction for an attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and to overthrow the English government.^[98]
December 31 – TheTreaty of Joinville is signed secretly between the French Catholic League andSpain.^[99]

Date unknown

[edit]

Ratu Hijau becomesqueen regnant of theMalay Patani Kingdom.^[100]
Belgian cartographer and geographerAbraham Ortelius featuresMing dynasty-eraChinese carriages with masts and sails, in his atlasTheatrum Orbis Terrarum; concurrent and later Western writers also take note of this peculiar Chinese invention.
This year, according to Italian hereticJacopo Brocardo, is regarded as anapocalyptic inauguration of a major new cycle.

1585

This section istranscluded from1585.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 21 –Robert Nutter,Thomas Worthington, and 18 other Roman Catholic priests are "perpetually banished" from England by order of Queen Elizabeth, placed on the shipMary Martin of Colchester, and transported to France.^[101]
February 16 –Pachomius II is deposed by fellow bishops from his position asEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, and replaced by the Metropolitan of Philippoupolis,Theoleptus II.^[102]
February 21 –King Johan III of Sweden, widowed since 1583, marriesGunilla Bielke in a ceremony atVästerås, which the King's siblings refuse to attend.^[103] The coronation of Queen consort Gunilla takes place the next day. Over the next seven years, she works on changing the Catholic government's attitude towards Protestants.
March 10 – The Spanish Army, commanded byAlexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, obtains the surrender ofBrussels after a siege that began the year before.^[104]^[105]

April–June

[edit]

April 10 –Pope Gregory XIII, known for promulgating theGregorian calendar within the Roman Catholic nations of the world in1582, dies after a reign of almost 13 years. A papal conclave is convened 11 days later to elect a successor.
April 21 – Thepapal conclave begins at the Vatican in Rome on Easter Sunday, with only 42 of the 60 cardinals attending. Early voting favors CardinalsPier Donato Cesi andGuglielmo Sirleto, neither of whom receives a majority.^[106]
April 24 – Cardinal Felice Piergentile of the church ofSan Girolamo dei Croati is unanimously elected as the 227th Pope, and takes the regnal namePope Sixtus V.^[107]
May 1 – The coronation ofPope Sixtus V takes place in Rome.
May 19 – Spain seizes English ships in Spanish ports,^[26] precipitating theAnglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).
June 11 – The 9.2 magnitudeAleutian Islands earthquake unleashes a tsunami in the Pacific Ocean, killing many people in Hawaii and reportedly striking Japan.^[108]
June –Toyotomi Hideyoshi begins theinvasion of the Japanese island of Shikoku with an army of 113,000 men on 703 ships. The troops are divided into three groups, with 60,000 commanded byHashiba Hidenaga andHashiba Hidetsugu toward the provinces of Awa and Tosa; 23,000 underUkita Hideie at the province of Sanuki; and 30,000 underKobayakawa Takakage andKikkawa Motoharu for the province of Iyo.^[109]

July–September

[edit]

July 7 – TheTreaty of Nemours forces KingHenry III of France to capitulate to the demands of theCatholic League, triggering theEighth War of Religion (also known as theWar of the Three Henrys) in France.^[110]
July 12 –Invasion of Shikoku: The final battle of the invasion, the siege ofIchinomiya Castle, begins.
July 29 – Aboard the English shipTiger, Roanoke expedition leader Ralph Lane negotiates an agreement with the Secotan people, who are represented by Granganimeo, the brother of the Secotan leader, King Wingino. Although the Secotans grant Lane's request to allow the English to live on Roanoke Island, he is told that they will receive no assistance from the natives, because of problems the previous year withWalter Raleigh.^[111]
August 6 – (11th day of the 7th month ofTenshō 13)Invasion of Shikoku: In Japan,Chōsokabe Motochika surrenders the island ofShikoku toToyotomi Hideyoshi, after a 26 day siege of theIchinomiya Castle by 40,000 men.^[112]
August 8 – English explorerJohn Davis entersCumberland Sound inBaffin Island, in his quest for theNorthwest Passage.
August 14 – QueenElizabeth I of England agrees to establish aprotectorate over the Netherlands.^[26]
August 17
- Antwerp, now inBelgium, iscaptured by Spanish forces commanded by the Duke of Parma. The Duke orders all Protestants to leave the city. As a result, over half of the 100,000 inhabitants flee to the northern provinces. Furthermore, upon hearing of the capture of Antwerp, a relief fleet sent to raise the siege instead blockades theScheldt River, preventing any and all ships from reaching Antwerp for two centuries. This effectively destroys Antwerp's position as an important trade city and de facto capital of the Dutch provinces. Its position is taken over by various northern cities, most prominentlyAmsterdam.
- The Roanoke colonists complete their construction of a fort under the direction ofRalph Lane to make the first permanent English settlement in North America.^[111]
August 20 – TheTreaty of Nonsuch is signed, committing England to support theDutch Revolt, thus entering theEighty Years' War.^[11]
September 11 – In the Ottoman Empire, the rebellion ofAn-Nasir al-Hasan bin Ali in Yemen is ended when An-Nasir is betrayed and turned over to the Turkish Ottoman governor.^[113] An-Nasir spends one year in prison inSanaa and then brought to Turkey.
September 15 – English Catholic priestJohn Adams is banished from England along with 72 other Catholic priests, and transported by ship toBoulogne in France.^[114]
September 21 –King Henry IV ofNavarre, who is also theheir presumptive to France'sKing Henry III, isexcommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church byPope Sixtus V, who effectively declares that French Catholics are not required to recognize his claim to the throne.

October–December

[edit]

October 15 – InArnhem in the Netherlands, thesiege of IJsseloord is completed after nine days as English and Dutch forces recapture the city from Spanish occupiers.^[115]
November 18 – In Mexico City,Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga becomesViceroy of New Spain after being appointed by KingPhilip II of Spain.^[116]
November 27 – A 6.6 magnitude earthquake strikes Japan, and serves aforeshock and a trigger toa deadly 7.9 magnitude earthquake on January 18 that will kill 8,000 people.
November 28 –Anglo-Spanish War: Theisland of Santiago inCape Verde iscaptured byFrancis Drake.
December 1 –Hadim Mesih Pasha is appointed the newGrand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by SultanMurad III.^[117]
December 20 – Enraged by the disrespect shown to him byYousuf Shah Chak, theMughal Emperor,Akbar, orders the invasion ofKashmir with 5,000 men.^[118]

Date unknown

[edit]

TheKingdom of Luba is founded byKongolo Mwamba in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo.
History of chocolate in Spain: First recorded commercial importation ofchocolate to Europe, fromVeracruz in Mexico toSeville in Spain.^[119]

January 7 – SirWalter Raleigh appointsJohn White to be the Governor of theRoanoke Colony, to be established later in the year by English colonists onRoanoke Island off the coast of what is now the U.S. state ofNorth Carolina.^[120] White and 121 other colonists depart from Portsmouth on three ships on May 8 and arrive at Croatoan Island on July 22.
January 14 – In Japan,Chancellor of the Realm Toyotomi Hideyoshi endsPortugal's control of the port ofNagasaki after six years. Omura Sumitada had leased the fishing village to Portuguese Jesuits on August 15, 1580.^[121]
February 5 – (1st waxing of Tabaung 948 ME) King Nanda of Burma appoints his eldest son and heir apparent,Minye Kyawswa II, as Viceroy of Ava, now part of upper Burma, with a capital atInwa (located in what is now the Mandalay Region of Myanmar.
February 8 –Mary, Queen of Scots, the monarch of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, is beheaded in front of 300 witnesses atFotheringhay Castle, seven days after the signing of adeath warrant by her cousin,Queen Elizabeth of England. Mary had been convicted of treason for her role in theBabington Plot, a conspiracy to overthrow the English government and to assassinate Elizabeth.^[122]
February 12 – A period of exceptionally severe cold begins in western Europe and lasts until February 24.^[123]
February 27 –Sir Anthony Cope, a member of the English Parliament, is imprisoned in theTower of London after presenting a Puritan revision of the AnglicanBook of Common Prayer to the Speaker of the House of Commons, SirJohn Puckering.^[124] He is released on March 23.
March 6 – In west Africa,Álvaro II Nimi a Nkanga becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo, with a capital atSão Salvador in what is now the city of M'banza-Kongo in the northern part of the Republic of Angola, and including parts of the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Alvaro II claims the throne upon the dath of his father,Álvaro I Nimi a Lukeni lua Mvemba.
March 15 – English privateer accepts a commission from the Kingdom to disrupt Spanish freighters trading with Italy.

April–June

[edit]

April 20 – (14th waxing of Kason 949 ME)Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593): Burma's siege ofAyutthaya (now inThailand), capital of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, fails after six months as the troops of Burma's KingNanda Bayin begin their withdrawal.^[125]
April 29 –Singeing the King of Spain's Beard: On an expedition against Spain, Englishprivateer SirFrancis Drake leads a raid in theBay of Cádiz, sinking at least 23 ships of the Spanish fleet.
May 8 – The second expedition to establish an English colony atRoanoke Island in North America departs from England with two ships, supplies, and 121 people under the command of John White.^[126]
May 19 –John Davis sets out fromDartmouth, Devon, for a third attempt to find theNorthwest Passage.
June 11 – (Tensho 15, 6th day of 5th month); Most ofKyushu is surrendered toToyotomi Hideyoshi by Yoshihisa Shimazu, 32 days after Hideyoshi'ssiege of Kagoshima began (on the 3rd day of the 4th month). Hideyoshi follows on July 24 (19th day of the 6th month of Tensho 15) with an order banishing all European Christian missionaries from the province.
June 20 –Gabriel VIII becomes the new Pontiff of the Coptic Christian Church in Egypt, being enthroned as Pope Gabriel VIII and filling a vacancy that had existed for nine months since the death of Pope John XIV of Alexandria. Gabriel will reign until his death on May 14, 1603.

July–September

[edit]

July 22 –Roanoke Colony: A group of English settlers arrive onRoanoke Island offNorth Carolina, to re-establish the deserted colony.^[127]
August 18 – According to legend,Saul Wahl is named king of Poland; he is deposed the following day.^[128]
August 19 –Polish andLithuanian nobles electSigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden, as the ruler of the after the death in December of the previous King of Poland and Duke of Lithuania,Stephen Báthory.^[129]
August 22 – A small group of nobles who oppose Sigismund Vasa as King vote to proclaimMaximilian III, Archduke of Austria, as ruler of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a decision supported by thePrimate of Poland,Stanisław Karnkowski. The divide begins theWar of the Polish Succession.^[130]
August 27 – Governor John White leaves theRoanoke Colony to get more supplies fromEngland.
September 9 – In theBurgundian Netherlands (now part ofBelgium), the faculty at theUniversity of Leuven publishes a condemnation of the 34 propositions drawn up by theJesuit scholarMichel Baius, leading to a campaign by traditional Belgian Catholics against the Jesuits.^[131]
September 22 – In Italy, the coronation ofVincenzo Gonzaga asDuke of Mantua takes place.
September 28 – AtGremi in what is now theRepublic of Georgia,King Alexander II ofKakheti signs an oath of allegiance toFeodor I, theTsar of all Russia.^[132]

October–December

[edit]

October 1 –Shāh ‘Abbās I "The Great" succeeds asShahanshah ofIran.^[133]
October 7 – Sigismund Vasa and a fleet of Swedish ships land in Poland to confront an invasion by Maximilian III and an Austrian Army.^[134]
October 14 –War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588): Archduke Maximilian of Austria begins thesiege of Kraków, whileJan Zamoyski,hetman of the Polish Army, begins the defense of the city.
October 18 –Landing of the first Filipinos: The firstFilipinos in North America land in Morro Bay, near San Luis Obispo in modern-day California.
October 20 –Battle of Coutras:Huguenot forces underHenry of Navarre defeat Royalist forces underAnne de Joyeuse, favorite ofKing Henry; Joyeuse is killed.
October 31 –Leiden University Library opens its doors, after its founding in1575.^[135]
November 4 – During the circumnavigation of the world byThomas Cavendish, the English ships capture the Spanish galleonSanta Ana and its treasure of 100troy pounds of gold (worth 122,000 Spanish pesos) and a total treasure worth 2.1 million pesos.^[136]
November 14 – In Italy,Davide Vacca is elected to a two-year term as the newDoge of theRepublic of Genoa in a vote by the Grand Council of the Republic.^[137]
November 22 – A final Austrian attack on Kraków by Archduke Maximilian III is repelled by the Polish defenders.
November 29 – Maximilian III withdraws his forces and the siege of Kraków ends.
December 27 –Sigismund III Vasa is formally crowned as King Zygmunt Waza of Poland and Duke of Lithuania in a coronation ceremony atKraków.^[138]

Date unknown

[edit]

A severe famine breaks out inMing dynasty China.
The Rose (theatre) is founded in London byPhilip Henslowe.
ThechapbookHistoria von D. Johann Fausten, printed byJohann Spies inFrankfurt, is the first published version of theFaust story.
Everard Digby'sDe Arte Natandi, the first treatise onswimming in England, is published.
St. Dominic's Church, Macau is established.
Hailuoto, an island in theBothnian Bay, is separated from the grand parish of Saloinen into an independent parish.^[139]^[140]

1588

This section istranscluded from1588.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 22 –Pope Sixtus V issues the papal bullImmensa aeterni Dei, a major reorganization of theRoman Curia creating 15 congregations of cardinals, including theCongregation of theIndex Librorum Prohibitorum, the Church list of forbidden books; theCongregation of the Inquisition; and theCongregation of the Vatican Press.^[141]
January 24 –War of the Polish Succession: TheBattle of Pitschen takes place at Pitschen (nowByczyna in Poland, with Polish and Lithuanian troops commanded by the Polish hetmanJan Zamoyski defending against an invading Austrian force commanded byMaximilian III, Archduke of Austria. After his army is routed, Archduke Maximilian surrenders and is taken as a prisoner of war, and will be held for more than a year until his release is compelled by the intervention of Pope Sixtus V.^[142]
February 9 – The sudden death ofÁlvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, in the midst of preparations for the Spanish Armada, forces King Philip II of Spain to re-allocate the command of the fleet.^[143]
February 18 – In what is nowSri Lanka, the siege ofColombo by KingRajasinha I of Sitawaka ends when Portuguese AdmiralPedro Teixeira arrives with a fleet of 80 ships and frees the capital ofPortuguese Ceylon. King Rajasinha and his troops flee back to his capital atSeethawakapura.^[144]
March 20 – The ascension ofShah Abbas I as Emperor in Iran, of the Safavid Empire, is made official on the first day of the New Year on the Zoroastrian Calendar. Abbas has ruled since October 16, 1587.^[145]
March 25 – The English Army begins the recruitment of volunteers to prepare for the expected invasion by Spain. On April 10, 1593, the English Parliament will enact the first military pension, "An Acte for relief of Soudiours", providing that "forasmuch as it is agreable with Christian Charity Policy and the Honor of our Nation, that shuch as have since the 25th day of March 1588, adventured their lives and lost their limbs or disabled their bodies, or shall hereafter adventure the lives, lose their limbs or disable their bodies, in defence and service of Her Majesty and the State, should at their return be relieved and rewarded to the end that they may reap the fruit of their good deservings, and others may be encouraged to perform like endeavors..."^[146]

April–June

[edit]

April 4 –Christian IV becomes king ofDenmark–Norway, upon the death of his father,Frederick II.^[147]
May 12 –Day of the Barricades in Paris:Henry I, Duke of Guise seizes the city, forcing KingHenry III to flee.^[148]
May 28 – TheSpanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from theTagus estuary, under the command of theDuke of Medina Sedonia andJuan Martínez de Recalde, heading for theEnglish Channel (it will take untilMay 30 for all of the ships to leave port).^[149]
June 18 – Sailing across the South Atlantic Ocean towards England, near the end of their voyage around the world, Thomas Cavendish and hisEast India Company fleet stumble across the Portuguese-controlled island ofSaint Helena.^[150] While Saint Helena has been under the control of Portugal for 80 years, England had been unaware of its existence.^[151]
June 19 – Twenty days after departing from Spain, theSpanish Armada receives a foreshadowing of disaster to come during the summer as a storm scatters part of the fleet, postponing the invasion.^[152]Alonso de Guzmán y Sotomayor,Duke of Medina Sidonia and commander of the Spanish expedition, returns the fleet to the port of Coruna for repairs, and writes a letter to King Philip, urging him to abandon plans for invasion of England, and to reach an honorable settlement, but the King refuses. The Spanish expedition resumes on July 21.

July–September

[edit]

July 15 – AtRouen, King Henry III of France gives in to the latest demands of theCatholic League and the Duke of Guise, and signs the Edict of Union, agreeing to not allow French Protestants to participate in government,^[153] in return for being able to return toParis.
July 31 – The first engagement between the English and Spanish fleets (offPlymouth) results in a victory for the English, under command ofLord Howard of Effingham and SirFrancis Drake.
August 2 – The English fleet defeats the Spanish fleet, off theIsle of Portland.^[154]
August 7 – The English fleet defeats the Spanish fleet off the coast ofFlanders.
August 8 (July 29Old Style) –Battle of Gravelines: TheSpanish Armada is defeated by the English naval force off the coast ofGravelines, in theSpanish Netherlands (modern France).^[155]
August 9 – The Duke of Medina Sidonia, commander of the Spanish Armada, decides to return the fleet to Spain after two days of trying to reach the coast of Flanders, to meet up with the army of theDuke of Parma.^[156]
August 12 – Much of the Spanish Armada is destroyed by storms during an attempt to around Scotland andIreland. The fleeing Spanish fleet sails past theFirth of Forth, and the English call off their pursuit, avoiding the storm entirely.^[156]
August 19 (August 9Old Style) –Speech to the Troops at Tilbury by Queen Elizabeth I.^[157]
August 29 (8th day of the 7th month, Tensho 16) – In Japan, theChancellor of the Realm,Toyotomi Hideyoshi, issues an edict for the katanagari (thesword hunt), the confiscation of swords from any persons thought to be opposed to his rule.
September 1 – TheGanja Fortress in what is nowAzerbaijan is captured by Ottoman generalSerdar Ferhad Pasha.
September 9 – English captain Thomas Cavendish and a fleet of ships completesailing around the world in a record time of 781 days, returning toPlymouth more than two years after setting off on July 21, 1586. The previous record had been 1,018 days by the expedition of Sir Francis Drake from 1577 to 1580. By the time of his return, Cavendish has only his flagship,Desire, after having started with the two other vessels, the warshipContent, and the 40-ton supply shipHugh Gallant.
September 13 – Dutch GeneralCharles III de Croÿ captures the German city ofBonn in theElectorate of Cologne.

October–December

[edit]

October 7 – The first biography ofNicolaus Copernicus (d.1543) is completed byBernardino Baldi.
November 13 – Dutch Republic and English forces captureBergen op Zoom, a fortress in the Spanish Netherlands, after a siege of 41 days.
November 15 – The English Navy shipGreat Spaniard, formerly the Spanish Armada shipSan Salvador until its capture on August 1, sinks off of the coast of England'sIsle of Purbeck, with the loss of 23 of the 57 crew. The survivors are rescued by an Englishman-o-war boat.^[158]
December 5 – The Order of Augustinian Recollects is formally recognised as a separate province from the Order of Saint Augustine, an event later known as theDía de la Recolección orDay of Recollection.
December 23 – Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother,Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, killed, and holding theCardinal de Bourbon a prisoner. As a result, large parts of France reject Henry III as their king, forcing him to side withHenry of Navarre.

Unknown

[edit]

William Morgan's Welshtranslation of the Bible is published.^[159]
TheArmada Portrait ofElizabeth I of England is created, to celebrate the English defeat of the Spanish Armada, and to assert the strength of Elizabeth herself.

1589

This section istranscluded from1589.(edit |history)

September 15–September 18:Battle of Arques

January–March

[edit]

January 5 – The reign ofCatherine de' Medici as Countess of Auvergne ends after 64 years and she is succeeded by her grandson,Charles de Valois.
January 7 – TheCollege of Sorbonne votes a resolution that it is just and necessary to depose King Henry III of France, and that any private citizen is morally free to commitregicide.^[160]
January 17 – The French city ofChartres closes its gates to King Henry III and subsequently recognizes 65-year-oldCharles I, Cardinal de Bourbon as King Charles X.
January 26 –Job of Moscow is elected as the firstPatriarch of Moscow and All Russia.
February 6 – King Philip of Portugal issues an order to the Viceroy in Portuguese India (Goa) for the arrest of explorerJoão da Gama, but da Gama continues toward Mexico without being aware of the order.
February 26 –Valkendorfs Kollegium is founded inCopenhagen,Denmark.
March 6
- Ralph Fitch becomes the first known person from England to set foot on the island of Ceylon (nowSri Lanka) and stays five days.^[161]
- TheAdmiralty of the Noorderkwartier is set up as the third of thefive admiralties in theDutch Republic.
March 8 – England prohibits the construction of a cottage on any property that isn't at least four acres in size, with the passage of theErection of Cottages Act 1588.^[162]
March 9 – TheTreaty of Bytom and Będzin is signed between thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Austria, ending theWar of the Polish Succession.Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria, renounces his claims to the thrones of Poland and Lithuania and acknowledgesSigismund III Vasa of Sweden as the heir to the throne.^[163]

April–June

[edit]

April 13 – AnEnglish Armada, led by SirFrancis Drake and SirJohn Norreys, and largely financed by private investors, sets sail to attack theIberian Peninsula's Atlantic coast,^[164] but fails to achieve any naval advantage.
May 2 – Girolamo Bargagli's playThe Pilgrim Woman is given its first performance, premiering inFlorence, three years after Bargagli's death.^[165]
May 4 – In Spain,María Pita leads the defense ofLa Coruña against the English Armada after her husband is killed by a crossbow."^[166]
May 11 –The Earl of Bothwell, accused of treason against the Crown of Scotland, surrenders along with theEarl of Huntly and is imprisoned atHolyrood Palace. Convicted on May 24, the conspirators are never sentenced and set free by King James VI.
May 17 –Ercole Grimaldi becomes the newLord of Monaco upon the death of his older brotherCharles II.
June 28 – On the island ofSumatra in what is now Indonesia, the Sultan ofAceh Darussalam,Ali Ri'ayat Syah II, is assassinated by a group of nobles dissatisfied with his rule. He becomes the fourth Sultan in a row to be murdered.^[167]Sayyid al-Mukammal is approved by the nobles as the new Sultan of Aceh.^[168]

July–September

[edit]

July 1 – TheEnglish Armada, commanded by Sir Francis Drake, returns toPortsmouth after almost three months of pillaging the Spanish kingdoms.^[169]
July 4 –Jeremias II Tranos is appointed as the Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, by Ottoman SultanMurad III.^[170]
July 8 –Jan Zamoyski, theHetman of Poland since 1581, establishes thelargest family trust in the Kingdom. The Zamoyski family trust will last for more than 350 years until being abolished in 1944.
July 17 – (Tensho 17, 5th day of 6th month); TheBattle of Suriagehara takes place inJapan between the Date and Katakura clans and the Ashina, Satake and Nikaido clans.Date Masamune leads the two clans to victory overSatake Yoshinobu.^[171]
July 23 –Abbas the Great, who has recently become the Safavid Emperor of Persia, arranges the assassination of his benefactor, the Viceroy Murshid Qoli Khan at a banquet.^[172]
August 1 – KingHenry III of France is assassinated by a fanaticalDominican friar Jacques Clément, who approaches the King on the pretext of delivering a secret message. Henry tells his guards to stand aside, and Clément approaches and fatally stabs the King. Clément is subsequently killed by the guards. King Henry dies the next day.^[173]
August 2 – Following the death of Henry III of France, his army is thrown into confusion and an attempt to retake Paris is abandoned. Henry of Navarre succeeds to the throne as KingHenry IV of France, but is not recognized by theCatholic League, who acclaim the imprisonedCharles, Cardinal de Bourbon, as the rightful King of France, Charles X.
August 20 – KingJames VI of Scotland, the future James I of England, contracts aproxy marriage with the 14-year-oldAnne of Denmark atKronborg.^[174] The formal ceremony takes place onNovember 23 at theOld Bishop's Palace in Oslo.
September 21 –Battle of Arques: KingHenry IV of France's forces defeat those of theCatholic League, underCharles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne (younger brother ofHenry I, Duke of Guise).

October–December

[edit]

October 22 – King James VI of Scotland sails toNorway to meet his bride,Anne of Denmark as part of a fleet of six Scottish Navy ships, and is accompanied byLord Maitland of Thirlestane, theLord Chancellor of Scotland.^[175]
October 26 – Japanese warlordDate Masamune and his forces capture the Sukagawa Castle, defended by his auntOnamihime Nikaido, after her assistant Hodohara Yukifuji betrays her.
October 31 – Alleged serial killer and accused werewolfPeter Stumpp 'the Werewolf of Bedburg' is tortured and executed.
November 1 –Henry IV of France is repulsed in an attempt to capture Paris from the Catholic League.
November 21 – AtOslo,Patrick Vans, Lord Barnbarroch ratifies the marriage contract between King James VI of Scotland, and Anne of Denmark.
December 10 – In India,Man Singh I becomes the new raja of theKingdom of Amber (now part of theRajasthan state) upon the death of his father,Bhagwant Das.^[176]
December 25 (Christmas Day) – The monks of thePechenga Monastery, the northernmost in the world, are massacred bySwedes, led by a Finnish peasant chief, in the course of theRusso-Swedish War.

Date unknown

[edit]

San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome, is completed byDomenico Fontana.
Hiroshima is founded, by theJapanese warlordMōri Terumoto.
TheHofbräuhaus is founded, byWilliam V, Duke of Bavaria, inMunich.

Births

Transcluding articles:1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588, and1589

1580

January 8 –Jens Hermansson Juel, Stattholder of Norway (d.1634)
January 12
- Jan Baptist van Helmont, Flemish chemist (d.1644)
- Alexander Ruthven, Scottish earl (d.1600)
January 20 –Stefano Amadei, Italian painter (d.1644)
January 29 –Willem Isaacsz Swanenburg, Dutch engraver (d.1612)
January 30 –Gundakar, Prince of Liechtenstein, court official in Vienna (d.1658)
January –John Smith, English explorer and Virginia settler (d.1631)
February –John Digby, 1st Earl of Bristol, English diplomat (d.1653)
February 1 –Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland, English noble (d.1629)
February 2 –Jens Bjelke, Norwegian noble (d.1659)
February 22 –Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf, French diplomat and government official (d.1653)
February 24 –Matthias Hoe von Hoenegg, German theologian (d.1645)
February 28
- Orazio Giustiniani, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1649)
- Giovanni Srofenaur, Italian musician (d.1634)
March 31 –Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania (d.1637)
April 8
- Augusta of Denmark, Duchess Consort of Holstein-Gottorp (1596-1616) (d.1639)
- William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, English noble, courtier and patron of the arts (d.1630)
April 18 – (baptism)Thomas Middleton, English playwright (d.1627)^[177]
April 24 –Miguel Avellán, Spanish Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Toledo from 1633 (d.1650)
May 5
- Johann Faulhaber, German mathematician (d.1635)
- Richard Webb, English settler in America (d.1665)
May 6 –Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, French noble (d.1637)
May 14 –Bassam Al-Soukaria, Lebanese army commander (d.1667)
May 30 –Fadrique de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza, Spanish noble and admiral (d.1634)
June 6 –Godefroy Wendelin, Flemish astronomer (d.1667)
June 9 –Daniel Heinsius, Dutch scholar (d.1655)
June 12 –Adriaan van Stalbemt, Flemish Baroque painter (d.1662)
June 14 –Elisabeth Magdalena of Pomerania, German duchess (d.1649)
June 26
- Gaspar de Borja y Velasco, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d.1645)
- Peter Claver, Spanish Jesuit priest (d.1654)
July 5 –Carlo Contarini, Doge of Venice (d.1656)
July 6 –Johann Stobäus, German composer (d.1646)
July 10 –Humphrey Chetham, English merchant (d.1653)
July 18 –Giovanni Giacomo Semenza, Italian painter (d.1638)
July 29 –Francesco Mochi, Italian early-Baroque sculptor (d.1654)
August 2 –Prince Jeongwon, Korean prince (d.1619)
August 19 –Pierre Vernier, French mathematician (d.1637)
September 4 –George Percy, English explorer (d.1632)
September 14
- Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish writer (d.1645)
- Robert Gordon of Straloch, Scottish cartographer (d.1661)
September 15
- Charles Annibal Fabrot, French lawyer (d.1659)
- Thomas Fanshawe, English politician (d.1631)
September 17 –Countess Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau, Belgian noble (d.1631)
September 24 –Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, Duchess consort of Pomerania (d.1653)
October 8 –Gábor Esterházy (1580–1626), Hungarian noble (d.1626)
October 12 –Hortensio Félix Paravicino, Spanish preacher and poet from the noble house of Pallavicini (d.1633)
October 20 –Peter Crüger, German astronomer and mathematician (d.1639)
October 30 –Armand-Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force, Marshal of France (d.1675)
November 9 –Johannes Narssius, Dutch physician and poet (d.1637)
December 1 –Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, French astronomer (d.1637)
December 4
- Samuel Argall, English adventurer and naval officer (d.1626)
- Nabeshima Katsushige, Japanesedaimyō (d.1657)
date unknown
- Philipp Clüver, German geographer and historian (d.1623)
- Francesco Fontana, Italian lawyer and astronomer (d.1656)
- Dirk Hartog, Dutch ship's captain and explorer (d.1621)
- Jean Jannon, Swiss-born typefounder (d.1658)
- Robert Killigrew, English courtier, politician, ambassador and knight (d.1633)
- Willebrord Snellius, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (d.1626)
- Raphael Sobiehrd-Mnishovsky, Bohemian lawyer and writer (d.1644)
- Pierre Vernier, French mathematician and instrument inventor (d.1637)
- Krzysztof Zbaraski, Polish nobleman (d.1627)
- George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, English politician and colonizer (d.1623)
probable
- William Brabazon, 1st Earl of Meath, English noble (d.1651)
- Edward Fairfax, English translator (d.1635)
- Frans Hals, Dutch painter (d.1666)^[178]
- Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven, Scottish soldier (d.1661)
- Benjamin, Duke of Soubise, French Huguenot leader (d.1642)
- Adriana Basile, Italian composer (d.1640)

1581

Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria

January 4 –James Ussher, Anglo-Irish priest and scholar (d.1656)
January 6 –Countess Palatine Dorothea of Simmern, Princess consort of Anhalt-Dessau (d.1631)
January 30 –Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1603–1655) (d.1655)
February 17 –Fausto Poli, Italian Catholic prelate and cardinal (d.1653)
March 16 –Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch historian (d.1647)
April 24 –Vincent de Paul, FrenchRoman Catholic priest who dedicated himself to serving the poor (d.1660)
May 4 –Arnold Möller, German calligrapher (d.1655)
May 21 –Robert More, English politician (d.1626)
May 22 –Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d.1597)
June 21 –Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh, English politician (d.1645)
June 27 –Louis Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1630–1646) (d.1646)
July 18 –Pier Luigi Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1655)
July 20 –Isidoro Bianchi, Italian painter (d.1662)
July 25 –Brian Twyne, English archivist (d.1644)
August 5 –Hedwig of Denmark, Danish princess (d.1641)
August 15 –Jeremias Drexel, Jesuit writer of devotional literature and a professor of the humanities and rhetoric (d.1638)
September 21 –Simon Archer, English politician (d.1662)
September 27 –Juan Damián López de Haro, Spanish Catholic bishop ofPuerto Rico (d.1648)
October 9 –Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, French mathematician (d.1638)
October 21 –Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter (d.1641)
November 1 –William Hockmere, English politician (d.1626)
November 11 –Edward Popham, English politician (d.1641)
November 18 –Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina, marquisate of Massa (d.1662)
November 26 –Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Norburg (d.1658)
December 17 –Walter Davison, English poet (d.1600)
December 26 –Philip III, Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach (1609–1643) (d.1643)
December 27 –Jean Chalette, French painter (d.1643)
date unknown
- Gasparo Aselli, Italian physician (d.1626)
- Jeremias Drexel, German Jesuit writer of devotional literature
- Edmund Gunter, English mathematician (d.1626)
- Jean du Vergier de Hauranne, French monk who introduced Jansenism into France (d.1643)
- Charles Malapert, Belgian Jesuit writer (d.1630)
- Giulia Tofana, Italian poisoner (d.1651)
- Łukasz Opaliński (1581–1654), Polish nobleman (d.1654)
- Thomas Overbury, English poet and essayist (d.1613)
- Johannes Rudbeckius, bishop at Västerås (d.1646)
- Choghtu Khong Tayiji, ruler of the Khalkha Mongols (d.1637)
probable
- Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Mexican dramatist (d.1639)
- Sisto Badalocchio, Italian painter and engraver (d.1647)

1582

January 6
- Alonso de Contreras, Spanish privateer and writer (d.1641)
- Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice, Bohemian noble (d.1649)
January 7 –Magdalene of Brandenburg, Landgravine consort of Hesse-Darmstadt (1598–1616) (d.1616)
January 26 –Giovanni Lanfranco, Italian painter (d.1647)
January 28 –John Barclay, Scottish satirist and Latin poet (d.1621)^[179]
January 30 –George II, Duke of Pomerania (d.1617)
February 8 –Matthias Bernegger, German philologist (d.1640)
February 17 –George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d.1641)
February 22 –John Ratcliffe, English politician and soldier (d.1627)
March 15
- Daniel Featley, English theologian and controversialist (d.1645)
- Deodat del Monte, Flemish painter, architect (d.1644)
March 22 –John Williams, Welsh clergyman and political advisor to King James I (d.1650)
March 31 –Duchess Sophie of Prussia, Duchess consort of Courland (1609–1610) (d.1610)
April 8 –(bapt.)Phineas Fletcher, English poet (d.1650)
April 11 –Justus de Harduwijn, Dutch Catholic priest and poet (d.1636)
May 1 –Marco da Gagliano, Italian composer of the early Baroque era (d.1643)
May 5 –John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg (1608–1628) (d.1628)
June 26 –Johannes Schultz, German composer (d.1653)
June 28 –William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele, English nobleman and politician (d.1662)
July 27 –Sir John Isham, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d.1651)
August 11 –Sabina Catharina of East Frisia, Countess of Rietberg (1586–1618) (d.1618)
August 17 –John Matthew Rispoli, major Maltese philosopher of great erudition (d.1639)
August 26 –Humilis of Bisignano, Italian Franciscan friar and saint (d.1637)
August 27 –Maria Amalia of Nassau-Dillenburg, German noble (d.1635)
August 28
- Taichang Emperor, of the Ming Dynasty of China (d.1620)
- Hans Meinhard von Schönberg, German military commander (d.1616)
September 25 –Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (d.1620)
September 26 –Eitel Frederick von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, German Catholic cardinal (d.1625)
October 2 –Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach, Count Palatine of Neuburg (1614–1632) (d.1632)
October 17 –Johann Gerhard, Lutheran church leader (d.1637)
October 19 –Dmitri Ivanovich, Russian Tsarevich (d.1591)
October 21 –John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen, German general (d.1617)
October 22 –Francesco Piccolomini, Italian Jesuit (d.1651)
November 2 –Elizabeth Jane Weston, English Czech poet (d.1612)
November 21 –François Maynard, French poet (d.1646)
November 27 –Pierre Dupuy, French historian (d.1651)
November 30 –Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt, Archbishop of Mainz (d.1647)
December 10 –William Chappell, Irish bishop (d.1649)
December 16 –Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey, English adventurer and soldier (d.1642)
December 23 –Severo Bonini, Italian composer (d.1663)^[180]
date unknown
- Giovanni Francesco Abela, Maltese writer (d.1655)
- Giulio Alenio, Italian Jesuit missionary (d.1649)
- Gregorio Allegri, Italian composer (d.1652)
- John Bainbridge, English astronomer (d.1648)
- Richard Corbet, English poet and bishop (d.1635)
- William Juxon,Archbishop of Canterbury (d.1663)
- Thomas Moulson, Lord Mayor of London (d.1638)
- David Teniers the Elder, Flemish painter (d.1649)
- Francis Windebank, English politician (d.1646)
- Jacomina de Witte, politically influential Dutch woman (d.1661)
- Jakub Zadzik, Polish nobleman and diplomat (d.1642)
probable –Sigismondo d'India, Italian composer (d.1629)

1583

January 8 –Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian (d.1643)
January 12 –Niccolò Alamanni, Greek-born Roman antiquarian (d.1626)
January 31 –Peter Bulkley, English and later American Puritan (d.1659)
February 4 –John Ley, English priest (d.1662)
February 17 –Johann Heinrich Alting, German Lutheran theologian (d.1644)
February 23 –Jean-Baptiste Morin, French mathematician (d.1656)
March 3 –Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (d.1648)^[181]
April 4 –Franciscus Quaresmius, Italian writer and orientalist (d.1650)
April 8 –Nikolaus, Count Esterházy, Hungarian noble (d.1645)
April 10 –Hugo Grotius, Dutch philosopher and writer (d.1645)^[182]
May 1 –Orazio Grassi, Italian Jesuit priest, architect and scientist (d.1654)
May 10 –Fernando Afán de Ribera, duke of Alcalá de los Gazules, Spanish diplomat (d.1637)
May 26 –Susanna Hall, Daughter of William Shakespeare (d.1649)
June 16 –Axel Oxenstierna, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden (d.1654)
June 20 –Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (d.1652)
June 22 –Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1603–1625) (d.1625)
June 27 –Christopher von Dohna, German politician and scholar (d.1637)
July 2 –Dodo Knyphausen, German soldier (d.1636)
July 9 –John, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein, Danish prince (d.1602)
July 20 –Alban Roe, English Benedictine martyr (d.1642)
July 22 –Jacobus Trigland, Dutch theologian (d.1654)
August 19 –Daišan, Manchu politician (d.1648)
August 21
- Denis Pétau, French Jesuit theologian (d.1652)
- Eleanor of Prussia, Electress consort of Brandenburg (d.1607)
August 26 –Adam, Count of Schwarzenberg, German politician (d.1641)
August 31 –Richard Harrison, English politician (d.1655)
September 23 –Christian II, Elector of Saxony from 1591 to 1611 (d.1611)
September 24 –Albrecht von Wallenstein, Austrian general (d.1634)
September 29 –John VIII, Count of Nassau-Siegen (1623–1638) (d.1638)
September –Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian composer (d.1643)^[183]
October 22 –Laurens Reael, Dutch admiral (d.1637)
November 10 –Anthony Günther, Count of Oldenburg (d.1667)
November 15 –Théophile Raynaud, French theologian (d.1663)
November 17 –Archduke Maximilian Ernest of Austria, Austrian archduke (d.1616)
November 24 –Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Spanish poet (d.1641)
December 25 –Orlando Gibbons, English composer (d.1625)^[184]
date unknown
- Hendrick Jacobszoon Lucifer, Dutch pirate and buccaneer (d.1627)
- John Beaumont, English poet (d.1627)
- Bonaventura Elzevir, Dutch printer (d.1652)
- Stanisław Lubomirski, Polish nobleman (d.1649)
- Philip Massinger, English dramatist (d.1640)
- Hayashi Razan, Japanese neo-Confucianist scholar (d.1657)
probable
- Alexander Henderson, Scottish theologian (d.1646)
- Nzinga, warrior sovereign queen of Ndongo and Matamba (d.1663)
- Aurelian Townshend, English poet (d.1643)

1584

January 1 –Charles Delorme, French physician and the royal doctor for Kings Henri IV , Louis XIII and Louis XIV (d.1678)
January 7 –Karan Singh II, Maharana of Mewar (d.1628)
January 29 –Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (d.1647)
February 9 –Francesco Maria Richini, Italian architect (d.1658)
February 12 –Caspar Barlaeus, Dutch polymath (d.1648)
February 18 –Philippe de Carteret II, governor ofJersey (d.1643)
February 19 –Angelo Nardi, Italian painter (d.1664)
February 26 –Albert VI of Bavaria (d.1666)
March 15 –Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (d.1663)
March 22 –Grégoire de Saint-Vincent, Flemish Jesuit mathematician (d.1667)
March 26 –John II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (d.1635)
March 29 –Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English parliamentary general (d.1648)
April 6 –Bridget de Vere, Countess of Berkshire, English noblewoman (d.1630)
April 10 –Sibylle Elisabeth of Württemberg, Duchess consort of Saxony (d.1606)
April 19 –John Hales, English theologian (d.1656)
April 20 –Sir John Langham, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d.1671)
April 23 –Jorge de Cárdenas y Manrique de Lara, Spanish noble (d.1644)
April 29 –Melchior Teschner, German cantor, composer and theologian (d.1635)
May 17 –John Jacob Hess, Swiss Anabaptist minister and martyr (d.1639)
May 23 –Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff, Austrian diplomat (d.1650)
May 27 –Michael Altenburg, German composer (d.1640)
June 6 –Yuan Chonghuan, Chinese politician, military general and writer (d.1630)
June 15 –Anna Sophie of Anhalt, German noblewoman (d.1652)
June 16 –Archduchess Maria of Austria (d.1649)
June 25 –Richard Strode, English politician (d.1669)
June 26 –Robert Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Leinster, English politician (d.1659)
July 17 –Agnes of Brandenburg, Duchess of Pomerania, later Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (d.1629)
July 26 –Gaspard III de Coligny, Marshal of France (d.1646)
August 1 –Emanuel Scrope, 1st Earl of Sunderland, English statesman (d.1630)
August 6 –Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, English soldier (d.1643)
August 10 –John Casimir, Count of Erbach-Breuberg (1606–1627) (d.1627)
August 11 –Philip Ernest, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1610–1628) (d.1628)
August 13 –Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, English politician (d.1640)
August 28 –Richard Treat, American city founder (d.1669)
August 29 –Patrick Young, Scottish librarian (d.1652)
September 11 –Thomas van Erpe, Dutch Orientialist, cartographer (d.1624)
September 13 –Francis Julius of Saxe-Lauenburg, Prince (d.1634)
September 15 –Georg Rudolf Weckherlin, German poet (d.1653)
September 16 –Giulio Roma, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1652)
September 17 –John Finch, 1st Baron Finch, English judge (d.1660)
October 10 –Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke (d.1650)^[185]
November 3 –Jean-Pierre Camus, French Catholic bishop (d.1652)
November 10 –Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg (d.1638)
November 16 –Barbara Sophie of Brandenburg, duchess consort and later regent of Württemberg (d.1636)
November 18 –Gaspar de Crayer, Flemish painter (d.1669)
December 15 –Queen Inmok, Korean royal consort (d.1632)
December 16 –John Selden, English jurist (d.1654)
December 25 –Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain (d.1611)
December 27 –Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania (d.1625)
December 28 –Juan de Dicastillo, Spanish theologian (d.1653)
date unknown
- William Baffin, English explorer (d.1622)
- Francis Beaumont, English dramatist (d.1616)
- Antonio Cifra, Italian composer (d.1629)
- Hu Zhengyan, Chinese artist, printmaker, calligrapher and publisher (d.1674)
- Miyamoto Musashi, Japanese samurai, artist, strategist, rōnin and philosopher, known forThe Book of Five Rings (written1643) (d.1645)
- Mathieu Molé, French statesman (d.1656)
- Chiara Varotari, Italian Baroque painter (d.1663)
- Herman Wrangel, Swedish soldier and politician (d.1643)

1585

January 5 –Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1641)
January 6 –Claude Favre de Vaugelas, Savoyard grammarian and man of letters (d.1650)
January 8 –Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse, Duchess of Joyeuse (d.1656)
January 9 –Sir Richard Grosvenor, 1st Baronet, English politician (d.1645)
January 23 –Mary Ward, English Catholic Religious Sister (d.1645)
January 24 –Anna Maria of Solms-Sonnewalde, Countess consort of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (d.1634)
January 27 –Hendrick Avercamp, Dutch painter (d.1634)^[186]
January 28 –Domenico II Contarini, Doge of Venice (d.1675)
January 31 –Daniel Schwenter, German Orientalist (d.1636)
February 2
- Judith Quiney, William Shakespeare's youngest daughter (d.1662)^[187]
- Hamnet Shakespeare, William Shakespeare's only son (d.1596)^[187]
February 25 –Pieter van den Broecke, Dutch merchant (d.1640)
March 2 –John Macias, Spanish Dominican lay brother (d.1645)
March 5
- Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, founder of the junior line Hesse-Homburg (d.1638)
- John George I, Elector of Saxony (d.1656)
March 6 –Francesco Cornaro, Doge of Venice (d.1656)
March 16 –Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero, Dutch writer (d.1618)
March 22 –Krzysztof Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (d.1640)
April 6 –Marzio Ginetti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1671)
April 28 –George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich, English soldier and politician (d.1663)
May 1 –Sophia Olelkovich Radziwill, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d.1612)
May 5 –Vincenzo Carafa, Italian Jesuit priest and spiritual writer (d.1649)
May 6 –Guy XX de Laval, French noble (d.1605)
May 12 –John Oglander, English politicians (d.1655)
June 11 –Evert Horn, Swedish soldier (d.1615)
June 13 –Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, Peruvian and Paraguayan linguist (d.1652)
June 24 –Johannes Lippius, German theologian, philosopher, composer and music theorist (d.1612)
July 2 –Jean Guiton, French Huguenot ship owner (d.1654)
July 11
- Nicolaus Hunnius, German theologian (d.1643)
- Timothy Turner, British serjeant-at-law (d.1677)
July 26 –Dániel Esterházy, Hungarian noble (d.1654)
August 3 –Sir Thomas Burdett, 1st Baronet, of Bramcote, Sheriff of Derbyshire (d.1647)
August 5 –Jesper Brochmand, Danish bishop (d.1652)
August 25 –Giovanni Biliverti, Italian painter (d.1644)
August 26 –Peter Lauremberg, German writer and professor (d.1639)
September 9 –Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman and 4thPrime Minister of France (d.1642)
September 15 –Ottavio Vannini, Italian painter (d.1640)
September 26 –Antonio Franco, Italian Catholic bishop, prelate of Santa Lucia del Mela (d.1626)
September 27 –John Strangways, English politician (d.1666)
October 4 –Anna of Tyrol, Holy Roman Empress (d.1618)
October 8 –Heinrich Schütz, German composer (d.1672)
October 10 –Sir Edward Hussey, 1st Baronet, English politician (d.1648)
October 11 –Johann Heermann, German poet, hymn-writer (d.1647)
October 15 –Louis Cappel, French Protestant churchman and scholar (d.1658)
October 28 –Cornelius Jansen, French bishop of Ypres and religious reformer (d.1638)^[188]
October –John Ball, English puritan divine (d.1640)
November 1
- Jan Brożek, Polish mathematician, physician and astronomer (d.1652)
- Adriaan Pauw (d.1653)
November 2 –Rudolf von Colloredo, Austrian field marshal (d.1657)
November 5 –Sir John St John, 1st Baronet, English baronet (d.1648)
November 26 –Herman op den Graeff, Dutch bishop (d.1642)
November 30 –Filippo Benedetto de Sio, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Boiano (1641–1651) and Bishop of Caiazzo (1623–1641) (d.1651)
December 3 –Matthew Wren, influential English clergyman (d.1667)
December 4
- John Cotton, clergyman in England and the American colonies, founder of Boston (d.1652)
December 13 –William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (d.1649)
December 16 –Livia della Rovere, Italian noble (d.1641)
December 25 –Christian, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1588–1637) (d.1637)
December 31
- Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general (d.1645)
- Sumitomo Masatomo, Japanese businessman (d.1652)
date unknown
- Zachary Boyd, Scottish religious writer (d.1653)
- Ambrose Barlow, Catholic priest and martyr (d.1641)
- Thomas Preston, 1st Viscount Tara, Irish soldier (d.1655)
- Lucilio Vanini, Italian free-thinker (d.1619)
- Alexander Whitaker, Virginia Colony religious leader (d.1616)
- Fang Weiyi, Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter and literature historian (d.1668)

1586

January 1 –Pau Claris i Casademunt, Catalan ecclesiastic (d.1641)
January 20 –Johann Hermann Schein, German composer of the early Baroque era (d.1630)^[189]
January 29 –Louis Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1617–1631) (d.1631)
February 8 –Jacob Praetorius, German Baroque composer and organist (d.1651)
February 15 –Jacques de Bela, French writer (d.1667)
February 20 –Hachisuka Yoshishige, Japanese daimyō of the Edo period (d.1620)
February 24 –Matthias Faber, German Jesuit priest, writer (d.1653)
February 26 –Niccolò Cabeo, Italian Jesuit writer, theologian (d.1657)
March 12 –Jean Dolbeau, French missionary (d.1652)
March 28 –Domenico Massenzio, Italian baroque composer (d.1657)
March 29 –Ludwig Crocius, German Calvinist minister (d.1653)
April 2 –Pietro Della Valle, Italian composer (d.1652)
April 4 –Richard Saltonstall, English diplomat (d.1661)
April 5 –Christopher Levett, English explorer (d.1630)
April 9 –Julius Henry, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d.1665)
April 12(bapt.) –John Ford, English dramatist and poet (d. c.1639)
April 20 – SaintRose of Lima, Spanish colonist in Lima (d.1617)
April 23 –Martin Rinkart, German clergyman and hymnist (d.1649)
April 24 –Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon, English noble (d.1643)
May 2 –Étienne de Courcelles, French scholar (d.1659)
May 7 –Francesco IV Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat (d.1612)
May 9 –Tsugaru Nobuhira, Japanese daimyō (d.1631)
May 11 –Angelo Giori, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1662)
May 23 –Paul Siefert, German composer and organist (d.1666)
June 24 –George John II, Count Palatine of Lützelstein-Guttenberg, German noble (d.1654)
July 1 –Claudio Saracini, Italian composer (d.1630)
July 5 –Thomas Hooker, prominent Puritan colonial leader (d.1647)
July 6 –Thomas Trevor, English politician and judge (d.1656)
July 7 –Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, English courtier (d.1646)
July 26 –Diego de Colmenares, Spanish historian (d.1651)
August 14 –William Hutchinson, founder of Rhode Island (d.1642)
August 17 –Johann Valentin Andrea, German theologian (d.1654)
September 15 –Antoon Sanders, Dutch priest, historian (d.1664)
September 29 –William Lytton, English Member of Parliament (d.1660)
October 7 –Isaac Massa, Dutch diplomat (d.1643)
October 9 –Leopold V, Archduke of Austria, regent of Tyrol (d.1632)^[190]
October 20 –Luke Foxe, English explorer (d.1635)
October 28 –Francis West, Deputy Governor of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia (d.1634)
November 20 –Polykarp Leyser II, German theologian (d.1633)
November 22 –Walter Erle, English politician (d.1665)
November 23 –Juan Bautista de Lezana, Spanish theologian (d.1659)
November 27 –Sir John Wray, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d.1655)
November 28 –Sir Thomas Bowyer, 1st Baronet, English politician (d.1650)
December 6 –Niccolò Zucchi, Italian astronomer and physicist (d.1670)
December 14 –Georg Calixtus, German Lutheran theologian who looked to reconcile all Christendom (d.1656)
December 31 –Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia, Electress of Saxony (d.1659)
date unknown –John Mason, English explorer (d.1635)
date unknown –Kocc Barma Fall, Senegambian philosopher (d. 1655)^[191]^[192]
probable
- Giles Fletcher, English poet (d.1623)
- David HaLevi Segal, Polish Jewish rabbi (d.1667)

1587

January 2 –Anders Arrebo, Danish writer (d.1637)
January 5 –Xu Xiake, Chinese adventurer and geographer (d.1641)
January 6 –Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, Spanish politician (d.1645)
January 8
- Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d.1629)
- Johannes Fabricius, Frisian/German astronomer (d.1616)
January 12 –John Winthrop, English Puritan lawyer (d.1649)
February 1 –Pál Esterházy, Hungarian noble (d.1645)
February 3 –Dorothea Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst (d.1609)
February 20 –Emanuel Sueyro, Dutch historian, translator, spymaster (d.1629)
February 26 –Stefano Landi, Italian composer (d.1639)
March 17 –David Lindsay, 1st Lord Balcarres, Scottish politician and noble (d.1642)
April 1 –Sir John Mill, 1st Baronet, English politician (d.1648)
April 2 –Virginia Centurione Bracelli, Italian saint (d.1651)
April 18 –Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet, Member of the Parliament of England (d.1628)
April 26
- Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1626)
- Abraham van der Haagen, Dutch painter (d.1639)^[193]
April 28 –Krzysztof Ossoliński, Polish nobleman (d.1645)
April 29 –Sophie of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania (d.1635)
April 30 –Éléonore de Bourbon, Dutch princess (d.1619)
May 7 –Richard Newport, 1st Baron Newport, English politician (d.1651)
May 8 –Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (d.1637)
May 17 –Esaias van de Velde, Dutch painter (d.1630)
May –Esaias van de Velde,Dutch landscape painter (died1630)^[194]
May 26 –Susan de Vere, Countess of Montgomery, English noblewoman (d.1628)
June 2 –Willem Bontekoe, skipper in the Dutch East India Company (d.1657)
June 5 –Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, English colonial administrator and admiral (d.1658)
June 11 –Sir Thomas Jervoise, English politician (d.1654)
June 15 –Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna, Swedish statesman (d.1640)
June 21 –Kaspar von Barth, German philologist and writer (d.1658)
June 24
- William Arnold, American settler (d.1676)
- Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger, Danish architect (d.1639)
July 4 –Magdalene of Bavaria, Consort of Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg (d.1628)
August 16 –Khusrau Mirza, Mughal prince (d.1622)
August 18 –Virginia Dare, Virginia colony settler
August 23 –Johann Friedrich, Count Palatine of Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein (1614–1644) (d.1644)
August 28 –Christian William of Brandenburg, administrator of bishoprics of Magdeburg and Halberstadt (d.1665)
September 1 –Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, 3rd Duke of Feria, Spanish general (d.1634)
September 3 – CountessJuliane of Nassau-Siegen, Landgravine of Hesse-kassel (d.1643)
September 18 –Francesca Caccini, Italian composer^[195]
September 19
- Robert Sanderson, English theologian and casuist (d.1663)
- Mu Zeng, Chinese politician (d.1646)
October 8 –Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire, English politician (d.1669)
October 17 –Nathan Field, English dramatist and actor (d.1620)
October 18 –Philippe-Charles, 3rd Count of Arenberg (d.1640)
October 19 –Thomas Dacres, English politician (d.1668)
October 22 –Joachim Jungius, German mathematician and philosopher (d.1657)^[196]
October 23 –Sir Gilbert Gerard, 1st Baronet of Harrow on the Hill, English politician (d.1670)
November 3 –Samuel Scheidt, German composer (d.1653)^[197]
November 17
- Charles Lallemant, French Jesuit (d.1674)
- Joost van den Vondel, Dutch dramatist and poet (d.1679)
November 25 –Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet, English politician (d.1666)
December 13 –Emmanuel Stupanus, Swiss physician (d.1664)
December 19 –Dorothea Sophia, Abbess of Quedlinburg Abbey (1618–1645) (d.1645)
December 30 –Simon VII, Count of Lippe-Detmold (1613–1627) (d.1627)
date unknown
- William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh (d.1643)
- Francis Kynaston, English courtier and poet (d.1642)^[198]
- Yun Seondo, Korean politician and poet (d.1671)
- Song Yingxing, Chinese encyclopedist (d.1666)
- George Yeardley, English colonial administrator in America (d.1627)

1588

January 4 –Arnold Vinnius, Dutch lawyer (d.1657)
January 6 –Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon, English noblewoman and writer (d.1633)
January 20 –Francesco Gessi, Italian painter (d.1649)
February 2 –Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl, German nobleman (d.1644)
February 15 –Benjamin Bramer, German mathematician (d.1652)
March 12 –Herman de Neyt, Flemish painter (d.1642)
March 21 –Egon VIII of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg, Bavarian count and field-marshal (d.1635)
March 22 –Frederick IX, Margrave of Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (d.1611)
March 27 –Celestyn Myślenta, Polish theologian (d.1653)
March 29 –Margherita Aldobrandini, Parmesan regent (d.1646)
March –Johann Heinrich Alsted, German theologian (d.1638)
April 4 –Padovanino, Italian painter (d.1649)
April 5 –Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (d.1679)^[199]
April 15 –Claudius Salmasius, French classical scholar (d.1653)
April 16 –Emanuel Filibert of Savoy, Viceroy of Sicily (d.1624)
May 2 –Étienne Pascal, French mathematician (d.1651)
May 9 –Herman Hugo, Jesuit priest, writer, military chaplain (d.1629)
May 13 –Ole Worm, Danish physician and antiquary (d.1654)
May 28 –Pierre Séguier, Chancellor of France (d.1672)
June 3 –Julius Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Weiltingen (1617–16135) (d.1635)
June 9 –Johann Andreas Herbst, German composer and music theorist (d.1666)
June 11 –George Wither, English poet and satirist (d.1667)
June 14 –Hoshina Masasada, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Ino Domain (d.1661)
June 30 –Giovanni Maria Sabino, Italian composer, organist and teacher (d.1649)

July 7 –Wolrad IV, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1588–1640) (d.1640)
July 29 –William Spring of Pakenham, Member of Parliament (d.1638)
August 25 –Elizabeth Poole, English settler in Plymouth Colony (d.1654)
August –François de La Mothe Le Vayer, French writer (d.1672)
September 1 –Henri, Prince of Condé (d.1646)
September 8 –Marin Mersenne, French theologian (d.1648)
September 10 –Nicholas Lanier, English composer (d.1666)^[200]
September 13 –Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden, English baron (d.1661)
October 7 –Sir Drue Drury, 1st Baronet, English politician (d.1632)
October 16 –Luke Wadding, Irish Franciscan friar and historian (d.1657)
October 17 –Matthias Gallas, Austrian soldier (d.1647)
November 25 –Gilbert Ironside the elder, English bishop (d.1671)
December 10
- Johann von Aldringen, Austrian field marshal (d.1634)
- Isaac Beeckman, Dutch philosopher and scientist (d.1637)
December 15
- Charles de Condren, French theologian (d.1641)
- Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1592–1628 and again 1631–1658) (d.1658)
December 23 –Claude Bernard, French priest (d.1641)
December 24 –Constance of Austria,Queen of Poland (d.1631)

John Danvers, English politician (d.1655)
John Endecott, English politician (d.1665)
Robert Filmer, English political writer (d.1653)
Accepted Frewen, English churchman (d.1664)
Madame Ke, influential nanny of the Tianqi Emperor of China (approximately; d.1627)
Francis Higginson, colonial American Puritan (d.1630)
Jan Janssonius, Dutch cartographer (d.1664)
Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet (d.1665)
John Winthrop, influential Puritan in the history of Massachusetts (d.1649)

1589

January 8 –Ivan Gundulić, Croatian poet (d.1638)
January 11 –William Strode, English politician (d.1666)
January 28 –Francisco Ximénez de Urrea, Spanish historian (d.1647)
February 5
- Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan (d.1670)
- Esteban Manuel de Villegas, Spanish poet (d.1669)
February 7 –Jacob de Witt, Mayor of Dordrecht (d.1674)
February 8 –Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel, Protestant military leader in the Thirty Years' War (d.1648)
February 18
- Henry Vane the Elder, English politician (d.1655)
- Maarten Gerritsz Vries, Dutch explorer (d.1646)
March 1 –Thomas Middleton, English politician (d.1662)
March 3 –Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch theologian (d.1676)^[201]
March 18 –Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset, English noble (d.1624)
April 16 –Nicolaes le Febure, Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d.1641)
April 17 –Martin Zeiler, German author (d.1661)
April 18 –John, Duke of Östergötland, Swedish prince (d.1618)
April 20 –John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, son of John I (d.1652)
April 28 –Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal (d.1655)
May 12 –François L’Anglois, French artist (d.1647)
May 28 –Robert Arnauld d'Andilly, French writer (d.1674)
June 9 –John of St. Thomas, Portuguese philosopher (d.1644)
June 16 –Albrycht Władysław Radziwiłł, Polish prince (d.1636)
June 20 –Giambattista Altieri, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1654)
July 2 –Richard Pepys, English politician (d.1659)
July 3 –Johann Georg Wirsung, German anatomist (d.1643)
July 15 –Cornelis Bol, Flemish painter and etcher (d.1666)
July 16 –Sinibaldo Scorza, Italian painter (d.1631)
August 1 –Alexandrine von Taxis, German Imperial General Post Master (d.1666)
August 8 –Framlingham Gawdy, English politician (d.1654)
August 12
- Domenico Fiasella, Italian painter (d.1669)
- Ulrich, Duke of Pomerania, Bishop of Cammin (d.1622)
August 15 –Gabriel Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (d.1613)
September 1 –Giovanni Pesaro, Doge of Venice (d.1659)
September 7 –August of Saxony, German prince (d.1615)
September 17 –Agostinho Barbosa, Portuguese bishop inItaly and writer oncanon law (d.1649)
October 7 –Maria Magdalena of Austria (d.1631)
October 8 –Pedro de Villagómez Vivanco, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Lima, then Bishop of Arequipa (d.1671)
October 24 –Giuseppe Marcinò, Italian priest, member of the Order of Friars Minor - or Capuchins (d.1655)
October 25 –Jan Stanisław Sapieha, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (d.1635)
October 31 –Muhammad Parviz, Mughal emperor (d.1626)
December 21 –Otto, Count of Lippe-Brake (1621–1657) (d.1657)

TsarFeodor II of Russia (d.1605)
Yönten Gyatso, 4thDalai Lama
John Bankes, Attorney General and Chief Justice to KingCharles I of England (d.1644)
Jusepa Vaca, Spanish stage actress (d.1653)

Deaths

Transcluding articles:1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588, and1589

1580

January 5 –Anna Sibylle of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German noblewoman (b.1542)
January 18
- Antonio Scandello, Italian composer (b.1517)
- Archangelo de' Bianchi, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1516)
January 31 – KingHenry of Portugal (b.1512)^[202]
February 2 –Bessho Nagaharu, Japanese retainer (b.1558)
February 24 –Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel, English nobleman (b.1511)
April 20 –Francesco Alciati, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1522)
May 3 –Thomas Tusser, English poet and farmer (b. c.1524)
May 31 –Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine, Princess of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (b.1520)
June 10 –Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet (b. c.1524)^[203]
June 18 –Juliana of Stolberg, German countess (b.1506)
August 1 –Albrecht Giese, German politician and diplomat (b.1524)
August 12 –Luca Longhi, Italian painter (b.1507)
August 15 –Vincenzo Borghini, Italian monk (b.1515)
August 19 –Andrea Palladio, Italian architect (b.1508)^[204]
August 20 –Jerónimo Osório, Portuguese historian (b.1506)
August 28 –Antonín Brus of Mohelnice, Moravian Catholic archbishop (b.1518)
August 30 –Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (b.1528)
September 19 –Catherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk, English noblewoman (b.1519)
September 20 –Honorat II of Savoy, French Navy admiral (b.1511)
September –Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, French royal mistress and cultural patron (b.1508)
October 1 –John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (b.1521)
October 5 –Matsudaira Shigeyoshi, Japanese general (b.1493)
October 8 –Hieronymus Wolf, German historian (b.1516)
October 26 –Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain (b.1549)
November 3 –Jerónimo Zurita y Castro, Spanish historian (b.1512)
November 16 –Marie of Baden-Sponheim, German noblewoman (b.1507
November 30 –Richard Farrant, English composer (b.1530)
December 1 –Giovanni Morone, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1509)
date unknown
- Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia, Italian anatomist (b.1545)
- Ruy López de Segura, Spanish priest and writer on chess (b.1530)
- Inés de Suárez, Spanish conquistadora (b.1507)
- Lucrezia Galletta, Italian courtesan and banker
possible date
- John Heywood, English dramatist (b.1497)
- Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, Scottish chronicler (b. c.1532)

1581

SaintsAlexander Briant andEdmund Campion died onDecember 1, 1581

January 22 –Joos de Damhouder, Flemish jurist (b.1507)
February 15 –Francisco Foreiro, Portuguese Dominican theologian and biblist (b.1523)
March 17 –Johann Marbach, German theologian (b.1521)
March 19 –Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (b.1510)
April 3 –Herbert Duifhuis, Dutch minister (b.1531)
April 25 –Okabe Motonobu, Japanese warrior
May 31 –Jan Kostka, Polish noble (b.1529)
June 2 –James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, regent of Scotland (b.1525)
July 20 –Odet de Turnèbe, French dramatist (b.1552)
July 11 –Peder Skram, Danish senator and naval officer (b.1500)
July 12 –Johannes Gigas, German theologian (b.1514)
July 22 –Richard Cox, English bishop (b.1500)
August 17 –Duchess Sabine of Württemberg, by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (b.1549)
August 20 –Katharina of Hanau, Countess of Wied, German noblewoman (b.1525)
August – KingMayadunne of Sitawaka (b.1501)
September 1 –Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (b.1534)
September 16 –Peter Niers, notorious German bandit (date of birth unknown)
September 28 –Achilles Statius, Portuguese humanist (b.1524)
September 29 –Andreas Musculus, German theologian (b.1514)
September 30 –Hubert Languet, French diplomat and reformer (b.1518)
October 4 –Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton, English earl (b.1545)
October 7 –Honoré I, Lord of Monaco (b.1522)
October 9 –Saint Louis Bertrand, Spanish missionary toLatin America,patron saint ofColombia (b.1526)
October 10 – KingBayinnaung of Burma (b.1516)
October 23 –Michael Neander, German mathematician and astronomer (b.1529)
November 4 –Mathurin Romegas, French rival Grandmaster of theKnights Hospitaller (b. c.1525)
November 7 –Richard Davies, Welsh bishop and scholar (b. c.1505)^[205]
November 19 –Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia (b.1554)
December 1
- Martyrs and executed of Tyburn
  - Alexander Briant, EnglishJesuit priest and saint (b.1556)
  - Edmund Campion, EnglishJesuit priest and saint (b.1540)^[38]
  - Ralph Sherwin, EnglishRoman Catholic priest and saint (b.1550)
December 11 –Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I (b.1531)
December 21 –Jean de la Cassière, French-born Maltese 51st Grandmaster of theKnights Hospitaller (b.1502)
date unknown
- Christopher Báthory, prince of Transylvania (b.1530)
- Guillaume Postel, French linguist (b.1510)
- Agatha Streicher, German physician (b.1520)
- Nicholas Sanders, English Catholic propagandist (b.1530)

1582

January 23 –Jean Bauhin, French physician (b.1511)
January 26 –Thomas Platter, Swiss humanist scholar (b.1499)
February 18 –Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai (b.1528)
March 14 –Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatine by marriage (1576-1582) (b.1539)
March 18 –Juan Jauregui, attempted assassin ofWilliam I of Orange (b.1562)
March 22 –Daniel Brendel von Homburg, Roman Catholic archbishop (b.1522)
March 29 –Philip de' Medici, Italian noble, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b.1577)
April 3 –Takeda Katsuyori, Japanese daimyō of Takeda Clan (b.1546)
April 16 –Oyamada Nobushige, Japanese samurai (b.1545)
April 21 –Francisco de Toledo, Spanish soldier and politician (b.1515)
May 3 –Giorgio Mainerio, Italian composer (b.1530)
May 5 –Charlotte of Bourbon, Princess consort of Orange, married toWilliam I of Orange (b.1547)
June 13 –Matteo Tafuri, Italian alchemist (b.1492)
June 21
- Oda Nobunaga, Japanese daimyō of the Oda Clan (b.1534) (forced suicide)^[206]
- Oda Nobutada, Japanese samurai, oldest son of Nobunaga (b.1557) (forced suicide)
- Anayama Nobukimi, Japanese military commander (b.1541)
June 23 –Shimizu Muneharu, Japanese military commander (b.1537)
July 2 –Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai and warlord (b.1528)
July 3 –James Crichton, Scottish scholar (b.1560)
July 7 –Kawajiri Hidetaka, Japanese samurai (b.1527)
July 17 –Jacques Peletier du Mans, French mathematician (b.1517)
September 23 –Louis, Duke of Montpensier (b.1513)
September 28 –George Buchanan, Scottish humanist scholar (b.1506)
October 4 –Teresa of Ávila, SpanishCarmelite nun, poet and saint (b.1515)^[207]
October 21 –Laurent Joubert, French physician (b.1529)
November 21 –Diego, Prince of Asturias, Portuguese prince (b.1575)
December 11 –Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, Spanish general (b.1507)
Date unknown:
- Wu Cheng'en, Chinese novelist and poet of theMing dynasty
- Hans Hendrik van Paesschen, Flemish architect (b.1510)
- Zhang Juzheng, Ming dynasty official (b.1525)
- Takeda Nobukado, Japanese samurai (b.1529)
- Sen Soulintha, Laotian king ofLan Xang (b.1511)

1583

January 7 –Maria of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania (b.1515)
January 22 –Antoinette de Bourbon, French noblewoman (b.1493)
January 28 –Pier Francesco Orsini, Italian condottiero and art patron (b.1523)
February 27 –Richard Madox, English explorer (b.1546)
March 24 –Hubert Goltzius, Dutch Renaissance painter-engraver (b.1526)
March 28 – KingMagnus of Livonia (b.1540)
April –Lucas David, Prussian historian (b.1503)
April 17 –Ogasawara Nagatoki, Japanese daimyō (b.1519)
May 6 –Zacharias Ursinus, German theologian (b.1534)
May 23 –Günther XLI, Count of Schwarzburg-Arnstadt (b.1529)
June 6 –Nakagawa Kiyohide, Japanese military commander (b.1556)
June 9 –Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (b.1525)
June 14 –Shibata Katsuie, Japanese military commander (b.1522)
June –Babullah of Ternate,Sultan of Ternate (b.1528)
July 1 –Sakuma Morimasa, Japanese samurai and warlord (beheaded) (b.1554)
July 6 –Edmund Grindal,Archbishop of Canterbury (b.1519)
August 22 –Marcantonio Maffei, Italian archbishop and cardinal (b.1521)
September 9 –Humphrey Gilbert, English explorer (b. c.1537)
September 16 –Catherine Jagiellon, queen ofJohn III of Sweden (b.1526)
September 27 –Elisabeth Plainacher, Austrian alleged witch (b.1513)
October 22 –Louis VI, Elector Palatine (b.1539)
November 11 –Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond, Irish rebel (b. c.1533)
November 24 –René de Birague, French cardinal and chancellor (b.1506)
December 16 –Ivan Fyodorov, Russian printer
December 23 –Nicolás Factor, Spanish artist (b.1520)
December 31 –Thomas Erastus, Swiss theologian (b.1524)
date unknown
- Giocangga, chieftain of the Jurchens (b.1526)
- Andrey Kurbsky, Russian writer (b.1528)
- Oda Nobutaka, Japanese samurai (b.1558)

1584

January 4 –Tobias Stimmer, Swiss painter and drawer (b.1539)
January 11 –Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Spanish constiquador (b.1496)
January 15 –Martha Leijonhufvud, politically active Swedish noble (b.1520)
February 18 –Antonio Francesco Grazzini, Italian writer (b.1503)
February 19 –Anna de' Medici, Tuscan princess (b.1569)
February 27 –Yi I of Joseon, Korean Confucian scholar (b.1536)
March 10 –Thomas Norton, English politician and writer (b.1532)
March 18 – TsarIvan IV of Russia (b.1530)
May 10 –Luigi Cornaro, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1517)
March 12 –Kasper Franck, German theologian (b.1543)
April 13 –Jan Borukowski, royal secretary of Poland (b.1524)^[208]
April 27 –Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (b.1512)
May 18 –Ikeda Tsuneoki, Japanese daimyō and military commander (in battle) (b.1536)
May 25 –Prospero Spani, Italian sculptor (b.1516)
June 10 –François, Duke of Anjou (b.1555)^[209]
June 13 –János Zsámboky, Hungarian scholar (b.1531)
July 10
- Francis Throckmorton, conspirator against Queen Elizabeth I of England (executed; b.1554)^[210]
- William the Silent, Prince of Orange (assassinated; b.1533)^[211]
July 12 –Steven Borough, English explorer (b.1525)
July 14 –Balthasar Gérard, French assassin ofWilliam the Silent (executed; b.1557)^[212]
July 23 –John Day, English Protestant printer (b.1522)
August 12 –Carolus Sigonius, Italian humanist (b.1524)
August 22 –Jan Kochanowski, Polish writer (b.1530)
October –Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll, Scottish noble and politician (b.1541)
October 17 –Richard Gwyn, Welsh Catholic martyr, canonised^[213]
November 3 –Charles Borromeo, ItalianRoman Catholic cardinal, canonised (b.1538)
November 17 –Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b.1528)
December 26 –Giovanni Francesco Commendone, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1523)
date unknown
- Elena Anguissola, Italian painter and nun (b. c.1532)
- Michał Wiśniowiecki, Polish–Lithuanian noble (b.1529)

1585

January 16 –Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln, English admiral (b.1512)
February 6 –Edmund Plowden, English legal scholar (b.1518)
February 13 –Alfonso Salmeron, Spanish Jesuit biblical scholar (b.1515)
March 10 –Rembert Dodoens, Flemish physician and botanist (b.1517)
April 3 –Thomas Goldwell, English ecclesiastic (b.1501)
April 22 –Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück and Paderborn (b.1550)
April 10 –Pope Gregory XIII (b.1502)^[214]
May 15 –Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (b.1535)
June 4 –Muretus, French humanist (b.1526)
June 18 –Jacques, Duke of Nemours, French nobleman and soldier (b.1531)
June 21 –Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland, English nobleman and conspirator, suicide (b.1532)
June 19 –Francisco de Holanda, Portuguese artist (b.1517)
June 22 –Simon Sulzer, Swiss theologian (b.1508)
July 6 –Thomas Aufield, English Catholic martyr (b.1552)
July 28 –Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, English nobleman, soldier and politician (b.1527)
c. July? –Shimon Lavi,Sephardi kabbalist (b.1486)
August 5 orAugust 6 –Yermak Timofeyevich, Cossack leader and explorer of Siberia
September 6 –Luca Cambiasi, Italian painter (b.1527)
October 1 –Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (b.1532)
October 19 –Johannes Crato von Krafftheim, German humanist and physician (b.1519)
October 29 –Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha, Ottoman (Turkish) grand vizier (b.1526)
November 2 –Tachibana Dōsetsu, Japanese daimyō (b.1513)
November 23 –Thomas Tallis, English composer (b. c.1510)
December 27 –Pierre de Ronsard, French poet (b.1524)^[215]
November 28 –Hernando Franco, Spanish composer (b.1532)
December 4 –John Willock, Scottish reformer (b. c.1515)
December 22 –Vittoria Accoramboni, Italian noblewoman (b.1557)
approx. date –Qiu Zhu, Chinese painter
date unknown
- Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Turkish scientist (b.1526)
- Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm,Vietnamese administrator,educator, poet,sage and later asaint of theCao Dai religion (b.1491)

1586

January 18 –Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (b.1522)
January 25 –Lucas Cranach the Younger, German painter (b.1515)
February 11 –Augustus, Elector of Saxony (b.1526)
March 1 –Amalia of Cleves, German princess and writer (b.1517)
March 25 –Margaret Clitherow, EnglishRoman Catholic nun, saint and martyr (b.1556)
March 30 –Anna of Veldenz, Margrave of Baden (b.1540)
April 8 –Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran reformer (b.1522)
May 5 –Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b.1529)^[216]
May 7 –George II of Brieg, Duke of Brieg (1547–1586) (b.1523)
May 9 –Luis de Morales, Spanish religious painter (b.1510)
May 29 –Adam Lonicer, German botanist (b.1528)
June 1 –Martín de Azpilcueta, Spanish theologian and economist (b.1491)
June 5 –Matthew Wesenbeck, Belgian jurist (b.1531)
June 9 –Filippo Boncompagni, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1548)
June 28 –Primož Trubar, Carniolan Protestant reformer (b.1508)
July 5 –Ludwig Lavater, Swiss Reformed theologian (b.1527)
July 12 –Edward Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley (b.1525)
August 1 –Richard Maitland, Scottish statesman and historian (b.1496)
September 7 –Prince Masahito, member of the Japanese imperial family (b.1552)
September 18 –Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (b.1521)
September 20
- SirAnthony Babington, English Catholic conspirator (executed) (b.1561)
- Chidiock Tichborne, English conspirator and poet (executed) (b.1558)
September 21 –Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, FrenchRoman Catholic cardinal (b.1517)
October 1 –Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (b.1526)
October 15 –Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Danish princess (b.1524)
October 17 –Philip Sidney, English poet, courtier and soldier (b.1554)^[217]
October 28 –John Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (b.1532)
November 6 –Willem IV van den Bergh, Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (b.1537)
December 6 –Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt (b.1536)
December 12 –Stefan Batory, King of Poland (b.1533)^[218]
December 30 –Luigi d'Este, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1538

1587

Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

January 31 –Juraj Drašković, CroatianRoman Catholic cardinal (b.1525)
January –Thomas Seckford, English official (b.1515)
February 8 –Mary, Queen of Scots (executed) (b.1542)^[219]
February 9 –Vincenzo Ruffo, Italian composer (b.1510)
February 13 –Dorothea of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b.1563)
February 22 –Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach, princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b.1535)
February 26 –Magdalene of Lippe, Countess of Lippe by birth, and Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt (b.1552)
March 15 –Caspar Olevian, German theologian (b.1536)^[220]
March 30 –Ralph Sadler, English statesman (b.1507)
April 10 –Henry III, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels (b.1542)
April 11 –Thomas Bromley, English lord chancellor (b.1530)
April 8 –John Foxe, English author (b.1516)^[221]
April 14 –Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland (b.1549)
April 16 –Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset (b. c.1510)^[222]
May 9 –Jakob Schegk, German physician (b.1511)
May 17 –Gotthard Kettler, Duke of Courland and Semigallia (b.1517)
May 29 –Ignatius Ni'matallah, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (b.c. 1515)[223]
June 11 –Ōtomo Sōrin, Japanese Christian daimyō (b.1530)
June 15 –Frederick II, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (b.1568)
June 23 –Ōmura Sumitada, Japanese Christian daimyō (b.1533)
July 7 –Joachim of Zollern, Titular Count of Hohenzollern (b.1554)
July 28 –Godfried van Mierlo, DutchDominican friar and bishop (b.1518)
August 14 –Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (b.1538)
August 29 –Vincenzo Bellavere, Italian composer (b. c.1540)^[224]
September 3 –Henry Cheyne, 1st Baron Cheyne, English politician and baron (b.1540)
September 9 –George Douglas (martyr), Scottish secular priest and martyr (b.c.1540)^[225]
September 19 –Jacobus Pamelius, Belgian bishop (b.1536)^[226]
October 19 –Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b.1541)
October 20 –Anne de Joyeuse, Duke of Joyeuse, French commander, (b.1560)
November 1 –Alfonso d'Este, Lord of Montecchio, Italian nobleman (b.1527)
November 10 –Abe Motozane, Japanese warlord (b.1513)
November 13 –Hai Rui, Ming Dynasty "model official" (b.1514)
December 11 –Andreas Gaill, German jurist and statesman (b.1526)
date unknown
- Dudley Fenner, English Puritan divine (b. c.1558)
- Jan Tarło, Polish nobleman (b.1527)
probable –George Whetstone, English writer (b.1544)

1588

January 17 –Qi Jiguang, Chinese general (b.1528)
February 9 –Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, Spanish admiral (b.1526)
February 24 –Johann Weyer, Dutch physician and occultist (b.1515)
March 3 –Henry XI of Legnica, Duke of Legnica (b.1539)
March 5 –Henri, Prince of Condé (b.1552)
March 10 –Theodor Zwinger, Swiss scholar (b.1533)
April 4 – KingFrederick II of Denmark (b.1534)^[227]
April 19 –Paolo Veronese, Italian painter (b. c.1528)^[228]
May 5 –Giorgio Biandrata, Italian physician (b.1515)
May 12 –Peter Monau, German physician (b.1551)
June 5 –Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford, English countess (b.1556)
June 7 –Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b.1559)
June 10 –Valentin Weigel, German theologian (b.1533).
June 13 –Countess Anna of Nassau (b.1563)
June 18 –Robert Crowley, London stationer (b.1517)
July 17 –Mimar Sinan, Ottoman architect (b.1489)
August 6 –Josias I, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1578-1588) (b.1554)
August 8 –Alonso Sánchez Coello, Spanish painter (b. c.1531)
August 12 –Alfonso Ferrabosco the elder, Italian composer (b.1543)
August 30 –Margaret Ward, English saint (birthdate unknown)
August 31 –Juliana of Nassau-Dillenburg, Dutch prince (b.1546)
September 3 –Richard Tarlton, English actor (b.1530)
September 4 –Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English politician (b.1532)^[229]
September 25 –Tilemann Heshusius, German Gnesio-Lutheran theologian (b.1527)
September 26 –Amias Paulet, Governor of Jersey (b.1532)^[230]
October 1 –Edward James, EnglishCatholic martyr (executed atChichester)^[231]
October 2 –Bernardino Telesio, Italian philosopher and natural scientist (b.1509)
October 23 –Juan Martínez de Recalde, Spanish admiral (b. c. 1540)
November 1 –Jean Daurat, French poet and scholar (b.1508)
December 19 –Esther Handali, Ottoman businessperson
December 23 –Henry I, Duke of Guise, French Catholic leader (b.1550)
December 24 –Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, French Catholic cardinal (b.1555)
date unknown
- Diego Durán, Dominican friar and historian in colonial Mexico (b. c.1537).^[232]
- John Field, British Puritan clergyman and controversialist (b.1545)
- Sonam Gyatso, 3rd Dalai Lama, the first Dalai Lama to use the title (b.1543)^[233]
- Plautilla Nelli, Italian painter (b.1524)
- Edwin Sandys, English prelate (b.1519)
- Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer, Dutch war heroine (b.1526)

1589

January 5 –Catherine de' Medici, queen ofHenry II of France (b.1519)^[234]
January 18 –Magnus Heinason, Faroese naval hero (b.1545)
February 19 –Philothei,Greek Orthodox religious sister, martyr and saint (b.1522)
March 2 –Alessandro Farnese, Italian cardinal (b.1530)
March 3 –Johannes Sturm, German educator (b.1507)
March 19 –Heo Nanseolheon, Korean poet (b.1563)
March 22 –Lodovico Guicciardini, Italian historian (b.1521)
March 23 –Marcin Kromer, Prince-Bishop of Warmia (b.1512)
April 26
- Benedict the Moor, ItalianFranciscan friar and saint (b.1526)
- Tansen, Indian musician (b. c.1493/1500)
May 3 –Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b.1528)
May 17 –Charles II, Lord of Monaco (b.1555)
May 20 –Anna Maria of Brandenburg-Ansbach, German princess (b.1526)
July 1 –Lady Saigō, Japanese concubine (b.1552)
July 16 –Petrus Peckius the Elder, Dutch jurist, writer on international maritime law (b.1529)
July 29 –Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern, Duchess consort of Södermanland (1579–1589) (b.1561)
August 1 –Jacques Clément, French assassin ofHenry III of France (b.1567)
August 2 – KingHenry III of France (b.1551)^[235]
September 16 –Michael Baius, Flemish theologian (b.1513)
September 19 –Jean-Antoine de Baïf, French poet (b.1532)
October 1 –William Darrell of Littlecote, English politician (b.1539)
October 15 –Jacopo Zabarella, Italian philosopher (b.1532)
October 31 –Peter Stumpp, German alleged serial killer "the Werewolf of Bedburg" (b.1535)
November 15 –Philipp Apian, German mathematician and medic (b.1531)
December 10 –Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton, English politician (b.1544)
December 12 –Francisco Balbi di Correggio, Italian soldier in the service of Spain during the Siege of Malta (b.1505)

- Pietro de' Mariscalchi, Italian painter (b.1520)
- Charles Dançay, French diplomat (b.1510)
- (after September 25) –John Stubbs, English seditious pamphleteer, in France (b.1543)

References

[edit]

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^J.D. Tracey,The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588 (Oxford University Press, 2008) p.22
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^^a ^bParker, Geoffrey; Mitchell, Andrew; Bell, Lawrence (January 2004)."ANATOMY OF DEFEAT: THE TESTIMONY OF JUAN MARTÍNEZ DE RECALDE AND DON ALONSO MARTÍNEZ DE LEYVA ON THE FAILURE OF THE SPANISH ARMADA IN 1588".The Mariner's Mirror.90 (3):314–347.doi:10.1080/00253359.2004.10656908.ISSN 0025-3359.S2CID 161675228. Retrieved6 March 2024.
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