Milica Mihajlija

Philip Walton

Unexpected layout shifts can disrupt the user experience in many ways, from causing them to lose their place while reading if the text moves suddenly, to making them click the wrong link or button. In some cases, this can do serious damage.

Unexpected movement of page content usually happens when resources load asynchronously or DOM elements are dynamically added to the page before existing content. The cause of layout shifts might be images or videos with unknown dimensions, fonts that render larger or smaller than its initial fallback, or third-party ads or widgets that dynamically resize themselves.

Differences between how a site function in development and how its users experience it make this problem worse. For example:

• Personalized or third-party content often behaves differently in development and in production.
• Test images are often already in the developer's browser cache, but take longer to load for the end user.
• API calls that run locally are often so fast that unnoticeable delays in development can become substantial in production.

The Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) metric helps you address this problem by measuring how often it's occurring for real users.

What is CLS?

CLS is a measure of the largest burst oflayout shift scores for everyunexpected layout shift that occurs during the entire lifecycle of a page.

Alayout shift occurs any time a visible element changes its position from one rendered frame to the next. (Details on how individuallayout shift scores are calculated are covered later in this guide.)

A burst of layout shifts, known as asession window, is when one or more individual layout shifts occur in rapid succession with less than 1-second in between each shift and a maximum of 5 seconds for the total window duration.

The largest burst is the session window with the maximum cumulative score of all layout shifts within that window.

What is a good CLS score?

To provide a good user experience, sites should strive to have a CLS score of0.1 or less. To ensure you're hitting this target for most of your users, a good threshold to measure is the75th percentile of page loads, segmented across mobile and desktop devices.

To learn more about the research and methodology behind this recommendation, seeDefining the Core Web Vitals metrics thresholds.

Layout shifts in detail

Layout shifts are defined by theLayout Instability API, which reportslayout-shift entries any time an element that is visible within the viewport changes its start position (for example, its top and left position in the defaultwriting mode) between two frames. Such elements are consideredunstable elements.

Note that layout shifts only occur when existing elements change their start position. If a new element is added to the DOM or an existing element changes size, it doesn't count as a layout shift—as long as the change doesn't cause other visible elements to change their start position.

Layout shift score

To calculate thelayout shift score, the browser looks at the viewport size and the movement ofunstable elements in the viewport between two rendered frames. The layout shift score is a product of two measures of that movement: theimpact fraction and thedistance fraction (both defined below).

layout shift score = impact fraction * distance fraction

Impact fraction

Theimpact fraction measures howunstable elements impact the viewport area between two frames.

The impact fraction for a given frame is a combination of the visible areas of all unstable elements for that frame and the previous frame, as a fraction of the total area of the viewport.

In the preceding image, there's an element that takes up half of the viewport in one frame. Then, in the next frame, the element shifts down by 25% of the viewport height. The red, dotted rectangle indicates the union of the element's visible area in both frames, which, in this case, is 75% of the total viewport, so itsimpact fraction is0.75.

Distance fraction

The other part of the layout shift score equation measures the distance that unstable elements have moved relative to the viewport. Thedistance fraction is the greatest horizontal or vertical distance anyunstable element has moved in the frame divided by the viewport's largest dimension (width or height, whichever is greater).

In the prior example, the largest viewport dimension is the height, and the unstable element has moved by 25% of the viewport height, which makes thedistance fraction 0.25.

So, in this example theimpact fraction is0.75 and thedistance fraction is0.25, so thelayout shift score is0.75 * 0.25 = 0.1875.

Note: Initially, the layout shift score was calculated based only onimpact fraction. Thedistance fraction was introduced to avoid overlypenalizing cases where large elements shift by a small amount.

Examples

The next example illustrates how adding content to an existing element affects the layout shift score:

In this example, the gray box changes size, but its start position does not change so it's not anunstable element.

The "Click Me!" button was not previously in the DOM, so its start position doesn't change either.

The start position of the green box, however, does change, but since it's been moved partially out of the viewport, the invisible area is not considered when calculating theimpact fraction. The union of the visible areas for the green box in both frames (illustrated by the red, dotted rectangle) is the same as the area of the green box in the first frame—50% of the viewport. Theimpact fraction is0.5.

Thedistance fraction is illustrated with the purple arrow. The green box has moved down by about 14% of the viewport so thedistance fraction is0.14.

The layout shift score is0.5 x 0.14 = 0.07.

The following example shows how multiple unstable elements affect a page's layout shift score:

In the first frame in the preceding image, there are four results of an API request for animals, sorted in alphabetical order. In the second frame, more results are added to the sorted list.

The first item in the list ("Cat") does not change its start position between frames, so it's stable. Similarly, the new items added to the list were not previously in the DOM, so their start positions don't change either. But the items labelled "Dog", "Horse", and "Zebra" all shift their start positions, making themunstable elements.

Again, the red, dotted rectangles represent the union of these threeunstable elements' before and after areas, which in this case is around 60% of the viewport's area (impact fraction of0.60).

The arrows represent the distances thatunstable elements have moved from their starting positions. The "Zebra" element, represented by the blue arrow, has moved the most, by about 30% of the viewport height. That makes thedistance fraction in this example0.3.

The layout shift score is0.60 x 0.3 = 0.18.

Expected versus unexpected layout shifts

Not all layout shifts are bad. In fact, many dynamic web applications frequently change the start position of elements on the page. A layout shift is only bad if the user isn't expecting it.

User-initiated layout shifts

Layout shifts that occur in response to user interactions (such as clicking or tapping a link, pressing a button, or typing in a search box) are generally fine, as long as the shift occurs close enough to the interaction that the relationship is clear to the user.

For example, if a user interaction triggers a network request that may take a while to complete, it's best to create some space right away and show a loading indicator to avoid an unpleasant layout shift when the request completes. If the user doesn't realize something is loading, or doesn't have a sense of when the resource will be ready, they may try to click something else while waiting—something that could move out from under them.

Layout shifts that occur within 500 milliseconds of user input will have thehadRecentInput flag set, so they can be excluded from calculations.

Animations and transitions

Animations and transitions, when done well, are a great way to update content on the page without surprising the user. Content that shifts abruptly and unexpectedly on the page almost always creates a bad user experience. But content that moves gradually and naturally from one position to the next can often help the user better understand what's going on, and guide them between state changes.

Be sure to respectprefers-reduced-motionbrowser settings, as some site visitors can experience ill effects or attentionissues from animation.

CSStransform propertylets you animate elements without triggering layout shifts:

• Instead of changing theheight andwidth properties, usetransform: scale().
• To move elements around, avoid changing thetop,right,bottom, orleft properties and usetransform: translate() instead.

How to measure CLS

CLS can be measuredin the laborin the field, andit's available in the following tools:

Field tools

• Chrome User ExperienceReport
• PageSpeed Insights
• Search Console (Core Web Vitalsreport)
• web-vitals JavaScript library

Lab tools

• Chrome DevTools
• Lighthouse
• PageSpeed Insights
• WebPageTest

Measure layout shifts in JavaScript

To measure layout shifts in JavaScript, you use theLayout Instability API.

The following example shows how to create aPerformanceObserver to loglayout-shift entries to the console:

newPerformanceObserver((entryList)=>{for(constentryofentryList.getEntries()){console.log('Layout shift:',entry);}}).observe({type:'layout-shift',buffered:true});

Measure CLS in JavaScript

To measure CLS in JavaScript, you need to group these unexpectedlayout-shift entries into sessions, and calculate the maximum session value. You can refer to theweb vitals JavaScript library source code which contains a reference implementation on how CLS is calculated.

In most cases, the current CLS value at the time the page is being unloaded is the final CLS value for that page, but there are a few important exceptions as noted in the next section. Theweb vitals JavaScript library accounts for these as much as possible, within the limitations of the Web APIs.

Differences between the metric and the API

• If a page is loaded in the background, or if it's backgrounded prior to the browser painting any content, then it shouldn't report any CLS value.
• If a page is restored from theback/forward cache, its CLS value should be reset to zero since users experience this as a distinct page visit.
• The API does not reportlayout-shift entries for shifts that occur within iframes but the metric does as they are part of the user experience of the page. This canshow as a difference between CrUX and RUM. To properly measure CLS you should consider them. Sub-frames can use the API to report theirlayout-shift entries to the parent frame foraggregation.

In addition to these exceptions, CLS has some added complexity due to the fact that it measures the entire lifespan of a page:

• Users might keep a tab open for avery long time—days, weeks, months. In fact, a user might never close a tab.
• On mobile operating systems, browsers typically don't run page unload callbacks for background tabs, making it difficult to report the "final" value.

To handle such cases, CLS should be reported any time a page is background—in addition to any time it's unloaded (thevisibilitychange event covers both of these scenarios). And analytics systems receiving this data will then need to calculate the final CLS value on the backend.

Rather than memorizing and grappling with all of these cases yourself, developers can use theweb-vitals JavaScript library to measure CLS, which accounts for everything mentioned previously, except the iframe case:

import{onCLS}from'web-vitals';// Measure and log CLS in all situations// where it needs to be reported.onCLS(console.log);

How to improve CLS

For more guidance on identifying layout shifts in the field and using lab data to optimize them, see our guide tooptimizing CLS.

Additional resources

• Google Publisher Tag's guidance onminimizing layout shift
• Understanding Cumulative Layout Shift byAnnie Sullivan andSteve Kobes at#PerfMatters (2020)

Changelog

Occasionally, bugs are discovered in the APIs used to measure metrics, and sometimes in the definitions of the metrics themselves. As a result, changes must sometimes be made, and these changes can show up as improvements or regressions in your internal reports and dashboards.

To help you manage this, all changes to either the implementation or definition of these metrics will be surfaced in thisChangelog.

If you have feedback for these metrics, you can provide it in theweb-vitals-feedback Google group.