Movatterモバイル変換


[0]ホーム

URL:


Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Dha (Indic)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from)
Letter "Dha" in Indic scripts
Dha
Dha
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseDha
Tibetan
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiDha
DevanagariDha
Cognates
Hebrewד
GreekΔ
LatinD
CyrillicД
Properties
Phonemic representation/dʰ//tʰ/B
IAST transliterationdh Dh
ISCII code pointC5 (197)

^B in Tai languages, Mon and Khmer
<?>
This article contains uncommonUnicode characters. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.
Indic letters
Consonants
KaCaṬaTaPaYaŚa
KhaChaṬhaThaPhaRaṢa
GaJaḌaDaBaLaSa
GhaJhaḌhaDhaBhaVaHa
ṄaÑaṆaNaMa
ḶaḺaṞa
Vowels
AIUEO
ĀĪŪAiAu
Other marks
Punctuation

Dha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Dha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letterng after having gone through theGupta letter.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

[edit]
Further information:Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to theGreek numerals, even after the invention ofIndian numerals. The values of the different forms of ध are:[1]

  • [dʰə] = 19 (१९)
  • धि[dʰɪ] = 1,900 (१ ९००)
  • धु[dʰʊ] = 190,000 (१ ९० ०००)
  • धृ[dʰri] = 19,000,000 (१ ९० ०० ०००)
  • धॢ[dʰlə] = 19×108 (१९×१०)
  • धे[dʰe] = 19×1010 (१९×१०१०)
  • धै[dʰɛː] = 19×1012 (१९×१०१२)
  • धो[dʰoː] = 19×1014 (१९×१०१४)
  • धौ[dʰɔː] = 19×1016 (१९×१०१६)

Historic Dha

[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts -Brahmi and its variants,Kharoṣṭhī, andTocharian, the so-calledslanting Brahmi. Dha as found in standardBrahmi,Dha was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the GuptaDha. The Tocharian DhaDha did not have an alternateFremdzeichen form. The third form of dha, in Kharoshthi (Dha) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Dha

[edit]

The Brahmi letterDha, Dha, isprobably derived from the AramaicDalet, and is thus related to the modern LatinD and GreekDelta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Dha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on theEdicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Dha historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Dha

[edit]

The Tocharian letterDha is derived from the BrahmiDha, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Dha with vowel marks
DhaDhāDhiDhīDhuDhūDhrDhr̄DheDhaiDhoDhauDhä

Kharoṣṭhī Dha

[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letterDha is generally accepted as being derived from the AramaicDalet, and is thus related toD andDelta, in addition to the Brahmi Dha.[2]

Devanagari Dha

[edit]
Devanāgarī
Letter A in Devanagari
Vowels and syllabic consonants
aæ (का)ā
(कि)i (की)ī
(कु)u (कू)ū
(कॖ) (कॗ)
(कृ) (कॄ)r̥̄
(कॢ) (कॣ)l̥̄
(के)ē (कॅ)ê (कॆ)e (कै)ai
(कॕ) (कॎ)
(को)ō (कॉ)ô (कॊ)o (कौ)au
(कऺ) (कऻ)
(कॏ)

Dha () is a consonant of theDevanagariabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letterka, after having gone through theGupta letter. Letters that derive from it are theGujarati letter, and theModi letter 𑘠.

Devanagari-using Languages

[edit]

In all languages, ध is pronounced as[dʱə] or[] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ध with vowel marks
DhaDhāDhiDhīDhuDhūDhrDhr̄DhlDhl̄DheDhaiDhoDhauDh
धाधिधीधुधूधृधॄधॢधॣधेधैधोधौध्

Conjuncts with ध

[edit]

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Dha however, does not have a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, and either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form withVirama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, withMarathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of ध

[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants includeNa and theRepha andRakar forms of Ra.Nepali andMarathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half formRa for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ध্ (dʱ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature rdʱra:

  • छ্ (cʰ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature cʰdʱa:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature dʱna:

  • द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

  • न্ (n) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature nddʱa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rddʱa:

  • द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ddʱma:

  • द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + व (va) gives the ligature ddʱva:

Stacked conjuncts of ध

[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍdʱa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍʱdʱa:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature dʱca:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dʱḍa:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dʱja:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature dʱjña:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ल (la) gives the ligature dʱla:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dʱŋa:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature dʱña:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ŋdʱa:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ṭdʱa:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ṭʰdʱa:

Bengali Dha

[edit]

The Bengali script ধ is derived from theSiddhaṃ, and is marked by the same lack of a horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ध. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ধ will sometimes be transliterated as "dho" instead of "dha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪ʱo/.Like all Indic consonants, ধ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ধ with vowel marks
dhadhādhidhīdhudhūdhrdhr̄dhedhaidhodhaudh
ধাধিধীধুধূধৃধৄধেধৈধোধৌধ্

ধ in Bengali-using languages

[edit]

ধ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, includingBengali andAssamese.

Conjuncts with ধ

[edit]

Bengali ধ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards linear (horizontal) ligatures, and few stacked ligatures.[5]

  • দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dʱma:

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + ন (na) gives the ligature dʱna:

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature dʱra, with thera phala suffix:

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature dʱva, with theva phala suffix:

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature dʱya, with theya phala suffix:

  • গ্ (g) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature gdʱa:

  • গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature gdʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature gdʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

  • ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa, with therepha prefix:

  • র্ (r) + ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdʱva, with the repha prefix and va phala suffix:

Gujarati Dha

[edit]
Gujarati Dha.

Dha () is the nineteenth consonant of theGujaratiabugida. It is derived from the Devanagari DhaDha, and ultimately theBrahmi letterDha. ધ (Dha) is similar in appearance to ઘ (Gha), and care should be taken to avoid confusing the two when reading Gujarati script texts.

Gujarati-using Languages

[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write theGujarati andKutchi languages. In both languages, ધ is pronounced as[dʱə] or[] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

DhaDhāDhiDhīDhuDhūDhrDhlDhr̄Dhl̄DhĕDheDhaiDhŏDhoDhauDh
Gujarati Dha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ધ

[edit]
Half form of Dha.

Gujarati ધ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants includeNa and theRepha andRakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature RDha:

  • ધ્ (dʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DhRa:

  • દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha:

  • ધ્ (dʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature DhNa:

Javanese Dha

[edit]
Main article:Dha (Javanese)

Telugu Dha

[edit]
Telugu Dha
Telugu subjoined Dha
Telugu independent and subjoined Dha.

Dha () is a consonant of theTeluguabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letterDh. It is closely related to theKannada letter. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form ofṢa (borrowed fromKannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Dha

[edit]
Malayalam letter Dha

Dha () is a consonant of theMalayalamabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letterDh, via theGrantha letterDhaDha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Dha matras: Dha, Dhā, Dhi, Dhī, Dhu, Dhū, Dhr̥, Dhr̥̄, Dhl̥, Dhl̥̄, Dhe, Dhē, Dhai, Dho, Dhō, Dhau, and Dh.

Conjuncts of ധ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicitcandrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography,put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts inpaḻaya lipi, due tochanges undertaken in the 1970s by theGovernment of Kerala.

  • ദ് (d) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

  • ന് (n) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

Odia Dha

[edit]
Odia independent letter Dha
Odia subjoined letter Dha
Odia independent and subjoined letter Dha.

Dha () is a consonant of theOdiaabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letterDh, via theSiddhaṃ letterDhaDha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. Like other Oriya letters with an open top, ଧ takes the subjoined matra form of the voweli (ଇ):

Odia Dha with vowel matras
DhaDhāDhiDhīDhuDhūDhr̥Dhr̥̄Dhl̥Dhl̥̄DheDhaiDhoDhauDh
ଧାଧିଧୀଧୁଧୂଧୃଧୄଧୢଧୣଧେଧୈଧୋଧୌଧ୍

Conjuncts of ଧ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଦ୍ (d) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

  • ନ୍ (n) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

  • ଧ୍ (dʱ) + ୟ (ya) gives the ligature dʱya:

Kaithi Dha

[edit]
Kaithi consonant Dha
Kaithi half-form letter Dha
Kaithi consonant and half-form Dha.

Dha (𑂡) is a consonant of theKaithiabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letterDh, via theSiddhaṃ letterDhaDha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Dha with vowel matras
DhaDhāDhiDhīDhuDhūDheDhaiDhoDhauDh
𑂡𑂡𑂰𑂡𑂱𑂡𑂲𑂡𑂳𑂡𑂴𑂡𑂵𑂡𑂶𑂡𑂷𑂡𑂸𑂡𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂡

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using ahalf form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicitvirama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts ofra are indicated with arepha orrakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂡୍ (dʱ) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂡 (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

Tirhuta Dha

[edit]
Tirhuta consonant Dha

Dha (𑒡) is a consonant of theTirhutaabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letterDh, via theSiddhaṃ letterDhaDha. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Tirhuta Dha with vowel matras
DhaDhāDhiDhīDhuDhūDhṛDhṝDhḷDhḹDhēDheDhaiDhōDhoDhauDh
𑒡𑒡𑒰𑒡𑒱𑒡𑒲𑒡𑒳𑒡𑒴𑒡𑒵𑒡𑒶𑒡𑒷𑒡𑒸𑒡𑒹𑒡𑒺𑒡𑒻𑒡𑒼𑒡𑒽𑒡𑒾𑒡𑓂

Conjuncts of 𑒡

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicitvirama. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts ofra are indicated with arepha orrakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are a several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

  • 𑒥୍ (b) + 𑒡 (dʱa) gives the ligature bdʱa:

  • 𑒠୍ (d) + 𑒡 (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

  • 𑒡୍ (dʱ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

  • 𑒡 (dʱ) + 𑒅 (u) gives the ligature dʱu:

  • 𑒡 (dʱ) + 𑒆 (ū) gives the ligature dʱū:

  • 𑒡୍ (dʱ) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature dʱva:

  • 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒡 (dʱa) gives the ligature gdʱa:

  • 𑒢୍ (n) + 𑒡 (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

  • 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒡 (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

  • 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒡 (dʱa) gives the ligature tdʱa:

Comparison of Dha

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Dha, are related as well.

Comparison of Dha in different scripts
Aramaic
Dha
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨢
Ashoka Brahmi
Dha
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Dha
Tocharian[b]
Dha
Gupta Brahmi
Dha
Pallava
Dha
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰠
Siddhaṃ
Dha
Grantha
𑌧
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Newa
𑐢
Ahom
𑜔
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
-
Ranjana
Dha
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤞
Kannada
Kayah Li
-
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑩮
Khmer
Tamil
-
Chakma
𑄙
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
-
Marchen
-
Tirhuta
𑒡
New Tai Lue
Tai Viet
-
Aksara Kawi
Dha
'Phags-pa
-
Odia
Sharada
𑆣
Rejang
-
Batak
-
Buginese
-
Zanabazar Square
𑨜
Bengali-Assamese
Dha
Takri
𑚜
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠜
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
-
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘠
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈝
Khudabadi
𑋐
Mahajani
𑅦
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Dha
Nandinagari
𑧀
Kaithi
Dha
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊙
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑩮
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑵹
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴞
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. ^The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^TheOrigin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Dha

[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in theUnicode Standard, and as such the letter Dha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Dha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such asISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode nameDEVANAGARI LETTER DHABENGALI LETTER DHATELUGU LETTER DHAORIYA LETTER DHAKANNADA LETTER DHAMALAYALAM LETTER DHAGUJARATI LETTER DHAGURMUKHI LETTER DHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode2343U+09272471U+09A73111U+0C272855U+0B273239U+0CA73367U+0D272727U+0AA72599U+0A27
UTF-8224 164 167E0 A4 A7224 166 167E0 A6 A7224 176 167E0 B0 A7224 172 167E0 AC A7224 178 167E0 B2 A7224 180 167E0 B4 A7224 170 167E0 AA A7224 168 167E0 A8 A7
Numeric character reference&#2343;&#x927;&#2471;&#x9A7;&#3111;&#xC27;&#2855;&#xB27;&#3239;&#xCA7;&#3367;&#xD27;&#2727;&#xAA7;&#2599;&#xA27;
ISCII197C5197C5197C5197C5197C5197C5197C5197C5


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨢𑌧
Unicode nameBRAHMI LETTER DHAKHAROSHTHI LETTER DHASIDDHAM LETTER DHAGRANTHA LETTER DHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode69669U+1102568130U+10A2271072U+115A070439U+11327
UTF-8240 145 128 165F0 91 80 A5240 144 168 162F0 90 A8 A2240 145 150 160F0 91 96 A0240 145 140 167F0 91 8C A7
UTF-1655300 56357D804 DC2555298 56866D802 DE2255301 56736D805 DDA055300 57127D804 DF27
Numeric character reference&#69669;&#x11025;&#68130;&#x10A22;&#71072;&#x115A0;&#70439;&#x11327;


Character information
Preview𑨜𑐢𑰠𑆣
Unicode nameTIBETAN LETTER DHATIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER DHAZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DHANEWA LETTER DHABHAIKSUKI LETTER DHASHARADA LETTER DHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3922U+0F524002U+0FA272220U+11A1C70690U+1142272736U+11C2070051U+111A3
UTF-8224 189 146E0 BD 92224 190 162E0 BE A2240 145 168 156F0 91 A8 9C240 145 144 162F0 91 90 A2240 145 176 160F0 91 B0 A0240 145 134 163F0 91 86 A3
UTF-1639220F5240020FA255302 56860D806 DE1C55301 56354D805 DC2255303 56352D807 DC2055300 56739D804 DDA3
Numeric character reference&#3922;&#xF52;&#4002;&#xFA2;&#72220;&#x11A1C;&#70690;&#x11422;&#72736;&#x11C20;&#70051;&#x111A3;


Character information
Preview
Unicode nameMYANMAR LETTER DHATAI THAM LETTER LOW THANEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW THA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode4115U+10136709U+1A356546U+1992
UTF-8225 128 147E1 80 93225 168 181E1 A8 B5225 166 146E1 A6 92
Numeric character reference&#4115;&#x1013;&#6709;&#x1A35;&#6546;&#x1992;


Character information
Preview
Unicode nameKHMER LETTER THOLAO LETTER PALI DHATHAI CHARACTER THO THONG
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode6034U+17923736U+0E983608U+0E18
UTF-8225 158 146E1 9E 92224 186 152E0 BA 98224 184 152E0 B8 98
Numeric character reference&#6034;&#x1792;&#3736;&#xE98;&#3608;&#xE18;


Character information
Preview𑄙𑜔𑤞
Unicode nameSINHALA LETTER MAHAAPRAANA DAYANNACHAKMA LETTER DHAAAHOM LETTER DHADIVES AKURU LETTER DHASAURASHTRA LETTER DHACHAM LETTER DHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3504U+0DB069913U+1111971444U+1171471966U+1191E43172U+A8A443542U+AA16
UTF-8224 182 176E0 B6 B0240 145 132 153F0 91 84 99240 145 156 148F0 91 9C 94240 145 164 158F0 91 A4 9E234 162 164EA A2 A4234 168 150EA A8 96
UTF-1635040DB055300 56601D804 DD1955301 57108D805 DF1455302 56606D806 DD1E43172A8A443542AA16
Numeric character reference&#3504;&#xDB0;&#69913;&#x11119;&#71444;&#x11714;&#71966;&#x1191E;&#43172;&#xA8A4;&#43542;&#xAA16;


Character information
Preview𑘠𑧀𑩮𑵹
Unicode nameMODI LETTER DHANANDINAGARI LETTER DHASOYOMBO LETTER DHASYLOTI NAGRI LETTER DHOGUNJALA GONDI LETTER DHAKAITHI LETTER DHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71200U+1162072128U+119C072302U+11A6E43031U+A81773081U+11D7969793U+110A1
UTF-8240 145 152 160F0 91 98 A0240 145 167 128F0 91 A7 80240 145 169 174F0 91 A9 AE234 160 151EA A0 97240 145 181 185F0 91 B5 B9240 145 130 161F0 91 82 A1
UTF-1655301 56864D805 DE2055302 56768D806 DDC055302 56942D806 DE6E43031A81755303 56697D807 DD7955300 56481D804 DCA1
Numeric character reference&#71200;&#x11620;&#72128;&#x119C0;&#72302;&#x11A6E;&#43031;&#xA817;&#73081;&#x11D79;&#69793;&#x110A1;


Character information
Preview𑒡
Unicode nameTIRHUTA LETTER DHALIMBU LETTER DHAMEETEI MAYEK LETTER DHOU
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode70817U+114A16414U+190E43993U+ABD9
UTF-8240 145 146 161F0 91 92 A1225 164 142E1 A4 8E234 175 153EA AF 99
UTF-1655301 56481D805 DCA16414190E43993ABD9
Numeric character reference&#70817;&#x114A1;&#6414;&#x190E;&#43993;&#xABD9;


Character information
Preview𑚜𑠜𑈝𑋐𑅦𑊙
Unicode nameTAKRI LETTER DHADOGRA LETTER DHAKHOJKI LETTER DHAKHUDAWADI LETTER DHAMAHAJANI LETTER DHAMULTANI LETTER DHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71324U+1169C71708U+1181C70173U+1121D70352U+112D069990U+1116670297U+11299
UTF-8240 145 154 156F0 91 9A 9C240 145 160 156F0 91 A0 9C240 145 136 157F0 91 88 9D240 145 139 144F0 91 8B 90240 145 133 166F0 91 85 A6240 145 138 153F0 91 8A 99
UTF-1655301 56988D805 DE9C55302 56348D806 DC1C55300 56861D804 DE1D55300 57040D804 DED055300 56678D804 DD6655300 56985D804 DE99
Numeric character reference&#71324;&#x1169C;&#71708;&#x1181C;&#70173;&#x1121D;&#70352;&#x112D0;&#69990;&#x11166;&#70297;&#x11299;


Character information
Preview
Unicode nameBALINESE LETTER DA MADUJAVANESE LETTER DA MAHAPRANA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechex
Unicode6949U+1B2543427U+A9A3
UTF-8225 172 165E1 AC A5234 166 163EA A6 A3
Numeric character reference&#6949;&#x1B25;&#43427;&#xA9A3;


Character information
Preview𑴞
Unicode nameMASARAM GONDI LETTER DHA
Encodingsdecimalhex
Unicode72990U+11D1E
UTF-8240 145 180 158F0 91 B4 9E
UTF-1655303 56606D807 DD1E
Numeric character reference&#72990;&#x11D1E;



References

[edit]
  1. ^Ifrah, Georges (2000).The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450.ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^abBühler, Georg (1898)."On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet".archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved10 June 2020.
  3. ^Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838[1]
  4. ^Pall, Peeter."Microsoft Word - kblhi2"(PDF).Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved19 June 2020.
  5. ^"The Bengali Alphabet"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified byIAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant +Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
Languages
Transliteration
Vowels and
syllabic consonants
aæ (का)ā
(कि)i (की)ī
(कु)u (कू)ū (कॖ) (कॗ)
(कृ) (कॄ)r̥̄
(कॢ) (कॣ)l̥̄
(के)ē (कॅ)ê (कॆ)e (कै)ai (कॕ) (कॎ)
(को)ō (कॉ)ô (कॊ)o (कौ)au (कऺ) (कऻ) (कॏ)
Consonants
Diacritics,
punctuation
and other symbols
अं (anusvāra) अः (visarga) अँ (candrabindu) अऀ (invertedcandrabindu) (avagraha)
क़ (nuqta) क् (virāma)3 (pluta) (jihvāmūlīya) (upadhmānīya)
अ॑` (svarita) अ॒ (anudātta) अ॓ (grave) अ॔ (acute)aum̐
(daṇḍa) (doubledaṇḍa) (lāghava cihna) (high spacing dot) INR (Indian rupee sign)
  • Devanagari (Unicode block)
  • Devanagari Extended
  • Devanagari Extended-A
  • Vedic Extensions
  • Devanagari Braille
  • Numerals
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dha_(Indic)&oldid=1283628748#Devanagari_Dha"
    Category:
    Hidden categories:

    [8]ページ先頭

    ©2009-2025 Movatter.jp