Ga
Example glyphs
Bengali–Assamese
Tibetan
Thai	ค
Malayalam	ഗ
Sinhala	ග
Ashoka Brahmi
Devanagari
Cognates
Hebrew	ג
Greek	Γ
Latin	C, G, Ɣ
Cyrillic	Г, Ґ
Properties
Phonemic representation	/g//k/B/kʰ/C
IAST transliteration	ga Ga
ISCII code point	B5 (181)
^B In Khmer, Tai Viet, Tai Lü, Northern Thai and Tai Khün ^C In Thai and Lao

This article contains uncommonUnicode characters. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

Ga is the third consonant of Indicabugidas. In modernIndic scripts, ga is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter, which isprobably derived from the Aramaic letter (gimel, /g/) after having gone through theGupta letter.

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to theGreek numerals, even after the invention ofIndian numerals. The values of the different forms of ग are:^[1]

• ग[gə] = 3 (३)
• ग[gɪ] = 300 (३००)
• गु[gʊ] = 30,000 (३० ०००)
• गृ[gri] = 3,000,000 (३० ०० ०००)
• गॣ[glə] = 3×10⁸ (३ × १०^८)
• गे[ge] = 3×10¹⁰ (३ × १०^१०)
• गै[gɑj] = 3×10¹² (३ × १०^१२)
• गो[goː] = 3×10¹⁴ (३ × १०^१४)
• गौ[gɑw] = 3×10¹⁶ (३ × १०^१६)

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoshthi, and Tocharian, the so-calledslanting Brahmi. Ga as found in standardBrahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with slight variations toward the Gupta. The Tocharian Ga did not have an alternateFremdzeichen form. The third form of ga, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

The Brahmi letter, Ga, isprobably derived from the AramaicGimel, and is thus related to the modern LatinG andC, and the GreekGamma. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ga can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.^[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on theEdicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ga historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ga with vowel marks

Ga	Gā	Gi	Gī	Gu	Gū	Gr	Gr̄	Ge	Gai	Go	Gau	Gä

The Kharoshthi letter is generally accepted as being derived from the AramaicGimel, and is thus related toG andC, andGamma, in addition to the Brahmi Ga.

Devanāgarī
Abugida Brahmic scripts Inherent vowel
Languages Hindi Marathi Nepali Konkani Maithili Sindhi Bodo Pali Prakrit Sanskritand more
Transliteration IAST Hunterian NLK ISO 15919 Harvard-Kyoto ITRANS Velthuis SLP1 WX notation (ISCII)
Vowels and syllabic consonants अa ॲæ ऄ आ (का)ā इ (कि)i ई (की)ī उ (कु)u ऊ (कू)ū ॶ (कॖ) ॷ (कॗ) ऋ (कृ)r̥ ॠ (कॄ)r̥̄ ऌ (कॢ)l̥ ॡ (कॣ)l̥̄ ए (के)ē ऍ (कॅ)ê ऎ (कॆ)e ऐ (कै)ai (कॕ) (कॎ) ओ (को)ō ऑ (कॉ)ô ऒ (कॊ)o औ (कौ)au ॳ (कऺ) ॴ (कऻ) ॵ (कॏ) (Schwa deletion)
Consonants कk क़q खkh ख़k̲h̲ गg ग़ġ ॻgg घgh ङṅ चc छch जj ज़z ॼjj ॹž झjh झ़zh ञñ टṭ ठṭh डḍ ड़ṛ ॾḍḍ ॸḍ ढḍh ढ़ṛh णṇ तt थth दd धdh नn ऩṉ पp फph फ़f बb ॿbb भbh मm यy य़ẏ ॺ रr ऱṟ ळḷ ऴḻ लl वv शś षṣ सs हh ॽ (Conjuncts)
Diacritics,punctuation, symbols अंṁ अःḥ अँm̐ अऀ ऽ’ क़ क् ३3 ᳵẖ ᳶḫ अ॑` अ॒_ अ॓ अ॔ ॐaum̐ । ॥ ॰ ॱ ₹ INR and more (Devanagari (Unicode block) Devanagari Extended Devanagari Extended-A Vedic Extensions)
Numerals ० 0 १ 1 २ 2 ३ 3 ४ 4 ५ 5 ६ 6 ७ 7 ८ 8 ९ 9 Āryabhaṭa Akṣarapallī Bhūtasaṃkhyā Kaṭapayādi
v t e

Ga (ग) is the third consonant of theDevanagariabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter, after having gone through theGupta letter. Letters that derive from it are theGujarati letter ગ and theModi letter 𑘐.

Gga (ॻ) is the character ग with an underbar to represent the voiced velar implosive[ɠ] that occurs inSindhi. This underbar is distinct from the Devanagari stress signanudātta. The underbar is fused to the stem of the letter while theanudātta is a stress accent applied to the entire syllable. This underbar used for Sindhi implosives does not exist as a separate character in Unicode. When the ु or ू vowel sign is applied to jja (ॻ), the ु and ू vowel signs are drawn beneath jja. When the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign is applied to ja with ananudātta (ग॒), the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign is first placed under ja (ग) and then theanudātta is placed underneath the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign.^[3]

An example of a Sindhi word that uses gga (ॻ) is ॻुड़ु (ڳُڙُ), which is of the masculine grammatical gender and meansjaggery.^[4]

Ġa (ग़) is the character ग with a single dot underneath, corresponding with the Urdu (غ). It is used in Hindi words of Persian and Arabic origin to denote the voiced velar fricative[ɣ].^[5][6]

In all languages, ग is pronounced as[gə] or[g] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, withMarathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.^[7]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants includeNa and theRepha andRakar forms of Ra.Nepali andMarathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.

• Repha र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:^note

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

• ग্ (g) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature gra:

• ग্ (g) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature grya:

• ग্ (g) + न (na) gives the ligature gna:

• ग্ (g) + न্ (n) + य (ya) gives the ligature gnya:

• द্ (d) + ग (ga) gives the ligature dga:

• द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dgra:

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

• ब্ (b) + ग (ga) gives the ligature bga:

• छ্ (cʰ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature cʰga:

• ड্ (ḍ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ḍga:

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ḍʱga:

• ग্ (g) + ज (ja) gives the ligature gja:

• ग্ (g) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature gjña:

• ग্ (g) + ल (la) gives the ligature gla:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

• Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rŋga:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ṭga:

• ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ṭʰga:

• व্ (v) + ग (ga) gives the ligature vga:

The Bengali script গ is derived fromSiddhaṃ, and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line, and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ग. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter গ will sometimes be transliterated as "go" instead of "ga". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /go/.Like all Indic consonants, গ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

গ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, includingBengali andAssamese.

Bengali গ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.^[8]

• দ্ (d) + গ (ga) gives the ligature dga:

• গ্ (g) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature gdʱa:

• গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature gdʱra, with thera phala suffix:

• গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature gdʱya, with theya phala suffix:

• গ্ (g) + ল (la) gives the ligature gla:

• গ্ (g) + ম (ma) gives the ligature gma:

• গ্ (g) + ন (na) gives the ligature gna:

• গ্ (g) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature gṇa:

• গ্ (g) + ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature gnya, with the ya phala suffix:

• গ্ (g) + র (ra) gives the ligature gra, with the ra phala suffix:

• গ্ (g) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature grya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

• গ্ (g) + ব (va) gives the ligature gva, with theva phala suffix:

• গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature gya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ল্ (l) + গ (ga) gives the ligature lga:

• ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

• ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋgya, with the ya phala suffix:

• র্ (r) + গ (ga) gives the ligature rga, with therepha prefix:

• র্ (r) + গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature rgya, with repha and ya phala affixes:

Gagaa[gəgːɑ] (ਗ) is the eighth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [gəgːɑ] and is pronounced as /g/ when used in words. It is derived from theLaṇḍā letterga, and ultimately from Brahmiga. Gurmukhigagaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modernPunjabi texts do not take a half form orhalant to indicate the bare consonant /g/, although GurmukhiSanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.

Ga (ગ) is the third consonant of theGujaratiabugida. It is derived from Devanagari Ga, and ultimately theBrahmi letter.

The Gujarati script is used to write theGujarati andKutchi languages. In both languages, ગ is pronounced as[gə] or[g] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ga	Gā	Gi	Gī	Gu	Gū	Gr	Gl	Gr̄	Gl̄	Gĕ	Ge	Gai	Gŏ	Go	Gau	G
Gujarati Ga syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Gujarati ગ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants includeNa and theRepha andRakar forms of Ra.

• ર્ (r) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature RGa:

• ગ્ (g) + ર (ra) gives the ligature GRa:

• ગ્ (g) + ન (na) gives the ligature GNa:

• દ્ (d) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature DGa:

Telugu independent and subjoined Ga.

Ga (గ) is a consonant of theTeluguabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter. It is closely related to theKannada letterಗ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form ofṢa (borrowed fromKannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Ga (ഗ) is a consonant of theMalayalamabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter, via theGrantha letterGa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicitcandrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography,put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts inpaḻaya lipi, due tochanges undertaken in the 1970s by theGovernment of Kerala.

• ഗ് (g) + ഗ (ga) gives the ligature gga:

• ഗ് (g) + ഘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature gɡʱa:

• ഗ് (g) + ദ (da) gives the ligature gda:

• ഗ് (g) + ന (na) gives the ligature gna:

• ഗ് (g) + മ (ma) gives the ligature gma:

• ഗ് (g) + ര (ra) gives the ligature gra:

Kho khwai (ค)andkho khon (ฅ) are the fourth and fifth letters of theThai script. They fall under the low class of Thai consonants. InIPA, kho khwai and kho khon are pronounced as [kʰ] at the beginning of a syllable and are pronounced as [k̚] at the end of a syllable. The previous two letters of the alphabet,kho khai (ข) andkho khuat(ฃ), are also namedkho, however, they all fall under the high class of Thai consonants. The next letter of the alphabet,kho ra-khang (ฆ), correspond to the Sanskrit letter ‘घ’. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use thepinthu—an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants.

In the acrophony of the Thai script,khwai (ควาย) means ‘water buffalo’.Kho khwai corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘ग’.

In theacrophony of the Thai script,khon(คน) means ‘person’.Kho khon (ฅ) represents thevoiced velar fricative sound /ɣ/ that existed inOld Thai at the time the alphabet was created but no longer exists in Modern Thai. When the Thai script was developed, the voiceless velar fricative sound did not have a Sanskrit or Pali counterpart so the characterkho khwai was slightly modified to createkho khon. During the Old Thai period, this sounds merged into the stop /ɡ/, and as a result the use of this letters became unstable. Althoughkho khon is now obsolete, it remains in dictionaries, preserving the traditional count of 44 letters in the Thai alphabet. When the firstThai typewriter was developed byEdwin Hunter McFarland in 1892, there was simply no space for all characters, thuskho khon was one of the two letters left out along withkho khuat.^[9] Althoughkho khon does not appear in modern Thai orthography, some writers and publishers are trying to reintroduce its usage.

ᑫ,ᑭ,ᑯ andᑲ are the base characters "Ke", "Ki", "Ko" and "Ka" in theCanadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonantᒃ (K) is a small version of the A-series letter ᑲ, although the Western Cree letter ᐠ, derived fromPitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for K. The character ᑫ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter ग, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.^[10][11]Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Odia independent and subjoined letter Ga.

Ga (ଗ) is a consonant of theOdiaabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter, via theSiddhaṃ letterGa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

• ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

• ର୍ (r) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

• ଗ୍ (g) + ର (ra) gives the ligature gra:

Kaithi consonant and half-form Ga.

Ga (𑂏) is a consonant of theKaithiabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter, via theSiddhaṃ letterGa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using ahalf form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicitvirama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts ofra are indicated with arepha orrakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

• 𑂏୍ (g) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature gra:

• 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂏 (ga) gives the ligature rga:

Ga (𑒑) is a consonant of theTirhutaabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter, via theSiddhaṃ letterGa. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicitvirama. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts ofra are indicated with arepha orrakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are a several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

• 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒡 (dʱa) gives the ligature gdʱa:

• 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒑 (ga) gives the ligature gga:

• 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒢 (na) gives the ligature gna:

• 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature gra:

• 𑒑 (g) + 𑒅 (u) gives the ligature gu:

• 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature gva:

• 𑒓୍ (ŋ) + 𑒑 (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒑 (ga) gives the ligature rga:

• 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒑 (ga) gives the ligature tga:

Ko (គ) is a consonant of theKhmerabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter, via thePallava letterGa. Like in other Indic scripts, Khmer consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel. Actually, the sounds of the vowels are modified by the consonant; see the article on theKhmer writing system for details.

Note: The vowels (other than vocalic liquids) are shown using the ALA-LC scheme.^[12]

Pali and Sanskrit are written as abugidas with the lack of a vowel between consonants notated as consonants indicated by vertically stacking the consonants without their touching. For phonetically final consonants, the lack of a vowel is marked by virama.

The Khmer language works the same, except that a different method is used for the last consonant of a word. The final consonant in a consonant stack is indicated as having no implicit vowel by applying tôndôkhéad to it. By default, a consonant surmounted by robat is silent and lacks an inherent vowel. The yŭkôlpĭntŭ positively indicates the presence of a final implicit vowel, plus its automatic glottal stop. Otherwise, there is no final vowel, unless the word is of Pali or Sanskrit origin, in which case the spelling is ambiguous. Up until the start of the 20th century, the lack of a final vowel could be indicating by subscripting the consonant, as then done in Lao and in other non-Indic languages using the Tai Tham script.

Tai Tham independent (ᨣ), subjoined (◌᩠ᨣ) and modified letter Low Ka (ᨤ).

Low Ka (ᨣ) is a consonant of theTai Thamabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter, via thePallava letterGa. The Tai Tham script was originally used to write Pali (the name 'Tham' is a local form ofdharma), and faced the same limitations in writing Tai languages as Khmer had. The Thai solutions were adopted, with consonants being systematically modified by the addition of a tail to supply new consonants, mostly for fricatives. Low Ka was modified, yielding what for convenience we callLow Khha here. Both consonants are low consonants in the Tai alphabets. The two sounds, /ɡ/ and /ɣ/, subsequently merɡed in Lao as /kʰ/, and Low Khha is absent from the Lao variant of Tai Tham. The other Tai languages keep them separate, as /k/ and /x/.

Like in other Indic scripts, Tai Tham consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel.

Notes:

1. The transliteration scheme is an amalgamation of the ALA-LC schemes of Khmer^[12], Pali^[13] and Lao^[14].
2. Many of the matras include subscript wa (), subscript ya (), subscript a () or even the letter a () itself. Anusvara () and visarga () are also used.
3. In the relevant Tai languages, a short vowel in an open syllable includes an underlyinɡ ɡlottal stop.

Additional short vowels not shown above may be synthesised from the corresponding long vowel by appending visarga for open syllables (as shown for go) or applying mai sat () for closed syllables (as shown for go̹). Unlike the other languages,Lao instead replaces an ī or ư̄ glyph by the corresponding short vowel.

The lack of a vowel between consonants notated as consonants is indicated by vertically stacking the consonants, generally without their touching. The Brahmi style of writing final consonants small and low developed, as vestigially seen in Khmer and Lao, into using subscripting to indicate that a consonant had no vowel of its own. In theory this leaves it ambiguous as to whether a consonant precedes or follows the vowel, but ambiguous cases are rare. Finally, if there is no room for the consonant below, it may be left as an 'independent' consonant or. in some cases, written superscript. Occasionally the visible virama (ra haam) is used, but this may signify that the consonant so marked is silent. The vowel /a/ will be made explicit if the final consonant is notated by a letter and is included in the same stack as the initial consonant or is written in a stack just consisting of that consonant.

Low Ka can serve as the initial consonant of a stack, and several examples can be seen above. It can also occur as the final element of a consonant stack in words of Indic origin, both in the cluster gg of a Pali wordᨾᨣ᩠ᨣmagga 'road' and as the final consonant after apocation of the final vowel, e.g.ᨶᩣ᩠ᨣnāg 'nāga'.

In writing systems that make use oftall aa, as the initial letter of an akshara the letter is followed by tall aa. as shown in the table of matras above. This is because the sequence of letter and round aaᨣᩣ could formerly be very similar to the independent letterhigh ka (). This rule is frequently neglected when a mark above would clearly disambiguate the two.

Like in other Indic scripts, Tai Tham consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel.

Notes:

1. The transliteration scheme is an amalgamation of the ALA-LC schemes of Khmer^[12], Pali^[15] and Lao^[16].
2. Many of the matras include subscript wa (), subscript ya (), subscript a () or even the letter a () itself. Anusvara () and visarga () are also used.
3. In the relevant Tai languages, a short vowel in an open syllable includes an underlyinɡ ɡlottal stop.

This form occurs only as the initial consonant of a syllable. This letter combined in aksharas with the dependent vowel Ā uses round aa, as shown in the table of matras above, rather than tall aa.

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ga, are related as well.

Comparison of Ga in different scripts

Aramaic Kharoṣṭhī 𐨒 Ashoka Brahmi Kushana Brahmi[a] Tocharian[b] Gupta Brahmi Pallava Kadamba - Bhaiksuki 𑰐 Siddhaṃ Grantha 𑌗 Cham ꨈ Sinhala ග Pyu / Old Mon[c] - Tibetan Newa 𑐐 Ahom 𑜕 Malayalam ഗ Telugu గ Burmese ဂ Lepcha ᰃ Ranjana Saurashtra ꢔ Dives Akuru 𑤎 Kannada ಗ Kayah Li ꤌ Limbu ᤃ Soyombo[d] 𑩞 Khmer គ Tamil - Chakma 𑄉 Tai Tham ᨣ / ᨤ Meitei Mayek ꯒ Gaudi - Thai ค / ฅ Lao ຄ Tai Le - Marchen 𑱴 Tirhuta 𑒑 New Tai Lue ᦅ / ᦆ Tai Viet ꪆ / ꪇ Aksara Kawi 'Phags-pa ꡂ Odia ଗ Sharada 𑆓 Rejang ꤱ Batak ᯎ / ᯏ Buginese ᨁ Zanabazar Square 𑨍 Bengali-Assamese Takri 𑚌 Javanese ꦒ Balinese ᬕ Makasar 𑻡 Hangul[e] ㄱ Northern Nagari - Dogri 𑠌 Laṇḍā - Sundanese ᮌ Baybayin ᜄ Modi 𑘐 Gujarati ગ Khojki 𑈊 Khudabadi 𑊼 Mahajani 𑅗 Tagbanwa ᝤ Devanagari Nandinagari 𑦰 Kaithi Gurmukhi ਗ Multani 𑊆 Buhid ᝄ Canadian Syllabics[f] ᑫ Soyombo[g] 𑩞 Sylheti Nagari ꠉ Gunjala Gondi 𑵶 Masaram Gondi[h] 𑴎 Hanuno'o ᜤ Notes ^The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms. ^Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession. ^Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script ^May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table) ^TheOrigin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida. ^Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas. ^May also be derived from Ranjana (see above) ^Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Most Indic scripts are encoded in theUnicode Standard, and as such the letter Ga in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ga from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such asISCII.

Character information

Preview					గ		ଗ		ಗ		ഗ		ગ		ਗ
Unicode name	DEVANAGARI LETTER GA		BENGALI LETTER GA		TELUGU LETTER GA		ORIYA LETTER GA		KANNADA LETTER GA		MALAYALAM LETTER GA		GUJARATI LETTER GA		GURMUKHI LETTER GA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	2327	U+0917	2455	U+0997	3095	U+0C17	2839	U+0B17	3223	U+0C97	3351	U+0D17	2711	U+0A97	2583	U+0A17
UTF-8	224 164 151	E0 A4 97	224 166 151	E0 A6 97	224 176 151	E0 B0 97	224 172 151	E0 AC 97	224 178 151	E0 B2 97	224 180 151	E0 B4 97	224 170 151	E0 AA 97	224 168 151	E0 A8 97
Numeric character reference	ग	ग	গ	গ	గ	గ	ଗ	ଗ	ಗ	ಗ	ഗ	ഗ	ગ	ગ	ਗ	ਗ
ISCII	181	B5	181	B5	181	B5	181	B5	181	B5	181	B5	181	B5	181	B5

Character information

Preview	Ashoka Kushana Gupta		𐨒				𑌗
Unicode name	BRAHMI LETTER GA		KHAROSHTHI LETTER GA		SIDDHAM LETTER GA		GRANTHA LETTER GA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	69653	U+11015	68114	U+10A12	71056	U+11590	70423	U+11317
UTF-8	240 145 128 149	F0 91 80 95	240 144 168 146	F0 90 A8 92	240 145 150 144	F0 91 96 90	240 145 140 151	F0 91 8C 97
UTF-16	55300 56341	D804 DC15	55298 56850	D802 DE12	55301 56720	D805 DD90	55300 57111	D804 DF17
Numeric character reference	𑀕	𑀕	𐨒	𐨒	𑖐	𑖐	𑌗	𑌗

Character information

Preview			ྒ		ꡂ		𑨍		𑐐		𑰐		𑆓
Unicode name	TIBETAN LETTER GA		TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER GA		PHAGS-PA LETTER GA		ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER GA		NEWA LETTER GA		BHAIKSUKI LETTER GA		SHARADA LETTER GA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	3906	U+0F42	3986	U+0F92	43074	U+A842	72205	U+11A0D	70672	U+11410	72720	U+11C10	70035	U+11193
UTF-8	224 189 130	E0 BD 82	224 190 146	E0 BE 92	234 161 130	EA A1 82	240 145 168 141	F0 91 A8 8D	240 145 144 144	F0 91 90 90	240 145 176 144	F0 91 B0 90	240 145 134 147	F0 91 86 93
UTF-16	3906	0F42	3986	0F92	43074	A842	55302 56845	D806 DE0D	55301 56336	D805 DC10	55303 56336	D807 DC10	55300 56723	D804 DD93
Numeric character reference	ག	ག	ྒ	ྒ	ꡂ	ꡂ	𑨍	𑨍	𑐐	𑐐	𑰐	𑰐	𑆓	𑆓

Character information

Preview	𑘐		𑦰		𑩞		ꠉ		𑵶
Unicode name	MODI LETTER GA		NANDINAGARI LETTER GA		SOYOMBO LETTER GA		SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER GO		GUNJALA GONDI LETTER GA		KAITHI LETTER GA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	71184	U+11610	72112	U+119B0	72286	U+11A5E	43017	U+A809	73078	U+11D76	69775	U+1108F
UTF-8	240 145 152 144	F0 91 98 90	240 145 166 176	F0 91 A6 B0	240 145 169 158	F0 91 A9 9E	234 160 137	EA A0 89	240 145 181 182	F0 91 B5 B6	240 145 130 143	F0 91 82 8F
UTF-16	55301 56848	D805 DE10	55302 56752	D806 DDB0	55302 56926	D806 DE5E	43017	A809	55303 56694	D807 DD76	55300 56463	D804 DC8F
Numeric character reference	𑘐	𑘐	𑦰	𑦰	𑩞	𑩞	ꠉ	ꠉ	𑵶	𑵶	𑂏	𑂏

• The full range ofKE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 146B-1488, 166F, 18B8-18B9, & 18D6.

• Gimel

• Kurt Elfering:Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975,ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
• Georges Ifrah:The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000,ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
• B. L. van der Waerden:Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966,ISBN 3-7643-0399-9
• Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers".Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.43:109–126.doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995.ISSN 0035-869X.JSTOR 25189823.
• Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers".The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.43. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland:109–126.doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995.JSTOR 25189823.

^note Conjuncts are identified byIAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant +Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

• Indic letters

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