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13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet

中文

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The13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (Chinese:酌定西藏善後章程十三條) defined the political system ofTibet during theQing dynasty of China.^[1] It was issued by theQianlong Emperor in 1751.

In 1793, the29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet was also published to define specific responsibilities of government officials including the Dalai Lama.^[2]^[3]

The political position of the Qing imperial residents (ambans) were further strengthened in both ordinances.^[4]

References

[edit]

^Jiawei Wang; Gyaincain Nyima; 尼玛坚赞 (1997).The Historical Status of China's Tibet. China International Communication Center. pp. 69–.ISBN 978-7-80113-304-5.
^Xiaoming Zhang (2004).China's Tibet. China International Communication Center. pp. 42–.ISBN 978-7-5085-0608-1.
^Jiawei Wang; Gyaincain Nyima (1997).The Historical Status of China's Tibet. China International Communication Center. pp. 69–.ISBN 978-7-80113-304-5.
^Duindam, Jeroen (2014).The Dynastic Centre and the Provinces. Brill. p. 116.ISBN 9789004272095.

Tibet articles

History

Overviews	Timeline List of rulers European exploration Historical money
Chronology	Prehistory(Neolithic) Zhangzhung Yarlung dynasty Empire(7th–9th century) Timeline List of emperors Lönchen Relations with Tang(618–907) Era of Fragmentation(9th–13th century) Guge kingdom Tsongkha Relations with Song(960–1279) Yuan dynasty rule(1270–1350) Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs Phagmodrupa dynasty Relations with Ming(1368–1644) Rinpungpa dynasty Tsangpa dynasty Ganden Phodrang Kashag Khoshut Khanate Qing dynasty rule(1720–1912) Lifan Yuan List of Qing ambans Post-Qing to 1950 Tibetan Army People's Republic of China (PRC) rule PRC annexation political leaders
Wars and conflicts	Tibetan attack on Songzhou Battle of Dafei River Mongol invasions of Tibet Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war Battle of Dartsedo Battle of the Salween River Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Jinchuan campaigns Lhasa riot of 1750 Sino-Nepalese War Dogra–Tibetan War Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856) Sikkim expedition British expedition to Tibet Batang uprising Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) Xinhai Lhasa turmoil Sino-Tibetan War Qinghai–Tibet War 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet 1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet Battle of Chamdo Protests and uprisings since 1950 1959 Tibetan uprising 1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 2008 Tibetan unrest Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China Special Frontier Force
Documents	Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684) 13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751) 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793) Treaty of Chushul (1842) Treaty of Thapathali (1856) Convention of Calcutta (1890) Treaty of Lhasa (1904) Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906) Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913) Simla Accord (1914) Seventeen Point Agreement (1951) Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954) 70,000 Character Petition (1962) Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy (2008)

Geography

Flora Fauna Environment Mountains Kailash Lhotse /Changtse Namcha Barwa Tanggula Rivers Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Rongbuk Glacier Tibetan Plateau Changtang Nature Reserve Valleys
Traditional regions	Amdo Kham Ü-Tsang Ngari

Politics

Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR) Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese Communist Party People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region Etymology of Tibet Foreign relations Patron and priest relationship Golden Urn Tibet Area Serfdom controversy Serfs' Emancipation Day Sovereignty debate CIA Tibetan program India–Tibet relations
Government	Regional Government TAR People's Government TAR People's Congress

Economy

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Culture	Art rugs thangka tsakli sand mandala wall paintings wall murals Calendar Cuisine Dzong architecture Emblem Festivals Flag Historical and cultural sites Khata(ceremonial scarf) Literature Annals Chronicle writers Music Tibetology Traditional medicine

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