OS/2 Commands

The Commands are listed here alphabetically, you may browse throughthem or you may click on the links below.

ANSI: Allows or prevents extended display and keyboard support in the OS/2environment.
---|---------|-----|--------|---- ANSI ------|-------|----| |- drive -| |- path -| |- ON -| |- OFF -|Related Commands: DEVICE=;)ANSI.SYS and ;)KEYSIf you enter this command without a parameter, ANSI displays its currentstatus.This command allows or prevents ANSI control sequence processing in OS/2sessions. You use ANSI control sequences to redefine keys, manipulate thecursor, and change display color attributes.When KEYS is ON, ANSI extended keyboard support is disabled.
APPEND: Sets a search path for data files that are outside the current directory. ---|---------|-|--------|--- APPEND ------|------|--------- |- drive -| |- path -| |- /E -| . . . . . .--|---------|-|--------|-------|-------------|------------| |- drive -| |- path -| |- /PATH:ON -| |- /PATH:OFF -|Related Commands: ;)DPATH ;)PATH ;)SETEnter APPEND without a parameter to display the APPEND statement in yourAUTOEXEC.BAT file. This statement can be set by system installation.Enter APPEND ; to cancel the APPEND command.The first time you use APPEND, it is an external command, and you might needto specify a drive and path to locate it. Once APPEND is loaded, it becomesan internal command, and a drive and path are no longer needed.APPEND is useful when you want to keep an application program and itsassociated data files in one directory and group information by category inother directories. If you specify a path with APPEND the first time you useit, this path is not stored in the environment, and you can only view orchange it with the APPEND command. You can append as many directories as youcan specify in a total of 128 characters.The search sequence for a specified file is: 1. Search the specified directory, or the current directory if you do not specify the directory. 2. Search the directories indicated by the current APPEND command.APPEND is similar to the PATH command, although the PATH command finds onlystartable files. You can look at or modify APPEND paths in the environment byusing APPEND, or you can use the SET command. ; Cancels an APPEND command. /E To keep paths specified with APPEND in the DOS environment.
ASSIGN: Assigns a drive letter to a different drive. ASSIGN allows you to perform disk operations on drives other than A and B for programs that use only those two drives. ---|---------|-|--------|---- ASSIGN --------|---------|-|-| |- drive -| |- path -| |- x = y -| | | | |--------------|Related Commands: ;)JOIN ;)SUBSTEnter this command without a parameter to reset all drives to their originalassignments.Family API programs cannot be loaded from cross-assigned drives.ASSIGN hides the true device type from commands that require actual driveinformation. The following commands do not work in DOS sessions on drivesthat have ASSIGN in effect: CHKDSK DISKCOMP DISKCOPY FORMAT JOIN LABEL PRINT RECOVER RESTORE SUBST X=Y X Specifies the drive to which reads and writes are currently sent. Do not type a colon after the drive letter. Y Specifies the drive to which you want reads and writes sent. Do not type a colon after the drive letter.
ATTRIB: Displays the current file state. It also turns on or off the read-only attribute and the archive bit of a file for selected files in a directory, or for all files in a directory level. |-------------------| | ---|---------|-|--------|-- ATTRIB ------|--------------|-|- |- drive -| |- path -| |---|- +R -|---| | |- -R -| | |---|- +S -|---| | |- -S -| | |---|- +H -|---| | |- -H -| | |--|-- +A --|--| |-- -A --| . . . . . --|---------|-|--------|----- filename ------|------|----| |- drive -| |- path -| |- /S -|Related Commands: ;)BACKUP ;)RESTORE ;)XCOPYEnter this command along with the name of a file to display the current filestate. This command is useful in keeping files from being modified. When youturn on the read-only attribute of a file, you can read it, but you cannotwrite to it or change it.You can specify the optional +R, -R, +A, -A, +S, -S, +H, or -H parameterseither before or after the file name. Be sure to use only one read-onlyattribute and one archive attribute per command.If a file exists in more than one directory, you can use the /S parameter tofind all occurrences of that file.Return Codes: ATTRIB issues a return code of 0 for normal completion. +R Turns on the read-only attribute of a file. -R Turns off the read-only attribute of a file. +A Turns on the archive bit of a file. -A Turns off the archive bit of a file. /S Processes all subdirectories
BACKUP: Backs up (copies) one or more files from one disk to another. ---|---------|-|--------|----------- BACKUP --------------- |- drive -| |- path -| . . . . . . --------------------|-- source drive --|------------------ |---- path ------| |---- filename ----| |-----------------------------------| target | . . . . . .----- drive -------|------------------------|-------|---| |----- /L:filename ------| |----- /D:mm-dd-yy ------| |----- /T:hh:mm:ss ------| |--------- /M -----------| |--------- /A -----------| |------- /F:xxx ---------| |--------- /S -----------|Related Commands: ;)ATTRIB ;)RESTORE ;)XCOPYNote:o After BACKUP fills a diskette, BACKUP prompts you to insert a new diskette.Label each diskette in consecutive order, recording the date and diskettenumber. When you restore the files, RESTORE prompts you to insert the backupdiskettes in order.o BACKUP works only within the source directory unless you specify the /Sparameter, which copies files in the source directory and in all directoriesbelow the starting source directory.o BACKUP can back up files on disks of different types.o If the source is a diskette, it should not be write- protected becauseBACKUP needs to reset the archive bit on the backed-up files.o BACKUP does not back up the system files (COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE), hiddensystem files, and any open dynamic link library files (.DLL). BACKUP alsodoes not back up any files opened with Deny Read/Write. BACKUP issues asystem message if you try to back up one of these files.o If you are sharing files, you can back up only those files that you haveaccess to. If you attempt to access a file that you do not have access to,BACKUP displays a message stating that it was not able to back up the file.o Files that you back up do not appear in the root directory on the targetdiskette. BACKUP creates two files, called BACKUP.XXX and CONTROL.XXX, in theroot directory on the target diskette. The BACKUP.XXX file contains all thefiles that have been backed up, and the CONTROL.XXX file saves paths, filenames, and other controlling information.Extended Attributes: The BACKUP command saves the extended attributesassociated with a file or directory. An extended attribute is a special areaused for storing data that describes the file or directory to the operatingsystem or to an application. When backing up files or directories that haveextended attributes, be sure to use OS/2 Version 1.2 (or later) to ensure allextended file attributes are backed up.Return Codes: 0 - Normal completion. 1 - No files were found to back up. 2 - Some files or directories were not processed because of file errors. 3 - Ended by user. 4 - Ended because of error. 5 - Not defined. 6 - BACKUP was unable to process the FORMAT command.Parameters: /L:filename Makes a backup log entry in the file specified. /D:mm-dd-yy Backs up only those files that were last modified on or after the specified date. This parameter expects the date to be entered in the correct format for the current country specified with the COUNTRY command. /T:hh:mm:ss Backs up only those files that were last modified at or after a certain time. It is recommended that /T be used with /D. /M Backs up only those files that have changed since the last backup. /A Adds the files to be backed up to those already on the backup disk. /F Specifies that unformatted target diskettes are formatted before BACKUP starts. /S Backs up subdirectories.
BOOT: Switches between the DOS and OS/2* operating systems that are on the same hard disk (drive C). ---|---------|-----|--------|---- BOOT ------|- /OS2 -|----| |- drive -| |- path -| |- /DOS -|The BOOT command can be run from an OS/2 command prompt or a DOS commandprompt as well as from DOS.BOOT is available under the following conditions:o DOS Version 3.2 (or a later version) was installed and operating on drive Cbefore the OS/2 operating system was installed. (It is recommended that youuse DOS 3.3, DOS 4.0, or DOS 5.0 for greater compatibility with OS/2 2.0.)o Drive C was not formatted during OS/2 installation.o The High Performance File System was not installed on drive C.Before typing the BOOT command, make sure all system operations are completeand all programs are stopped.BOOT verifies that the following files exist: OS/2 files OS2LDR (hidden file) OS2KRNL (hidden file) OS2\SYSTEM\BOOT.OS2 OS2\SYSTEM\CONFIG.OS2 DOS files IBMBIO.COM or MSDOS.SYS (hidden file) IBMDOS.COM or IO.SYS (hidden file) OS2\SYSTEM\BOOT.DOS OS2\SYSTEM\CONFIG.DOSWhen you use the BOOT command to start DOS from the OS/2 operating system,BOOT renames and stores system startup information as follows: 1. Saves the OS/2 boot record as C:\OS2\SYSTEM\BOOT.OS2 2. Moves the OS/2 AUTOEXEC.BAT file to C:\OS2\SYSTEM\AUTOEXEC.OS2. 3. Moves the OS/2 CONFIG.SYS file to C:\OS2\SYSTEM\CONFIG.OS2. 4. Copies C:\OS2\SYSTEM\BOOT.DOS to the DOS boot record. 5. Moves the DOS AUTOEXEC.BAT file from C:\OS2\SYSTEM\AUTOEXEC.DOS to the root directory as BOOT moves the OS/2 AUTOEXEC.BAT file. 6. Moves the DOS CONFIG.SYS file from C:\OS2\SYSTEM\CONFIG.DOS to the root directory as BOOT moves the OS/2 CONFIG.SYS file.BOOT reverses the process when you want to start the OS/2 operating system. Return Codes: BOOT displays either a return code of 0 for normal completion or the appropriate error message.
BREAK: Instructs DOS to check whether the Ctrl and Break keys have been pressed before carrying out a program request. BREAK ------------|---------|------------------------------| |-- ON --| |-- OFF --|Enter the BREAK command at the DOS command prompt to display the currentstatus.BREAK instructs the system to check if you pressed the Ctrl and Break keystogether before the system carries out a program request. Pressing andholding the Ctrl and Break keys together stops a command from completing itstask.BREAK can be entered in the CONFIG.SYS file, in a batch file, or at thecommand prompt. If BREAK is ON, processing might be slower, but the operatingsystem will probably intercept Ctrl+Break faster. Setting BREAK=ON allows youto leave a program even if it produces few or no standard device operations(such as a compiler). For example, if a program is being compiled and itmeets an error or loop, it is important to have a way to stop compilation.If you accept the system installation default for the BREAK statement, theinstallation program places the following in your CONFIG.SYS file: BREAK=OFF
CACHE: Specifies the parameters that the High Performance File System (HPFS) uses to write information to a disk. This command is specified as part of a RUN statement in the CONFIG.SYS file or entered at a command prompt. CACHE ---|---------------|----|----------------|--------- |- /LAZY:state -| |- /MAXAGE:time -| . . . . . .-------|------------------|----|--------------------|-----| |- /DISKIDLE:time -| |- /BUFFERIDLE:time -|Related Commands: ;)IFS IFS ( ;)HPFS.IFS )If you enter this command without a parameter, the operating system displaysthe current values for CACHE.You can use cache memory if you have: o Formatted the hard-disk partition during OS/2 installation o Selected the High Performance File SystemThe system installation program sets up caching for the primary partitionthrough the OS2.INI file. The HPFS manages a cache of memory divided intoblocks of 2KB. Data that is read from and written to the disk is transferredthrough this cache so that it can be used in satisfying future requests. Thiscache is separate from that of the BUFFERS and DISKCACHE commands discussedelsewhere in this reference.When a user requests data that is not present in the cache, the HPFS selectsthe least recently used (LRU) block, writes the data within that block to diskif necessary, and then fills the block with the requested data. Thissignificantly increases the chances that often-used data will be found inmemory, thus saving the expense of a disk-read operation.In addition, the file system takes advantage of its knowledge of cache blockcontents. Data, not expected to be reused soon by the file system, is placedin cache blocks marked for immediate reuse. In most cases, when a writerequest is received, it is not necessary to write the data immediately todisk. The HPFS takes such data and copies it to the block cache withoutactually performing the disk-write operation. Once the data is in the cache,it is written to disk as a background activity.Also, because these lazy-writes are performed during disk idle time, incomingrequests need not wait for large disk- write operations to be completed. Thisoptimizes overall system throughput and response time for all requestingprocesses.The HPFS also contains additional levels of caching that speed up access todirectories. The HPFS uses this cache to quickly get to the directory onwhich the request is being made.Note: If you set the /LAZY parameter to ON, select Shut down from themenu of the desktop before turning off your system. Failure to do so willcause loss of data if the contents of the HPFS cache buffers have not beenerased and written to disk. For safety, and if performance is not a concern,use the /LAZY:OFF option, which causes a write through the cache to the disk.
CHCP: Allows you to alternate between two code-page character sets that are defined in your CONFIG.SYS file. CHCP --------------------|-------|-------------------------| |- nnn -|Related Commands: ;)CODEPAGE ;)COUNTRY ;)DEVINFO ;)SPOOLType this command without a parameter to display the current code page beingused or to determine if any are specified.Because CHCP changes the code page for the current session, it is intended tobe used at the command prompt. Any programs started under the primary commandprocessor inherit the command processor's current code page.In the OS/2 environment, CHCP checks that the correct DEVINFO= statement isincluded in the CONFIG.SYS file for the code page being requested. If not, amessage is displayed.CHCP accepts either one of the two prepared system code pages as correct. Ifyou enter the number of a code page that has not been prepared for the system,you receive an error message. If no CODEPAGE= statement is included in theCONFIG.SYS file, CHCP returns the default code page ID of the country.In the OS/2 environment, CHCP checks to see if a DEVINFO= statement isincluded in the CONFIG.SYS file for LPT1, LPT2, or LPT3. If there is aDEVINFO= statement, the printer for that device is queried to see if itsupports the code page being set. If it does not support that code page, aninformational warning message is displayed.Incorrect, partial, or mismatched setup of statements for code-pageselections, country code, keyboard layout, display, or printer can causeineffective switching between code pages. If your printer is correctly set upfor code-page switching, print jobs started in a DOS session or in the currentOS/2 session, after a successful CHCP command is issued, will print in the newcode page.Note: To ensure you will be able to access files prepared with anothercode page, be sure to use only the characters A-Z and 0-9 when naming filesand directories. This prevents file access problems when switching betweencode pages that have different character capitalization rules. nnn Indicates the code page number you want to use.
CHDIR OR CD: Changes the current directory or displays its name. CHDIR ----|---------|---------|-------|--------|----------| CD --| |- drive -| |- path -|Related Commands: ;)DIR ;)MD ;)RD ;)TREEType this command without a parameter to display the name of the currentdirectory. For example, typing CD displays the current directory on thedefault drive. Type this command with a drive letter to display the currentdirectory for that drive. For example, typing CD C: displays the currentdirectory on drive C.CD or CHDIR can change the current directory, allowing you to access anysubdirectory you have created with the MD command. If the directory you wantto change to has a different path from your current directory, you must enterits entire path, including the root directory. If you do not know the path ofthe directory you want to change to, use the DIR or TREE commands.
CHKDSK: Analyzes directories and files, determines the file system type, and produces a disk status report. CHKDSK also displays the volume label and the volume serial number of the disk. ---|---------|-|--------|---- CHKDSK -----|---------|----- |- drive -| |- path -| |- drive -| |-----------| |------------| | | . . . . .--|--------|-|------------|-----|------|-|----|--------|-|--| |- path -| |- filename -| |- /F -| |- /C ---| |- /V -| |- /F:n -|The /C and /F:n parameters shown at the end of the CHKDSK command syntax areonly used with the High Performance File System.Related Commands: ;)RECOVERo Type this command at a DOS command prompt to produce a memory storagereport.o CHKDSK gives accurate information only when a hard disk is not in use.o CHKDSK does not work in DOS sessions on drives that have an ASSIGN, JOIN, orSUBST command in effect. Also, CHKDSK does not work on network drives.You should run CHKDSK occasionally on each disk to check for errors. Iferrors are found, CHKDSK displays the error messages and produces a statusreport. If you enter a file name after CHKDSK, the OS/2 operating systemdisplays a status report that gives the number of noncontiguous areas occupiedby the file. CHKDSK also produces a storage report.CHKDSK can detect lost clusters on your disk. These are parts of files thatthe system did not save completely and that take up space on your disk. IfCHKDSK finds these, it prompts you with a message asking if you want toconvert lost chains to files. If you type a Y (yes), CHKDSK converts theseparts into files that you can examine and delete to save space on your disk.If you type an N (no), CHKDSK deletes these parts of files from your diskwithout warning. The files CHKDSK creates from lost chains follow this namingconvention: FILEnnnn.CHK (nnnn is a sequential number starting with 0000).To search for and recover lost file clusters on the drive that is the harddisk from which you normally start the OS/2 operating system, follow thesesteps: 1. Insert the system installation diskette in diskette drive A. 2. Restart the system. When the Logo panel appears, remove the installation diskette and insert diskette 1. Press Enter to continue. 3. At the first text panel that appears (Welcome to OS/2), press Esc. 4. If the drive to be searched is a drive formatted for HPFS, the file UHPFS.DLL has to exist on the same diskette as CHKDSK, or UHPFS.DLL has to exist in a directory in the LIBPATH statement. To display the LIBPATH statement, enter TYPE \CONFIG.SYS in the drive of the disk that the system started from. 5. In order for the system to display error messages, the file OSO001.MSG has to be on the same disk as CHKDSK or it has to exist in a directory in your DPATH statement. To display your DPATH statement, enter DPATH at the command line. 6. Run CHKDSK in drive A, specifying C as the drive to be searched.To recover lost clusters on the drive that contains CHKDSK, copy CHKDSK toanother drive and run it from that drive by specifying the drive and path.If the /F parameter is not specified and there are open files, CHKDSK mayreport lost clusters on the disk. This happens when open files have beenwritten to but the file allocation table (FAT) is not updated. If manyclusters are reported as lost, use the /F parameter to search the disk.Extended Attributes: CHKDSK will attempt to validate the clusters withfiles or directories that contain extended attributes. An extended attributeis a special area used for storing data that describes the file or directoryto the operating system or to an application. If errors occur in any extendedattribute chain on the disk, CHKDSK prompts you to recover that chain into afile that follows this naming format: EAnnnn.CHK (nnnn is a sequential numberstarting with 0000). CHKDSK also recovers the file or directory associatedwith the extended attribute chain and places it in a file that follows thisnaming format: FILEnnnn.CHK. The number in this file name corresponds to thenumber shown in the EAnnnn.CHK file name. CHKDSK places all files it createsin the root directory of the specified drive.Return Codes: 0 - Normal completion 1 - Not defined 2 - Not defined 3 - Ended by user 4 - Ended due to error 5 - Not defined 6 - CHKDSK was unable to execute file system's CHKDSK program.o When using CHKDSK on a disk formatted for the High Performance File System(HPFS), it is important to note how CHKDSK processes lost clusters and howthey are recovered.CHKDSK does not delete lost clusters. If lost clusters are found and the /Fparameter is specified, CHKDSK recovers lost clusters and does not prompt youif you want to convert lost chains to files. Instead, CHKDSK creates asubdirectory of the root directory named \FOUND.mmm and places recoveredfiles, directories, and extended attributes there. The "mmm" in the directoryname represents a three-digit number so that each directory name is unique.CHKDSK stores recovered files as files with the naming format: FILEnnnn.CHK.It stores recovered directories as directories that follow this naming format:DIRnnnn.CHK.o When using CHKDSK on a disk formatted for the High Performance File System,you cannot specify a file by using the filename parameter. /F Fixes errors found in your directory. /V Displays all files and their paths on the default or specified drive. Filename Displays the number of noncontiguous areas occupied by the file or files specified.
CLS: Clears the window or entire display screen of any information. CLS -------------------------------------------------------| To clear the screen, enter the following: CLS
CMD: Starts the OS/2 command processor, CMD.EXE, found in the C:\OS2 subdirectory. To return to the previous command processor, use the EXIT command. --|---------|-|--------|--- CMD ----|---------|-|--------|- |- drive -| |- path -| |- drive -| |- path -| . . . . . .-----|------|------|------|------|---------------|--------| |- /Q -| |- /S -| |- /K "string" -| |- /C "string" -|Related Commands: ;)COMMAND ;)EXIT ;)SET and ;)STARTType this command without a parameter to start another command processor. Toreturn to the previous command processor, use the EXIT command.If you change any environment variables in the current command processor, thechange is known only to the current command processor. For example, supposeyou enter CMD to start another command processor. You then change the promptto something other than the default and exit back to the previous commandprocessor. The previous command processor still has the default prompt.Use quotation marks to pass significant characters to the new CMD.EXE. Tohave a new CMD.EXE process the DIR command and then have the parent CMD.EXEdisplay the word "HELLO," type the following: CMD /C DIR & ECHO HELLOTo have the new CMD.EXE process the DIR command and display the word "HELLO,"type the following: CMD /C "DIR & ECHO HELLO" /S Tells the CMD.EXE being started not to install a signal handler (such as ^C) or a request to terminate the program. /K string Allows you to pass a command to CMD.EXE but does not automatically return to the previous command processor after the command is completed. The string is the command you want to pass. /C string Allows you to pass a command to CMD.EXE and automatically return to the previous command processor after the command is completed. The string is the command you want to pass.
CODEPAGE: Selects the system code pages (defined character sets) to be prepared by the OS/2 operating system for code-page switching. You must include the appropriate DEVINFO statements (for keyboard, printer, and video display) for both code pages in the CONFIG.SYS file. CODEPAGE = xxx -------------|--------|--------------------| |- ,yyy -|Related Commands: ;)COUNTRY ;)DEVINFO (Display);)DEVINFO (Keyboard), and ;)DEVINFO (Printer).Note that the display and printers each default to a native device characterset. The keyboard and country information default to the national languagecode page supported by the country code specified in the COUNTRY statement.When your computer displays output, the characters used are defined by aspecific code page. Each code page contains letters, numbers, symbols, andother characters common to a particular country. Each character has a number(1 to 255) assigned to it. For example, character number 212 might displayone character in the U.S. code page (437), but a different one in thePortuguese code page (860). Therefore, you should use your defaultnational-language code page unless you are working with files that werecreated using another code page or unless you are planning to send files toother countries.When using a file that was created in another code page, you can switch tothat code page or to the multilingual code page. We recommend you use themultilingual code page (850) whenever possible because it supports manylanguages. For example, suppose you create a file using code page 850 andsend it to someone in another country. When that file is viewed or printedusing code page 850, it is identical to your copy. If, however, the file yousend was not created using the multilingual code page, the receiver will needto switch to the code page that it was created with. Once code pages aredefined on your system, you can switch back and forth between the preparedcode pages.In the OS/2 operating system, a program or user can change the active codepage. Two pages can be active simultaneously. Code pages for the keyboard,display, and printer can be set independently; however, code-page switchingcan take place only in printers and displays that support code-page switching,including the following products: o IBM Enhanced Color Display o IBM Personal System/2* Displays o IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter o IBM Personal System/2 Video Graphics Array o IBM Personal System/2 Display Adapter o IBM Personal System/2 8514/A o IBM 4201 Proprinters (except Model 001) o IBM 4202 Proprinter* XL o IBM 5202 Quietwriter* III.See your printer information to determine if your printer supports code-pageswitching.Note: If you are going to use the IBM 4207 Proprinter X24 and IBM 4208Proprinter XL24, you must copy a multilingual code page from a NationalLanguage Support (NLS) diskette. These diskettes are available in countriesoutside the United States.If you plan to switch code pages and are using a code page other than 850, werecommend that you do not name your files or subdirectories with accentedcharacters.
COMMAND: Starts the DOS command processor, COMMAND.COM, which is located in the C:\OS2\MDOS subdirectory. -|---------||--------|-- COMMAND --|---------||--------|- |- drive -||- path -| |- drive -||- path -| . . . . . . .-------|------------|-------|-------------|-------------| |---- /P ----| |- /C string -| |--- /E:x ---| |- /K string -|Related Commands: ;)CMD ;)EXIT ;)SETType this command without a parameter to start another DOS command processor.To return to the previous command processor, use the EXIT command. IfCOMMAND.COM is not found in the specified directory, the OS/2 operating systemsearches the environment for the value of COMSPEC. This system variable,which is placed in the environment when a DOS session is started, describesthe path the system uses to reload the command processor. You can change thevalue for COMSPEC with the SET command.If you use the SET command to change any environment variables in the currentcommand processor, the change is known only to the current command processor.Returning to the primary DOS command processor with the EXIT command causes aresumption of the environment that the primary DOS command processor knewbefore the secondary copy existed. /C string Allows you to pass a command to a secondary command processor and return to the primary command processor after the command is completed. The string is a command you want to pass to the command processor.
COMP: Compares the contents of two files. -|---------||--------|--- COMP --|---------||--------|----- |- drive -||- path -| |- drive -||- path -| . . . . . .-|------------|---|---------|-|--------|-|------------|---| |- filename -| |- drive -| |- path -| |- filename -|Related Commands: ;)DISKCOMPType this command without a parameter to start a step-by-step menu to comparefiles.The files you compare can be on the same or different drives, or in the sameor different directories. The two sets of files you want to compare can havethe same path and file names, provided they are on different drives. If youspecify only a drive for the second file and do not specify a file name, COMPassumes that the second file name is the same as the first. If you specify adrive or path with no file name for either the primary or secondary path andfile name, COMP assumes a file name of *..After the comparison of the two files, COMP proceeds with the next pair offiles that match the two file names. When COMP cannot find any more filesthat match the first parameter, it displays a message asking if you want tocompare more files. Type a Y (Yes) to compare two more files, or end COMP byentering an N (No).If the file sizes are different, COMP displays a message informing you of thisand asks if you want to continue. You now have the option to continue thecomparison or end it. If you choose to continue, COMP processes both filesbased on the length of the smaller of the two files.During a comparison, an error message appears for any location that containsmismatching information in the two files. After 10 mismatches, processingends.COMP does not wait for you to insert a diskette containing a file to becompared. Therefore, if the file to be compared is on a diskette, enter COMPwithout a parameter. COMP then prompts for the file name. Insert thediskette and enter the name of the file to be compared.Return Codes 0 - Normal completion. 1 - No files were found to compare. 2 - Some files or directories were not processed because of file errors. 3 - Ended by user. 4 - Ended because of error. 5 - Files did not compare O.K.
COPY: Copies one or more files. COPY has these format options:o Append ( + ) files. Use this option when merging multiple files into onefile, or when adding one file to the end of another.o Change the date and time ( + ,, ). Use this option when you want to changethe date and time of a file, or if you want to update the date and time of afile after it is copied.o Combine ( + ) files. Use the combine mode of copy when you can combineseveral other copy functions and there is at least one plus sign, and all ofthe file name specifications have a common name that can be substituted by aglobal file-name character.o Refer to a device name Use this option when specifying a device (forexample, printer) during the copy process. COPY -|---------|-|---------- filename -|-----|------|----- |- drive -| |- path -|------------| |- /A -| |- filename -| |- /B -| . . . . . . ---------------|-----|---|------|------------------------- |- + -| |- ,, -| |----------------| | . . . . . .-|---------|-|--------|--|------------|---|------------|-|| |- drive -| |- path -| |- filename -| |--|- /A -|--| | |- /B -| | |---- /V ----| |---- /F ----|Related Commands: ;)DISKCOPY ;)RENAME ;)VERIFY ;)XCOPYYou can copy files from one diskette or hard disk to another and you can copyfiles within directories. If you want to copy one or more files to asubdirectory, make sure that the subdirectory exists. For example, if youenter: COPY C:\MON C:\REPORTSand a REPORTS subdirectory does not exist, the system copies the contents ofthe MON file to a file named REPORTS. Also, you cannot copy a file to itself.You can use global file name characters in the source file specification tochange the dates and times of a group of files. If you do not include atarget file specification, all files found that match the source filespecification remain where they are, but their dates and times are changed.Extended Attributes: COPY preserves any existing extended attributes when thefile is copied (See the /F parameter). An extended attribute is a specialarea used for storing data that describes the file or directory to theoperating system or to an application. When copying files and directoriesthat have extended attributes, be sure to use OS/2 2.0 to ensure all extendedfile attributes are copied.When combining or merging files, you must specify the file that has extendedattributes as the first source file. The first source file cannot be chosenas the target file. /B When used with a source filename, causes the entire file to be copied, including any end-of-file mark. When used with a target filename, causes no end-of-file character to be added. /A When used with a source filename, causes the file to be treated as an ASCII text file. Data in the file is copied up to but not including the first end-of-file mark. When used with a target filename, causes an end-of-file character to be added as the last character of the file. /V Causes OS/2 to verify that the sectors written on the target disk are recorded properly. + Allows you to combine files.
CREATEDD: Creates a dump diskette for use with the Stand-Alone Dump procedure.This command is intended to be used with the aid of your technicalcoordinator. ---|---------|----|--------|-- CREATEDD ------ target ----| |- drive -| |- path -| driveRelated Commands: ;)TRACE ;)TRACEBUF ;)TRACEFMTThe CREATEDD utility program prepares a diskette for an OS/2 memory dump. Ifa dump requires more than one diskette, the first diskette must be preparedwith CREATEDD while the rest can be any formatted diskettes.Note: As with other formatting operations, when you use CREATEDD toformat a diskette that already contains information, all of the information onthe diskette is erased.
DATE: Displays or changes the date known to the system and resets the date on your computer's clock. This date is recorded in the directory when you create or change a file. DATE ------------------|--------------------|--------------| |---- mm-dd-yy ----| |---- dd-mm-yy ----| |---- yy-mm-dd ----|Related Commands: ;)COUNTRY ;)TIMEThe OS/2 operating system accepts a slash (/), a period (.), and a dash (-),as the valid date separator for your country.Enter this command without a parameter to display the system date and beprompted about changing it.It is not necessary to change the date every day because your system hardwareis programmed to change months and years correctly, whether the month has 31,30, 29, or 28 days. If you must change the date, enter DATE at the commandprompt or from a batch file. If you do not want to change the date shown,press Enter.Note that the COUNTRY command in your CONFIG.SYS file allows you to change theformat in which the date is displayed and entered.
DDINSTAL: Provides an automated way to install new device drivers after the operating system has been installed. DDINSTAL ------|---------|------|--------|---------------| |- drive -| |- path -|Enter this command without a parameter to start a step-by-step procedure withwhich you install device-driver files.These files are provided on a separate diskette called a Device Supportdiskette. This diskette contains an xxx.DDP (device-driver profile) file thatcontrols the installation process. The DDINSTAL program uses the informationfrom the device-driver profile to add the necessary statements to CONFIG.SYSand to copy all the support files into their appropriate directories on thehard disk.After typing DDINSTAL you are prompted to insert the Device Support diskettein drive A and to press Enter when ready. If any files are not copied becausethey would replace open dynamic-link libraries or programs, those files arecopied to a temporary subdirectory. You are then prompted to insert theInstallation diskette and restart the system. After the system restarts,DDINSTAL.EXE automatically continues the device driver installation. Theremaining files in the temporary subdirectory are copied and the CONFIG.SYSstatements are added to C:\CONFIG.SYS. After DDINSTAL has installed thedevice driver, press Ctrl+Alt+Del to restart the system.If all of the files are copied successfully from the Device Support diskette,the statements in the CONFIG.SYS file are added to C:\CONFIG.SYS. PressCtrl+Alt+Del to restart the system.
DEBUG: DEBUG |---------|--|--------|--|-------------|-----------------| |- drive -| |- path -| |- filename --|Use the DEBUG command without a location and file name to access the DOS DEBUGenvironment and be able to enter all DEBUG commands in response to the DEBUGprompt, a hyphen (-). Refer to the documentation that came with your DOSoperating system for more information about the DEBUG command.The following is a list of DEBUG commands: ? Displays a list of the DEBUG commands. A Assembles 8086/8087/8088 mnemonics. C Compares two portions of memory. D Displays the contents of a portion of memory. E Enters data into memory starting at a specified address. F Fills a range of memory with specified values. G Runs the executable file that is in memory. H Performs hexadecimal arithmetic. I Displays one byte value from a specified port. L Loads the contents of a file or disk sectors into memory. M Copies the contents of a block of memory. N Specifies a file for an L or W command, or specifies the parameters for the file you are testing. O Sends one byte value to an output port. P Executes a loop, a repeated string instruction, a software interrupt, or a subroutine. Q Stops the DEBUG session. R Displays or alters the contents of one or more registers. S Searches a portion of memory for a specified pattern of one or more byte values. T Processes one instruction and then displays the contents of all registers, the status of all flags, and the decoded form of the instruction that DEBUG will process next. U Disassembles bytes and displays the corresponding source statements. W Writes the file being tested to a disk. XA Allocates expanded memory. XD Deallocates expanded memory. XM Maps expanded memory pages. XS Displays the status of expanded memory.
DETACH: Starts and simultaneously detaches an OS/2 program from its command processor. DETACH ------------------ command -----------------------|Any program that is started with DETACH must be able to process programsindependently outside the control of the command processor. DETACH should notissue any input or output calls to the keyboard, the mouse, or the display.You can detach any program, command, or file that does not require the use ofa screen (for example, internal commands and batch (.CMD) files). The OS/2operating system detaches CMD.EXE when it runs the internal command or batchfile. For example, if you type DETACH DIR, it is changed to the equivalent ofDETACH CMD.EXE /C DIR.CMD.EXE uses the value of the COMSPEC environment variable to locate theCMD.EXE that should be detached before it runs internal commands and batchfiles.You can use DETACH with redirection sequences to redirect a program's standardinput and output to devices other than the keyboard and the display. Thisallows the program to run noninteractively.
DIR: Lists the files and subdirectories in a directory. DIR ---|---------|-|--------|-|------------|--|----------- |- drive -| |- path -| |- filename -| | | | |----------------------------------------| |-------------------------| | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --------|--|------|--|---------| | |--/W -| | | |- /F -| | |---- /P ----| |---- /N ----| |---- /A ----| |---- /B ----| |---- /O ----| |---- /R ----| |---- /S ----| |---- /L ----|Related Commands: ;)CHDIR ;)MKDIR ;)RMDIR ;)TREETyping DIR, without a parameter, lists the files in the current directory.You can also: o List the files in the parent directory of the current directory by typing DIR .. o Send the directory listing to your printer by typing DIR >PRNThe system displays the name, size (in bytes), and the date and time youplaced the information in the file. DIR also displays the disk volume labeland volume serial number. It also gives the total number of files, the numberof bytes used in the files displayed, and the amount of free space (in bytes)remaining on the disk.Note that directory entries for hidden system files are not listed, even ifthey are present. Also, if you do not specify a file name extension, thedefault is *, which indicates that all files with that file name (regardlessof the extension) should be displayed. DIR displays files consecutively onthe screen if you specify multiple file names. You can include a drive andpath when specifying multiple file names and may also use the global file-namecharacters * and ? in the file name you specify.
DISKCOMP: Compares the contents of the diskette in the source drive to the contents of the diskette in the target drive. ---|---------|-|--------|--------------- DISKCOMP --------- |- drive -| |- path -| . . . . . .--|----------------|----|----------------|----------------| |- source drive -| |- target drive -|Related Commands: ;)DISKCOPYEnter this command without a parameter to start a step-by-step procedure tocompare the contents of diskettes in different diskette drives.DISKCOMP does not work in DOS sessions on drives that have an ASSIGN, JOIN, orSUBST command in effect. Also, DISKCOMP does not work on network drives.Observe these restrictions when using DISKCOMP: o Use DISKCOMP only between diskettes of the same size and storage capacity. o Do not use DISKCOMP to compare information between 5.25- inch and 3.5-inch diskettes. o Follow the examples under the COMP command to compare files between 5.25-inch and 3.5-inch media.Return Codes DISKCOMP issues a return code of 0 for normal completion ordisplays the appropriate error message.
DISKCOPY: Copies the contents of the diskette in the source drive to the diskette in thetarget drive. If necessary, the target diskette is formatted during the copy.Neither the source nor the target drive can be a hard disk or a virtual drive.DISKCOPY also displays the volume serial number of the target diskette. ---|---------|-|--------|--------------- DISKCOPY --------- |- drive -| |- path -| . . . . . .--|----------------|----|----------------|----------------| |- source drive -| |- target drive -|Related Commands: ;)DISKCOMPDISKCOPY does not work in DOS sessions on drives that have an ASSIGN, JOIN, orSUBST command in effect.It is important to note that DISKCOPY automatically formats (prepares) thetarget diskette with the same number of sides and sectors per track as thesource diskette before copying the contents of the source diskette to it.Observe these restrictions when using DISKCOPY: o Use DISKCOPY only between diskettes of the same size and storage capacity. o Do not use DISKCOPY to copy information between 5.25-inch and 3.5-inch diskettes. Follow the examples under the COPY command to copy files between 5.25-inch and 3.5-inch diskettes.Because of the OS/2 multitasking operating environment, DISKCOPY locks thediskettes to prevent any other program from reading or writing to thediskettes while copying is being performed. If errors are detected on eitherdiskette during the copy operation, DISKCOPY shows the drive, track, and sidewhere it found the error, and proceeds with the copying.Return Codes: DISKCOPY issues a return code of 0 for normal completion ordisplays the appropriate error message.Note: D1 and d2 may be the same. In that instance, DISKCOPY uses justone drive to perform the copy. DISKCOPY will prompt you to insert diskettesas necessary.
DOSKEY: Recalls DOS commands, edits command lines, and creates macros. -----|---------|----|--------|----- DOSKEY --------- |- drive -| |- path -| |--------------------| | . . . . . . . . . -------|---------------|-|-|----------------|------| |- /REINSTALL --| | Macroname=text | |- /BUFSIZE=n --| |------ /M -----| |------ /H -----| ||-/OVERSTRIKE-|| |-- /INSERT --| Recalling a Command To recall a command, use the following keys: Up Arrow Recalls the DOS command you used before the one displayed. Down Arrow Recalls the DOS command you used after the one displayed. Page Up Recalls the first DOS command you used in the current session. Page Down Recalls the most recent DOS command you used. Editing the Command Line To edit the current command line, use the following DOSKEY editing keys: Left Arrow Moves the cursor back one character. Right Arrow Moves the cursor forward one character. Ctrl+Left Arrow Moves the cursor back one word. Ctrl+Right Arrow Moves the cursor forward one word. Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of the line. End Moves the cursor to the end of the line. Esc Clears the command from the screen. F1 Copies one character from the template to the DOS command line. F2 Searches forward in the template for the next key you type after pressing F2. DOSKEY inserts the text from the template up to but not including the character you specify. F3 Copies the remainder of the template to the command line. DOSKEY begins copying characters from the position in the template that corresponds to the position indicated by the cursor on the command line. F4 Deletes characters, beginning with the first character in the template, up to a character you specify. F5 Copies the current command into the template and clears the command line. F6 Places an end-of-file character (Ctrl+Z) at the end of the current command line. F7 Displays all commands stored in memory with their associated numbers. These numbers are assigned in order from the first command to the most recent. Alt+F7 Deletes all commands stored in memory. F8 Searches memory for a command that you want DOSKEY to display. To use this editing key, type the first few characters of the command you want to find and press F8. The commands that start with the characters you specified are displayed beginning with the most recent as you repeat pressing F8. F9 Prompts you for a command number and displays the command associated with the number you specify. Alt+F10 Deletes all macro definitions. Creating a Macro To create macros that process one or more DOS commands, use the following special characters to control command operations: $G or $g Redirects output. Use these special characters to send output to a device or a file instead of to the screen. These characters are equivalent to the output redirection symbol (>). $G$G or $g$g Appends output to the end of a file rather than replacing the data in the file. These double characters are equivalent to the (>>) symbols for appending redirected output. $L or $l Redirects input. Use these special characters to read input from a device or a file instead of from the keyboard. These characters are equivalent to the redirection symbol for input (<). $B or $b Sends macro output to a command. These characters are equivalent to the pipe (|). $T or $t Separates commands. Use these special characters to separate commands when you are creating macros or typing commands at a DOS command prompt. $$ Specifies the dollar-sign character ($). $1 through $9 Represents any command-line information you want to specify when you run a macro. These special characters are batch parameters that enable you to use different data on the command line each time you run a macro. The $1 character in a DOSKEY command is similar to the %1 character in a batch program. $* Represents all the command-line information you want to specify when you run a macro. Everything you type on the command line after a macro name is substituted for the $* in the macro.Running a MacroTo run a macro, type the macro name starting at the first position on thecommand line. If the macro was defined with $* or any of the batch parameters$1 through $9, use a space to separate parameters.Creating a Macro with the Same Name as a DOS CommandYou might want to create a macro with the same name as a DOS command. Thiscan be useful, for example, if you always use a certain command with specificparameters. To specify whether you want to run the macro or the DOS command,follow these guidelines: o To run the macro, begin typing the macro name immediately after the command prompt, with no space between the prompt and the command name. o To process the command, insert one or more spaces between the command prompt and the command name.
DPATH: Gives application programs the search path to data files that are outside thecurrent directory. The DPATH environment variable can only be set using theSET command in OS/2 sessions. DPATH ----------|---------|---- path -------|-------------| |- drive -| | | | |------------- ; --------------|Related Commands: ;)APPEND ;)PATH and ;)SETTyping DPATH without a parameter displays the current value of the DPATHenvironment variable. Typing DPATH ; clears the DPATH environment variable.DPATH indicates what directories applications should search for their datafiles (if an application program uses the DPATH directory list).DPATH is a system environment variable, which means that application programscan query the environment for its value, and, depending on what they find,change their behavior.Like the PATH command, the number of directories you can specify with DPATH islimited only by the length of the command line. The length of a DPATH commandcan be up to six characters less that the maximum number of characters allowedon the command line. Once you set a search path for data files with DPATH,the path remains in effect for the current command processor until you replaceit with another DPATH command.DPATH differs from the APPEND command in how it operates. DPATH tellsapplications what directories it should search in order to find data files,and it is up to the applications to recognize DPATH. With the APPEND command,however, application programs are able to find files without recognizing thatthe APPEND command is in effect.
EAUTIL: Allows you to split (save) extended attributes from a file and then rejoin the extended attributes to the file. EAUTIL --- datafile --|------------|---|---------------|--- |- holdfile -| |- /S -|------|-| | |- /R -| | |- /J -|------|-| |- /O -| |- /M -| . . . . . . ----------|------|---------------------------------------| |- /P -|Related Commands: ;)IFSAn extended attribute is a mechanism that allows an application to attachinformation to a file or directory (file system object). Extended attributesare used to describe the object to another application, to the operatingsystem, or to the file system program that manages the file or directory.EAUTIL allows you to split extended attributes from a data file or programfile and place them in a hold file as data. After you do this, you can usethe file with other applications or file systems that do not recognize or arenot able to process extended attributes. By saving extended attributes to ahold file, you prevent them from being erased or lost. The command alsoallows you to join extended attributes contained in the hold file to the datafile.Return Codes: 0 - Normal completion 1 - File not found 4 - Ended due to error
ERASE or DEL: Deletes one or more files. Use ERASE or DEL interchangeably. ERASE -|--|---------|-|---------- filename -|-|--|------|-| | |- drive -| |- path --|------------| | |- /P -| DEL ---| | |- filename -| | |- /N -| |-------------------------------------|Do not use ERASE or DEL to delete a subdirectory name; use the removedirectory (RD/RMDIR) command. You can use ERASE or DEL to delete the contentsof a subdirectory. In addition, read- only and hidden files, such as theoperating system files of IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM, cannot be deleted.When erasing all files in a directory, the system displays the name of thedirectory, along with the message: Are you sure (Y/N)? Enter a Y (yes) to erase all the files in the directory or enter an N (no) to end the DEL or ERASE command.
EXIT: Ends or closes the current command processor (CMD.EXE or COMMAND.COM) and returns to the previous one, or to the desktop if no previous session exists. EXIT ------------------------------------------------------|Related Commands: ;)CMD and ;)COMMANDTo close the current command processor and return to the previous commandprocessor, or the desktop, enter EXIT.If you are running a program, you must first end the program before typingEXIT. If no previous command processor exists, typing EXIT returns you to thedesktop.
FDISK: Allows you to create or delete a primary partition or a logical drive in an extended partition. ---|---------|-|--------|------------ FDISK -------------| |- drive -| |- path -| ---|---------|-|--------|------------ FDISK ------------- |- drive -| |- path -| |---------------------| | . . . . .-------------|------ /QUERY -------|--|-------------------||| |------ /CREATE ------| |--- /NAME:name ---| |------ /DELETE ------| |----- /DISK:n -----| |-- /SETNAME:name ---| |----- /FSTYPE:x ---| |- /SETACCESS -| |----- /START:m ----| |---- /STARTABLE -----| |----- /SIZE:m -----| |-- /FILE:filename ---| |----- /VTYPE:n ----| |--- /BOOTABLE:s ---| |--- /BOOTMGR ------|Related Commands: ;)FDISKPM ;)SETBOOTRelated Information: Hard Disk Information o The Fixed Disk Utility (FDISK) - Full-screenThe full-screen version of FDISK is used during installation of the operatingsystem. It provides users with the same functions as the FDISKPM version.The full-screen version supports windows and looks and acts much the same asFDISKPM but it does not support a mouse. o The Fixed Disk Utility (FDISK) - Command LineUse the FDISK command at the command prompt to establish or change partitionvalues. Use the parameters and options with the FDISK command to specify andlimit the values and characteristics of the partitions.The following syntax shows how to use the FDISK command to take advantage ofthe Boot Manager for unattended environments: FDISK /parameter:value /option:valueThe Boot Manager allows you to create up to four primary partitions on a harddisk. A primary partition is an area on the hard disk that cannot be shared.A partition that cannot be shared means that only one entity can reside thereand only one primary partition can be active at one time. The data of anoperating system in a primary partition cannot be accessed by an operatingsystem in another primary partition but it can be accessed by a logical drivein an extended partition.You can create an extended partition in place of one of the four primarypartitions. This partition can be subdivided into multiple logical drives.You can install a different operating system on each of the logical drives.These logical drives are shareable; any data installed on these logical drivescan be used by an operating system running from any other logical drive onyour system, if the file systems are compatible.Note: All versions of DOS must be in a primary partition. Otheroperatingsystems can be installed on logical drives in an extended partition.Return codes: FDISK issues a return code of 0 for normal completion or theappropriate error message.
FDISKPM: Allows you to create or delete a primary partition or a logical drive in an extended partition. ---|---------|-|--------|------------ FDISKPM -------------| |- drive -| |- path -|Related Commands: ;)FDISKRelated Information: Hard Disk InformationFDISKPM presents menus and displays to guide you through the tasks necessaryto set up your hard disks. Help is available for all selectable items andentry fields within FDISKPM.You can use the choices on the Options menu to: o Install the Boot Manager partition. o Create a primary partition or logical drive. o Add a partition to the Boot Manager menu. o Change the partition name. o Assign the accessibility of primary partitions. o Specify startup values such as a default partition, startup selection time, or mode for the Boot Manager menu. o Remove a partition from the Boot Manager menu. o Delete a primary partition or logical drive. o Set a primary partition as installable. o Specify a primary partition as being startable. o Exit FDISKPM.
FIND: Searches for a specific string of text in a file or files and sends the specified lines to your output device. |----------------------| | --|---------|-|--------|-- FIND ----|----------------|---|-- |- drive -| |- path -| |-|--- /V -----|-| | |--- /C -----| | |----- /I -------| |----- /N -------| . . . . . .-- "string" ---|---------|-|--------|--- filename ----|---| |- drive -| |- path -| | | | |----------------------------------------| It is important to note:o You must type the phrase or word in quotation marks in the exact format(uppercase or lowercase) in which it is written in the text. Two singlequotes in succession are not equivalent to quotation marks.o When searching for strings that contain quotation marks, an extra set ofquotation marks must be entered both before and after the string. Forexample, to find the string "Quotation Marks" in a file named PUNCTUATION,enter the following: FIND ""Quotation Marks"" PUNCTUATIONo You must specify the specific file name you want the FIND command to search.Global characters such as the asterisk (*) or question mark (?) do not work.o You can specify parameter /V together with /C or /N, but parameter /N cannotbe used with /C.o Within a search string containing quotation marks, you can representquotation marks by preceding the double quotation mark character with abackslash (\). For example: FIND "SAY \"Hello\"" FILE1Return Codes: FIND issues a return code of 0 for normal completion. /C Display a count of matching lines /V Display all lines not containing text. /N Display line number
FOR: Allows repetitive running of OS/2 commands. To use FOR from the OS/2 command prompt: FOR --- % variable --- IN --- (set) --- DO ---- command ---| To use FOR from a batch file: FOR ------ %%c ------- IN ---- (set) ---- DO ---- command -|It is important to note that:o The items in parentheses specify the "set," which can include file and pathnames.o An item in the set can contain the global file-name characters * or ?.o Use only one percent sign ( % ) before the variable if you are processingfrom the command prompt; use two percent signs ( %% ) if you are using thevariable in a batch file.o For OS/2 sessions, piping and redirection can be used with the FOR command.The following example shows three C-language program files being compiled andcompiler messages being saved in three files that have a .OUT extension. FOR %1 IN ( FILE1 FILE2 FILE3 ) DO CL /C %1.C > %1.OUT 2>&1For DOS sessions, piping and redirection are not used with the FOR command.o For OS/2 sessions, you can specify more than one FOR command at a commandprompt.For example, type the following in order to print these files: FILE1.C,FILE1.LST, FILE2.C, FILE2.LST, FILE3.C, FILE3.LST: FOR %1 IN ( FILE1 FILE2 FILE3 ) DO FOR %J IN ( C LST ) DO PRINT %1.%JIn the following example, FOR sequentially sets the %%D parameter to each itemin the set and then evaluates the command you want to run (TYPE).Assume you want a batch file to process the commands, TYPE FILE1 and TYPEFILE2, and have the result be the same as if you typed both commands from thecommand prompt: FOR %%D IN (FILE1 FILE2) DO TYPE %%DAssume you want to process the commands TYPE FILE1 and TYPE FILE2 from thecommand prompt: FOR %H IN (FILE1 FILE2) DO TYPE %H
FORMAT: Formats a disk in the specified drive to accept OS/2 files by marking thedirectory and file allocation tables on the disk. FORMAT also checks the diskfor defects. -----|---------|----|--------|----- FORMAT ---- drive ----- |- drive -| |- path -| |-------------------------| | . . . . . .--------------|---------------------||--------------------| |--- /ONCE -----------| |--- /4 --------------| |--- /T:tracks -------| |--- /N:sectors ------| |--- /F:xxxx ---------| |--- /FS:xxxxx -------| |--- /L --------------| |--- /V -|----------|-| |- :label -|Related Commands: ;)IFS ;)LABEL and ;)VOLIf you format a drive for the High Performance File System, FORMAT checks theIFS statement in the CONFIG.SYS file to determine if the drive is listed withthe /AUTOCHECK parameter. If the drive is listed, FORMAT does not update theIFS statement. If the drive is not listed, FORMAT adds the drive letter.If you format a diskette or hard disk that already contains information, allthe information is erased. Also, be sure to specify a drive letter, followedby a colon (for example, A:); otherwise, the system displays an error messagethat you have not specified a target drive.Be sure to set up an OS/2 partition on all hard disks before formatting them.FORMAT does not recognize a hard disk as being an OS/2 disk if an OS/2 or aDOS partition does not exist. When FORMAT finds such a disk, it skips to thenext disk and begins formatting it.Do not attempt to format a diskette to an incorrect capacity, because such adiskette will not store your data reliably.By default, the FORMAT command attempts to format the media to the maximumcapacity of the diskette drive. The /F:xxxx parameter allows you to format3.5-inch diskettes to less than the maximum capacity of the diskette drive.FORMAT does not work on drives that have an ASSIGN, JOIN, or SUBST command ineffect. Also, FORMAT does not work on network drives.FORMAT does work on the IBM read/write optical disc drive. To format andinstall the file system on an optical disc the first time requires about 20minutes using the /L parameter. Reformatting a previously formatted opticaldisc requires only a few minutes when you do not use the /L parameter.Return Codes: 0 - Normal completion 3 - Ended by user 4 - Ended due to error 5 - Ended due to NO response when user was prompted to format a hard disk 6 - FORMAT was unable to process another file system's format program 7 - Volume not supported by another file system's format program. /F:360 /F:720 /F:1.2 /F:1.44 /FS:HPFS /FS:FAT
FSACCESS: |--------------------------------------| | FSACCESS ----|-----|-|-------------------------|--|--| |- ! -| |------- DOSletter -------| |- DOSletter - DOSletter -| |-- DOSletter = OS2drive -|Related Commands: ;)FSFILTER ;)VMDISKRelated Information: Starting a Specific Version of DOSFSACCESS can be called multiple times to re-assign drive letters, make newdrives accessible, or remove access to drives. Drives cannot be in use (thecurrent drive) when remapped.When a specific version of DOS is started from an image file, references todrive A in that session access the image file. The use of the physicaldiskette drive A is not available.The command FSACCESS A:closes the image file and maps drive letter A to the physical diskette driveA.Note: Specifying no parameters displays the current drive mappings.
GRAFTABL: Loads a table of additional characters into memory for graphics mode. BecauseGRAFTABL is a DOS command, it has no effect on OS/2 sessions. --|---------|-|--------|--- GRAFTABL ---|------------|-----| |- drive -| |- path -| |---- nnn ---| |---- ? -----| |--- /STA ---|Enter this command without a parameter to display the current graphicscode-page table that is loaded.GRAFTABL allows the ASCII extended character set to be displayed when displayadapters are being used for graphics. GRAFTABL works only for modes 4, 5, and6 of the Color Graphics Adapter, Enhanced Graphics Adapter, and Video GraphicsArray.Return Codes: 0 - No previously loaded character table exists and a code page is now resident. 1 - A previously loaded character table exists. If a new table was requested, it replaces the previous table at its original location. 2 - No previously loaded character table exists and no new table is loaded. 3 - Incorrect parameter 4 - Incorrect DOS version
HELP: Provides a help line as part of the command prompt, displays help informationfor warning and error messages, or displays a specific topic within a book. --|---------|-|--------|--- HELP ----|-------------------|-| |- drive -| |- path -| |------ ON --------| |------ OFF -------| |--- message help --| ||--------|- topic -| |- book -|Enter this command without a parameter to display the HELP options availablefor the current mode of operation. These options allow you to: o Return to the desktop. o Switch to the next session o Exit the current OS/2 session o Get additional help on error and warning messages.If you are writing an application program or working with unfamiliar software,it is advisable to specify HELP OFF, or messages from your program might notappear on the display screen.If you specify HELP ON, the value of the PROMPT environment is overwrittenuntil you specify HELP OFF. Specifying HELP OFF resets the prompt back to thedefault system prompts for DOS and OS/2 sessions.To request help for a message, enter HELP with the message number. HELP thendisplays the original message, which is usually followed by explanation andaction statements. If the original message contains variable data, such asthe name of a file, HELP substitutes three asterisks (***) for the variabledata when it responds to your help request. In addition, if you enter anincorrect message ID, you get a message stating "No help is available for themessage ID number requested."If HELP is unable to find the help message file (OSO001H.MSG) in the currentdirectory, it searches for the file in the directories contained in the DPATHand APPEND statements.
JOIN: Logically connects a drive to a directory on another drive. Therefore, youcan access a drive by a directory name instead of a drive letter. You canjoin a drive only at the root directory. -|---------|-|--------|------ JOIN ------- drive ---------- |- drive -| |- path -| . . . . . .--------- drive\directory ------|------|------------------| |- /D -|Related Commands: ;)ASSIGN ;)SUBSTEnter this command without a parameter to display the names of the drivescurrently joined.If the directory name does not exist, the OS/2 operating system creates adirectory on the drive you specify. A directory that already exists must beempty for the JOIN to work. Also, after you issue the JOIN command, the firstdrive name is no longer correct, and if you try to use it, the operatingsystem displays an error message.Note that the following commands do not work in DOS sessions on drives thathave a JOIN command in effect: CHKDSK DISKCOMP DISKCOPY FORMAT LABEL RECOVER RESTORE /D Switch to undo the join and return the drive with all its files to its original location.Note: Entering the command without parameters displays the drives thatare currently joined.
KEYB: Selects a keyboard layout to replace the current keyboard layout for all OS/2and DOS sessions. --|---------|-|--------|-- KEYB -----|----------|--------- |- drive -| |- path -| |- layout -| . . . . . . -----------|--------------|------------------------------| |- subcountry -|Related Commands: ;)CODEPAGE ;)COUNTRY and ;)DEVINFOIf your CONFIG.SYS file contains a keyboard DEVINFO statement, then you havethe ability to switch keyboard layouts using KEYB. If there is no keyboardDEVINFO statement in the CONFIG.SYS file, typing KEYB with any layout returnsan error message. Typing KEYB without a layout parameter, whether there is aDEVINFO statement or not in your CONFIG.SYS file, causes the current keyboardcode-page information to be displayed.KEYB is useful for quickly accessing the keyboard characters of anotherkeyboard layout. KEYB must be run only from an OS/2 full-screen commandprompt. Running KEYB from a command prompt of an OS/2 window createsunexpected results.KEYB prepares the keyboard in the selected layout for the system code pages.A message is displayed when the code pages that are set in the CODEPAGEstatement in the CONFIG.SYS file do not match the code pages associated withthe layout that is being processed by KEYB. Enter a Y (yes) to load thedefault layout or an N (no) to end the KEYB command without loading therequested keyboard layout. Loading the default layout for a keyboard thatdoes not match the country physical keyboard layout is recommended only forusers who understand the implications for character mismatch. If you chooseto load the default layout, certain characters typed at the keyboard and readby a program may not match the characters shown on the keytops. Also,characters entered from the keyboard could be displayed incorrectly on thescreen.If you use KEYB to switch to a keyboard layout where the keyboard code pagedoes not match the system code pages, and you decide that the potentialproblems with using the default layout are too great, you must change theCODEPAGE statement in the CONFIG.SYS file to match the keyboard code pageassociated with the keyboard layout that you are trying to load.If you want characters displayed in the same default code page for the layoutyou specified using KEYB, change the CODEPAGE statement in the CONFIG.SYSfile.The DEVINFO statement specifies the keyboard layout that the system is tostart in, if all other required CONFIG.SYS parameters are correct. If you donot specify a DEVINFO statement in your CONFIG.SYS file, the U.S. keyboardlayout (US) is the default. You cannot, however, use the KEYB command if noDEVINFO statement is given. Only one DEVINFO is required (for the startingkeyboard layout). KEYB can be issued for any valid country layout, providedcode-page support for that country has been prepared.
KEYS: Permits previously issued commands to be retrieved and edited. KEYS -----------------|----------------|-------------------| |------ OFF -----| |------ ON ------| |------ list ----|Enter this command without a parameter to display the status of the KEYScommand.Entering KEYS ON disables ANSI extended keyboard support in OS/2 sessions.The amount of memory for the command queue cannot exceed 64KB. When the queueis full, the oldest command is discarded as new commands are entered from thekeyboard.Entering KEYS ON or KEYS OFF at the command prompt, sets an environmentvariable named KEYS with a value of ON or OFF. CMD.EXE checks the KEYSenvironment variable when it starts and determines if KEYS is set to ON. Ifso, CMD.EXE acts as an implicit KEYS ON command. KEYS ON Editing KEYS OFF Editing
LABEL: Creates or changes the volume identification label on a disk. --|---------|-|--------|-- LABEL --|---------|-|---------|-| |- drive -| |- path -| |- drive -| |- label -|Related Commands: ;)VOLEnter this command without a parameter to display the current label and volumeserial number. LABEL prompts you if you want to change it. Type a volumelabel up to 11 characters long and press Enter. If you press Enter withoutentering a label, the volume label remains unchanged.Any leading blanks entered before a volume label are removed from the label,and the first letter of the label is automatically positioned at the firstdigit space allowed for the label.LABEL does not work in DOS sessions on drives that have an ASSIGN, JOIN, orSUBST command in effect. Also, LABEL does not work on network drives.Return Codes: The LABEL command issues a return code of 0 for normalcompletion.
MAKEINI: System settings, such as application defaults, display options, and fileoptions, are contained in the OS2.INI startup file located in the C:\OS2directory of your hard disk. There is also a system file called OS2SYS.INI,which contains information about installed fonts and printer drivers. ---|---------|----|--------|--- MAKEINI ---|----------|---| |- drive -| |- path -| |-- user --| |- system -|If you receive a message stating that the OS2.INI file is corrupted, theOS2.INI file installed on your system must be replaced by another valid copyof the OS2.INI file.To accomplish this, use the MAKEINI program from your command prompt.Added to your system during the installation process, the MAKEINI.EXE filecreates a new OS2.INI file containing default information. You shouldre-create both the user and system INI files using MAKEINI (located in theC:\OS2 directory of your hard disk).Note: You can rename the OS2.INI and OS2SYS.INI files to names of yourchoice as long as the same file names are reflected in the PROTSHELL statementin the CONFIG.SYS file.
MEM: Displays the amount of used and free memory in the DOS environment. MEM ------------------|------|---------------------| |- /P -| |- /D -| |- /C -|Related Commands: ;)CHKDSKUse the MEM command to display information about allocated memory areas, freememory areas, and programs that are currently loaded into memory.
MKDIR or MD: Makes new subdirectories within the root directory (the directory you are inwhen the OS/2 operating system starts) or within another subdirectory. MKDIRcreates a multilevel directory structure, which is helpful in keeping relatedprogram or data files together. MKDIR ----|---------|---------|------ path ----|----------| MD --| |- drive -| | | | |------------------------------|Related Commands: ;)CD ;)DIR ;)RD and ;)TREEEnter this command with a directory name to create a subdirectory within thecurrent directory. Do not use the backslash (\) symbol if you have changeddirectories and you want to create a subdirectory in your current directory.If you use the backslash symbol, the subdirectory is created within the rootdirectory.Each directory can contain file and directory names that also appear in otherdirectories. In other words, two or more files or directories can have thesame name, if you define them in separate directories.
MODE: Sets operation modes for devices. MODE------------------ device --------|-------------|-----| |- arguments -| There are four different MODE commands you can use: COM# Sets asynchronous communications modes. Display Sets the display modes for video adapters. LPT# Sets parallel printer modes. DSKT Sets diskette input/output write verification.
MORE: Reads data from the standard input device and sends data to the standardoutput device (usually the display) one full screen at a time. After eachscreen, the OS/2 operating system pauses with the message --More-- until youpress any key to continue. -----|---------|----|--------|-------- MORE ---------------| |- drive -| |- path -|Related Commands: ;)FIND ;)SORT"One screen at a time" does not imply one physical window's worth ofinformation at a time when used in a window session.MORE is useful for viewing long files or directories. To view the nextscreen, press any key. However, if you do not want to continue, press theCtrl and Break keys together.Return Codes: The MORE command issues a return code of 0 for normalcompletion.
MOVE: Moves one or more files from one directory to another directory on the samedrive. MOVE ----|---------|-----|---------- filename -|---------- |- drive -| |- path -|------------| |- filename -| . . . . . .-----------|--------|---|------------|--------------------| |- path -| |- filename -|You can use the global file-name characters ? and * in the filename parameterof both the source and target files. If you type global characters in thesource file name, the names of the files will be displayed as the files arebeing moved.
PATCH: Allows you to apply IBM-supplied patches to make repairs to software. ---|---------|-|--------|----- PATCH -----|---------|----- |- drive -| |- path -| |- drive -| . . . . . .--|--------|---- filename.ext -----|------|---------------| |- path -| |- /A -|PATCH should be used only by those who understand the need for a patch, how tomake a patch, and the effect the patch has on the operation of a program.PATCH has prompts that guide you through inserting changes to the operatingsystem's software.If you select the /A option to automatically apply patches shipped by IBM tomake fixes to IBM-supplied code, verification is performed before the patch isapplied. Verification might not be done on non-IBM-supplied patches.If you decide to manually apply a patch by entering the command without anyoptions, you are asked to supply an offset to indicate where the patch is tobe made. PATCH displays the contents of the location specified by the offsetand allows you to enter the patch. You must enter both the offset and thepatch contents in hexadecimal notation.When you supply a hexadecimal offset, the operating system displays the 16bytes at that offset and you can change any or all 16 bytes or quit withoutmaking any changes. The cursor is initially positioned on the first byte.You can type one or two hexadecimal digits to change this byte or press theSpacebar to leave the byte unchanged and move to the next byte. You can pressBackspace to move the cursor to the previous byte if you make a mistake. Youcan continue changing bytes until you press Enter. If you move the cursorpast the 16th byte, the operating system displays the next 16 bytes, allowingyou to also change those bytes.After you press Enter, the patch information is saved in memory and thefollowing message is displayed: Do you want to continue patching filename (Y/N)?If you enter Y (yes), PATCH prompts for an offset. PATCH also saves any morepatch requests in memory. When you have entered all patches, the operatingsystem displays them on your screen and asks you to verify that they should beapplied. If you respond with a Y, all the saved patch requests are written tothe disk in the same order in which you entered them.If you specify automatic mode (/A), PATCH gets the information needed from apatch information file received from IBM.Return Codes: PATCH issues a return code of 0 for normal completion.
PATH: Sets a search path for commands and programs. PATH -----------|---------|---- path -------|-------------| |- drive -| | | | |------------- ; --------------|Related Commands: ;)APPEND ;)DPATH and ;)SETEnter this command without a parameter to display the paths currently ineffect. To delete the use of the PATH command, enter the command followed bya semicolon ( ; ).Setting the PATH in the CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files lets you avoidhaving to set PATH from the command prompt each time you turn on your system.As you create your own subdirectories, you can change the PATH statement inyour CONFIG.SYS to reflect your new directory structure. For DOS sessions,you update the PATH statement in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file.PATH searches specified directories for commands or batch files that thesystem did not find when it searched the current directory. PATH only findsfiles that can be run, such as files with the following extensions: .COM,.EXE, and .BAT (for DOS sessions), or .CMD (for OS/2 sessions).PATH is a system environment variable. If the system cannot find an externalcommand or program in your current directory, it queries the environment for avalue for PATH. Application programs can also query the environment for thevalue of PATH and, depending on what they find, change their behavior.If you enter a command that is not found in the current directory, the systemsearches the named directories in the order in which you entered them. Thelength of a path can be up to five characters less than the number ofcharacters allowed on the command line.When you install the OS/2 operating system, the installation program placesthe following PATH statement in your CONFIG.SYS file: SET PATH=C:\OS2;C:\OS2\SYSTEM;C:\OS2\MDOS;C:\OS2\INSTALL;C:\;System installation also creates the following PATH statement in yourAUTOEXEC.BAT file for use with DOS sessions: PATH C:\OS2;C:\OS2\MDOS;C:\;
PICVIEW: Displays a picture file. PICVIEW -|---------|-|--------|- filename -|--------|-|------|--| |- drive -| |- path -| |- /MET -| |- /P -| |- /PIF -| |- /S -|You can select Picture Viewer from the Productivity folder or issue a PICVIEWcommand at an OS/2 command prompt.If you enter PICVIEW without a parameter at the OS/2 command prompt, thePicture Viewer window appears. If you type PICVIEW with a file name, PICVIEWstarts displaying the picture file immediately. If you do not specify a filename, you can select the files to be displayed from the Picture Viewer window.To return to the OS/2 command prompt, you must select Exit from the PictureViewer window.
PMREXX: Displays output from REXX procedures and provides an input field for them. ---|---------|-|--------|---------- PMREXX------------ |- drive -| |- path -| ---|---------|-|--------|-- filename --|-------------|-| |- drive -| |- path -| |- arguments -|PMREXX is a Presentation Manager* window application that enables you tobrowse the output of your REXX procedures.You start the PMREXX program and a REXX procedure from an OS/2 command prompt.You do this by typing PMREXX and a target procedure name that generates anoutput or input function, as follows: PMREXX filename.CMD argumentswhere the arguments and .CMD extension are optional.By using PMREXX, you add the following features to REXX:o A window for the display of the output of a REXX procedure, such as: - The SAY instruction output - The STDOUT and STDERR outputs from secondary processes started from a REXX procedures file - The REXX TRACE output (not to be confused with OS/2 tracing). o An input window for: - The PULL instruction in all of its forms - The STDIN data for secondary processes started from a REXX procedures file. o A browsing, scrolling, and clipboard capability for REXX output. o A selection of fonts for the output window. o A simple environment for experimenting with REXX instructions through the use of the REXXTRY.CMD program. REXXTRY interactively interprets REXX instructions and can be started from an OS/2 command prompt.For more information about REXX and PMREXX, select REXX Information in theInformation folder.
PRINT: Prints or cancels printing of one or more files. |------------------| | --|---------|-|--------|--- PRINT -----|-------------|--|--~ |- drive -| |- path -| |- /D:device -| |----- /B ----| |----------------| | ---|---------||--------|-- filename -|----|--|------|---||| |- drive -||- path -| | | |- /C -| | | | | |- /T -| | |-----------------------------------| |- /D:device -|Related Commands: ;)SPOOL It is important to note that: o The /C and /T parameters are valid for OS/2 sessions only. o The /C or /T parameter cannot be used with the /B parameter. o The /C and /T parameters cannot be used together. o A file name cannot be specified with the /C or /T parameter.You can enter more than one file name (along with its appropriate parameters)at the command prompt. The global file-name characters (* and ?) are allowed.Also, the files are queued for printing in the order in which you enter them. /D:device Specifies the print device. Default LPT1 /B Causes ^Z characters not to be interpreted as EOF /C Cancels the currently printing file /T Cancels all files waiting to be printed
PROMPT: Changes the system command prompt. PROMPT ---------------|----------------|-------------------| |----- text -----|Related Commands: ;)DATE ;)HELP ;)SET ;)TIME and ;)VERTyping this command without a parameter resets the system prompt to the systemdefault. PROMPT can be specified with the SET command. You can also set thePROMPT command in the CONFIG.SYS file.In DOS sessions, the default system prompt is the default drive letterfollowed by the > symbol. If you are in the root directory of the defaultdrive, your DOS command prompt looks like this: C>The default OS/2 system prompt is the current directory of the default driveenclosed within bracket symbols. If you are in the \OS2 directory of thedefault drive, your OS/2 command prompt looks like this: [C:\OS2] $ Dollar Sign character t Current time(HH:MM:SS:hh) d Current date p Current directory of the default drive v Version number n Default drive g Greater-than character (>) l Less-than character (<) b Bar (|) character _ CR LF Sequence h Backspace and delete the previous character e ASCII code 1B (escape) q Equal sign (=)
PSTAT: Displays process, thread, system-semaphore, shared-memory, and dynamic-linklibrary information. ----|---------|----|--------|---- PSTAT -----|----------|--| |- drive -| |- path -| |--- /C ---| |--- /S ---| |--- /L ---| |--- /M ---| |- /P:pid -|Enter this command without a parameter to display information about thefollowing: o Current processes and threads o System semaphores o Shared memory for each process o Dynamic-link librariesPSTAT displays process status information, such as current processes andthreads, system semaphores, dynamic-link libraries, and shared memory. PSTAThelps you determine which threads are running in the system, along with theircurrent status and current priorities.This command also aids you in determining why a given thread is blocked(waiting for a system event), or why the thread's performance is slow (lowpriority compared to other threads.) Moreover, it displays the process IDthat has been assigned from each process. The process ID can then be used asinput to the TRACE utility program for tracing on a per-process basis. /S System Semaphore Information /C Current Process and Thread Info /L Dynamic Link Libraries /M Shared memory segments /P:pid
RECOVER: Recovers files from a disk that contains defective sectors. ---|---------|-|--------|------------ RECOVER -------------~ |- drive -| |- path -| --|-------------------------------------------|-----------| |--|---------|---- path ------ filename ----| | |- drive -| | | | |--|---------|--|--------|---- filename ----| |- drive -| |- path -|Related Commands: ;)CHKDSKOS/2 2.0 reads the specified disk, sector by sector. If RECOVER finds a badportion, the sector is marked and data is no longer allocated to it. All thefiles on the disk can be recovered if the directory has been damaged.RECOVER cannot recover files on the disk that contains the RECOVER.EXE file orthe disk used to start the OS/2 operating system. RECOVER locks the drive tobe recovered so that no other applications or processes are allowed to accessthe drive.The OS/2 message file, C:\OS2\SYSTEM\OSO001.MSG, must not be on the disk to berecovered. To be sure it is not, do the following: o Copy the following files to a blank, formatted diskette; C:\OS2\RECOVER.COM, C:\OS2\SYSTEM\OSO001.MSG o Delete these files from the disk to be recovered. o Start the system from the OS/2 Install Diskette. o At the A: prompt, type: SETDPATH=A:\ SETPATH=A:\ o Put the diskette prepared earlier into drive A and type: RECOVER C:filenamesRECOVER does not work on drives that have an ASSIGN, JOIN, or SUBST command ineffect. Also, RECOVER does not work on network drives.Note: Use RECOVER with a specific file name or group of file names toensure that only the specified files are recovered and that other files on thetarget disk will maintain their integrity.Extended Attributes: RECOVER will attempt to recover the clusters thatcontain the extended attributes of a file. An extended attribute is a specialarea used for storing data that describes the file to the system or to anapplication. If errors occur in any extended attribute chain, RECOVER writesextended attribute information into a file that follows this naming format:EAnnnn.REC (nnnn is a sequential number starting with 0000). The data fromany bad sector appears in the file as zeroes; the original recovered file nolonger contains extended attributes. RECOVER also recovers the file ordirectory associated with the extended attribute chain and places it in a filethat follows this naming format: FILEnnnn.REC. The number in this file namecorresponds to the number shown in the EAnnnn.REC file name.When recovering files or directories that have extended attributes, be sure touse OS/2 2.0 to ensure all extended file attributes are recovered.When using RECOVER on a disk formatted for the High Performance File System(HPFS), it is important to note the following: o RECOVER does not recover an entire disk; only individual files are recovered. o RECOVER uses the original file name. If the old file cannot be recovered, RECOVER creates a file that follows this naming format: FILEnnnn.REC and places that file in the same directory as the original file. o If a sector in the damaged file cannot be recovered, RECOVER fills the area occupied by the sector with zeroes in the new file, preserving the original file size.Return Codes: 0 - Normal completion 1 - Undefined 2 - Undefined 3 - Ended by user 4 - Ended due to error 5 - Unable to read or write to one of the file allocation tables 6 - Unable to execute another file system's recover program
RENAME or REN: Changes a file name or extension without changing the contents of the file.You can use RENAME or REN interchangeably. In OS/2 sessions, you can alsochange the name of a directory. RENAME -|-|---------|-|--------|-- filename1 -- filename2 -| | |- drive -| |- path -| REN ----|Related Commands: ;)COPY ;)MOVEYou cannot specify a drive and path in the second file name; therefore, thefile stays in the same directory after you rename it.You can use global file name characters (* or ?) in either file name. Allfiles matching the first file name are renamed. If global file-namecharacters appear in the second file name, the corresponding characterpositions are not changed.
REPLACE: Selectively replaces files on the target drive with files of the same namefrom the source drive. Also, it selectively adds files from the source driveto the target drive. --|---------|-|--------|--- REPLACE ---|----------------|--~ |- drive -| |- path -| |- source drive -| -|--------|---- filename --- target drive ---|--------|---~ |- path -| |- path -| |--------------------------| | -------|---------------------|--|-------------------------| |-----|-- /A --|------| | |-- /S --| | |-------- /P ---------| |-------- /R ---------| |-------- /W ---------| |-------- /U ---------| |-------- /F ---------|Hidden and system files are not found on the source and are not replaced onthe target. Also, if you use the /A parameter with the /S parameter, thesystem displays an error message.Extended Attributes: REPLACE will copy the source file's extended attributesto the target file (See the /F parameter). When replacing files that haveextended attributes, be sure to use OS/2 2.0 to ensure all extended fileattributes are replaced.Return Codes: 0 - Normal completion 1 - No files were found to replace 2 - Some files not replaced (or added) due to file errors 4 - Ended due to errorSwitches: /A Append switch is used to append files to an existing directory. All files existing on the source that do not exist on the target are written to the target directory. The append feature only works when writing files within a single directory. /D Date switch is used to replace the target file(s) having dates and times less current than the source files. This switch cannot be used with the /A switch. /P Prompt switch is used to allow the user to determine which target files are replaced or which source files are to be added on a per file basis. /R Read-only switch is used to replace read-only files, as well as any designated, unprotected files. If you attempt to replace a read-only file without using the /R switch, REPLACE will terminate with an error. The read- only attribute of the file is not changed by using this command. /S Subdirectory switch is used to search all subdirectories on the target directory for the targeted files that are to be replaced. The paths of the source and target files do not have to match when you use this switch. This switch cannot be used with the /A switch. REPLACE never searches the source subdirectories. /W Wait switch allows diskettes to be swapped before the actual processing begins. Return Codes: For 1.3 and below 0 Normal completion 1 ^C abort, or user answered A to an "Abort, Retry, Ignore" prompt 2 File not found 3 Path not found 5 Access Denied 8 Insufficient Memory 11 Command line error (invalid parameter, number of parameters, incompatible parameters, switches) 15 Invalid Drive 22 Invalid Operating System Version
RESTORE: Restores one or more backed-up files from one disk to another. ---|---------|--|--------|--- RESTORE --- source drive ---~ |- drive -| |- path -| --|----------------|----|--------|----|------------|------| |- target drive -| |- path -| |- filename -| |--------------------------| | . . . . . .--------------|-------- /P --------|-|-------------------| |-------- /M ---------| |---- /B:mm-dd-yy ----| |---- /A:mm-dd-yy ----| |---- /E:hh:mm:ss ----| |---- /L:hh:mm:ss ----| |-------- /S ---------| |-------- /N ---------| |-------- /F ---------| |-------- /D ---------|Related Commands: ;)ATTRIB ;)BACKUPYou must have used the BACKUP command to place the files you want restored onthe source. Note that:o RESTORE works only within the source directory unless you specify the /Sparameter, which copies files in the source directory and in all directoriesbelow the starting source directory.o When RESTORE prompts you to insert the source diskette, make sure that youinsert the correct backup diskette. When you restore all your files, RESTOREprompts you to insert the backup diskettes in order.o RESTORE can restore files from disks of different types.o The RESTORE command does not restore COMMAND.COM, CMD.EXE, or the hiddenOS/2 and DOS system files on the root directory. Therefore, you cannot useRESTORE to create a startable disk or diskette.o You must restore files to the same directory they were in when BACKUP copiedthem. If you try to restore them to a different directory, the systemdisplays an error message.o If you use global file-name characters, RESTORE prompts you to insert thenext diskette after it has restored all files on the backup diskette thatmatch the specified file name.o If you are sharing files, you can restore only files that you have accessto. If you attempt to access a file that you do not have access to, thesystem displays an error message.Extended Attributes: RESTORE will copy the extended attributes of a backed-upsource file or directory to the target (See the /F parameter). An extendedattribute is a special area used for storing data that describes the file tothe system or to an application.When restoring files that have extended attributes, be sure to use OS/2 2.0 toensure all extended file and directory attributes are restored. Extendedattributes of a backed-up source subdirectory will only be copied to thetarget when the subdirectory does not already exist on the target.Return Codes: 0 - Normal completion 1 - No files were found to restore 2 - Some files were not processed due to file errors 3 - Ended by user 4 - Ended due to errorSwitches: /S Restores all matching files from the specified directory and all subdirectories below the specified directory in the TREE structure. If you do not use the /S option, RESTORE copies only the files in the specified directory. /P Prompts before restoring read-only files or files that have been modified since the last backup. /B:date Restores all files that were modified on or before the specified date. The format you use for date depends on the country code selected. /A:date Restores all files that were modified on or after the specified date. The format you use for date depends on the country code selected. /M Restores all files modified or deleted since they were last backed up. /N Restores all files that no longer exist on the target disk. Note: You cannot specify /B, /A, /M, or /N on the same command line. /L:time Restores all files modified at or after the time specified by time. /E:time Restores all files modified at or before the time specified by time.
RMDIR or RD: Removes empty directories from a multilevel directory structure. RMDIR ----|---------|---------|-------|--------|----|-----| RD --| |- drive -| |- path -| | | | |------------------------------------|Related Commands: ;)CD ;)DIR ;)MD and ;)TREEYou cannot remove the root directory or the current directory. You alsocannot remove a subdirectory of the current directory.To process this command, it is important that you: o Empty the directory of all files by using DEL or ERASE before using the RD or RMDIR command. Only the two special hidden files of (.) and (..) remain. o Empty the directory of all files in each subdirectory, if the directory contains subdirectories. o Remove all hidden file attributes from all files except (.) and (..).You cannot use this command on drives that have a SUBST or JOIN command ineffect.
SET: Sets one string in the environment equal to another string for later use inprograms. You can use the SET command in your CONFIG.SYS file or batch filesto set search paths and environment variables. To use SET from the command prompt: SET ----|------------------------------------------------|-| |- string= -|--------------------|---------------| |-------- string ----| To use SET in your CONFIG.SYS file: SET ---------- string --------- = --------- string ---------|Related Commands: ;)APPEND ;)DPATH ;)KEYS ;)PATH and;)PROMPTEnter this command without a parameter to display the environment variablesfor the current mode of operation.If the name specified by the first string of the SET command already exists inthe environment, the command processor replaces its current value with the newvalue specified by the second string. If you enter the SET command with onlythe first string and the equals sign (=), the command processor removes theenvironment variable or replaceable parameter name and its associated valuefrom the environment, if the name exists.The environment is a special place in storage that is used by the commandprocessor to store and look up information, such as the values assigned tonames. You can use SET to create a replaceable parameter or to set the valueof a system variable, such as PATH. Application programs (particularlycompilers and assemblers) and batch files can use the information stored inthe environment to affect their processing.Because DOS sessions and OS/2 sessions operate independently, each commandprocessor that starts a session can have its own environment. For informationon how command processors within a session inherit the environment, refer tothe COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE command processors.You can use the SET command in a batch file to define a replaceable parameterthat will be replaced by values supplied when the batch file runs. In OS/2sessions, replaceable parameters can also be set on the command line. Youmust begin and end the name with a percent sign (%). For example, suppose youhave a batch file that contains multiple occurrences of a file name. To avoidhaving to change each occurrence when you want to change the name of the file,you can specify the file name as a replaceable parameter; for example: %MYFILE%To set %MYFILE% to a specific file name, include a SET command in your batchfile: SET MYFILE=SAMPLE.ABCAfter the batch processor interprets the SET command, it changes eachoccurrence of %MYFILE% it meets in the batch file to SAMPLE.ABC.You can also use names of system variables as replaceable parameters in batchfiles. Assume that you have the following replaceable parameter in a batchfile: %PATH%When the batch processor meets this replaceable parameter, it looks in theenvironment for the current value of PATH and substitutes that value.You can use the SET command to set the value of OS/2 system variables. Thesesystem variables for OS/2 sessions are: PATH Sets a search path for executable files. DPATH Sets a search path for data files. KEYS Permits previously issued commands to be retrieved and edited. PROMPT Sets a new command prompt. The system variables for DOS sessions are: PATH Sets a search path for executable files. PROMPT Sets a new command prompt. APPEND Sets the search path for data files if the APPEND command is entered with the /E option.The command processor recognizes system variable commands that are entered atthe command prompt. You can also enter the system variables with the SETcommand. While the SET command is optional at the command prompt, it isrequired when used to set system variables in the CONFIG.SYS file.In OS/2 sessions, substitution of replaceable parameter names by their valuesin the environment can be made at the command prompt. Using this feature ofOS/2 2.0, you can append values to the values of system variables already inthe environment. For example, assume that your current path to data files is: DPATH C:\OS2;C:\OS2\SYSTEM; C:\OS2\INSTALL;To append a path to the \MYDIR directory on drive C, enter: SET DPATH=%DPATH%;C:\MYDIR;Or you can enter: DPATH %DPATH%;C:\MYDIR;In both these examples, the C:\MYDIR directory is appended to the current pathto data files in the environment of the current OS/2 session. In thisexample, assume that your current path ends with a semicolon. If noenvironment variable exists by the name you specify, no substitution is made.The system will not generate a message stating that the substitution was notmade.The following is the contents of the batch file ADDPATH.BAT or ADDPATH.CMD.It will append the first parameter to the end of the current path setting: @PATH=%PATH%%1;
SETBOOT: Provides the ability to set up the Boot Manager for a hard disk. ------|-------|-|------|- SETBOOT -|-----------|--| | drive | | path | |-- /T:x ---| |-- /T:NO --| |-- /M:m ---| |---/Q -----| |---/B -----| |-- /X:x ---| |- /N:name -|Related Commands: ;)FDISKRelated Information: Hard Disk InformationThe SETBOOT utility program helps you to set up the Boot Manager. It allowsyou to enter parameters at the command prompt that enable you to take fulladvantage of the Boot Manager. Type the following command to use the SETBOOTparameters: SETBOOT /option:parameters
SETCOM40: Only used with OS/2 1.xx.Sets the address of the specified serial port so that a DOS application canfind the port and use it. Use this command if you installed COM0n.SYS withthe DEVICE command in your CONFIG.SYS file. IF you have not installed thedriver, you do not need to run SETCOM40. SETCOM40 COMn=ON|OFF n This variable represents the number of the serial port whose address you want to set. ON This switch sets the address of the serial port in memory. OFF This switch removes the address of the serial port from memory. Note: Versions 1.xx Only.
SHARE: Only used with OS/2 1.xx. SHARE /F:filespace /L:locks /F Filespace parameter allocates file space (in bytes) to an internal pool (buffer) were DOS records filesharing information. For each open file, you need space to equal the length of the full filename plus 11 bytes. (The average pathname is 20 bytes.) The default is 2 Kbytes. /L Locks parameter sets the number of locks. The default is 20.
SORT: Reads data from standard input, sorts the data, and writes it to standardoutput. --|---------|-|--------|-- SORT ---|------|----|-------|---| |- drive -| |- path -| |- /R -| |- /+n -|Related Commands: ;)CODEPAGE ;)COUNTRYIt is important to remember that: o When you are sorting large files, you might have to wait a few minutes until processing is completed. The maximum size of a file you can sort is approximately 63KB, or 64 512 bytes. o The standard input and output devices cannot be redirected to the same file name. o Characters are sorted according to their ASCII values, with the following exceptions: lowercase letters (a - z) are equated to uppercase letters (A - Z), and characters above ASCII value 127 are sorted according to rules based on the currently selected country code.Note that the word sort means to rearrange lines of text according to specificinstructions. Use SORT if you want to arrange a file in alphabetic or numericsequence. For example, you could use SORT to alphabetize applicant names ornumber a schedule according to dates.Return Codes: SORT issues a return code of 0 for normal completion.Switches: /R Sort in reverse order /+n Sort starting in column n
SPOOL: Redirects printer output from one device to another, for example, from oneparallel printer to another, or from a parallel printer to a serial printer. |---------------| | --|---------|-|--------|---- SPOOL ---|-|-------------|||---| |- drive -| |- path -| | |- /D:device -| | | |- /O:device -| | |------- /Q ------|Related Commands: ;)DEVICE ;)CODEPAGE ;)DEVINFO and ;)PRINTThe Base Asynchronous Communications device driver supports COM1 through COM4.For the system to spool to a serial printer, it must load the COM.SYS devicedriver during system initialization. This requires a DEVICE statement in yourCONFIG.SYS file.When spooling to a serial printer, you may need to issue the MODE command sothat the Asynchronous Device Driver works correctly with the serially attachedprinter. The communications setting used by the Asynchronous Device Drivermust match the setting used by the serially attached printer. Serial settingsinclude such items as the baud rate, the parity, the start and stop bits, andthe hardware or software handshaking. You only need to issue the MODE commandif the Presentation Manager* printer driver installed in the spooler does notuse the Communication Ports settings. The MODE command can be issued beforeor after starting SPOOL.The recommended way is to change the communications settings using the Portsettings window. If you change the communications settings using the MODEcommand and Port settings window, the settings in the window will override thesettings set by the MODE command.You can use one of the following two methods for starting the spooler: o Activate the spooler by selecting Print from the menu of the object that you want to print to display the Spooler window. o Enter the SPOOL command with no parameters at the OS/2 command prompt.For non-Presentation Manager* (PM) applications and PM applications that usenon-PM printing, the spooler supports spooling of data only to paralleldevices (PRN, LPT1, LPT2, and LPT3) as input devices.Output devices, on the other hand, can be parallel devices and serial devicesCOM1, COM2, COM3, and COM4.Note: Be sure you have the appropriate DEVICE= statement in theCONFIG.SYS file if you plan to use a serial device.Proprinter setup information Name PRINTER1 Description Parallel printer Device LPT1 Driver IBM4201 Queue LPT1QQuickwriter setup information Name COM1PRTR Description Serial printer Device COM1 Driver IBM5202 Queue COM1QPrinter redirection setup information Name REDIRECT Description Redirection of output Device LPT2 Driver (None specified) Queue (None specified)Using the SPOOL command, you can redirect parallel printer output to a serialdevice by specifying a parallel printer as the input device (/D) and a serialprinter as the output device (/O).To redirect input from a parallel port to the printer attached to a serialport (for example, COM1), enter the following: SPOOL /D:LPT2 /O:COM1To print a file named LETTER on the serial printer you just set up, enter thefollowing: PRINT LETTER /D:LPT2To cancel the redirection specified in the previous SPOOL statement, enter thefollowing: SPOOL /D:LPT2 /O:LPT2If you have set up the spooler for print spooling, it is possible your printjob could print on another physical device. The reason for this is that thequeue processor sends the highest priority print job to the next availableprinter (not currently printing). For example, if you specify the inputdevice /D:LPT1 and specify the output device /O:LPT2, the output will go intoa queue for the LPT2 device, but because of the multiple output devices, thedata might print on an LPT3 device. If you associate one queue with LPT2, youare guaranteed to have all output print on the port you specified.Note that if there is a DEVINFO statement for your printer and the printspooler is active for the printer, all non-PM or base printing output on thatprinter defaults to the printer's character set. Using Character Set 2 isnecessary to support printing in either of the two OS/2 code pages specifiedwith the CODEPAGE statement in CONFIG.SYS. Character Set 1 can still beaccessed using escape sequences. Refer to the instructions that came withyour printer.The print spooler also supports any other character device whose device drivercontains monitor support that is compatible with the printer device driver.This means that any printer device driver that removes the base printer devicedriver from operation and has the same monitor support as the base printerdevice driver can also support the Presentation Manager spooler.The print spooler spools output from a program into a file until it isinstructed to close the file and print its contents. Many DOS programs do notcontain the instructions required by the print spooler, so output is notprinted until the application program ends.If you wish to force printer output for a DOS program, you can do so while youare still interacting with the program by pressing the Ctrl, Alt, and PrtSckeys together. This causes the temporary spool file to be closed and preparedto print. Make sure that you wait until the entire file has been sent to thequeue by your application program. Pressing the Ctrl, Alt, and PrtSc keys toosoon can cause the print file to split into two separate print files.Another method to force printer output for a DOS application is to set the DOSSettings printer option with the following procedure: 1. Select Settings from the menu of a DOS session. 2. Select the Session tab. 3. Select the DOS settings pushbutton. 4. Select timeout for printing in the DOS Settings window. 5. Specify the number of seconds to wait after the DOS application completes printing before the spooler closes the file and begins printing.Setting the number of seconds too small can cause the print file to be splitinto two separate print files. This behavior can vary depending on the DOSapplication that is running. Many applications print correctly with a smalldelay. The printer timeout is set only for applications running in the windowin which the option was set.If you plan to use code-page switching for DOS sessions, you must start theprint spooler before selecting a DOS command prompt from the Command Promptsfolder.If you are using code-page switching on the IBM Quietwriter III printer, youmust make sure that the correct cartridge is in its slot. When the correctcartridge is not in the slot, the printer "beeps," and the font light comeson. You must: 1. Insert the correct cartridge. 2. Press the Start button after the font light goes off.
START: Starts an OS/2 program in another session.The primary use for START is to automatically start programs at systemstartup. The special batch file, STARTUP.CMD, allows you to do this.To imbed redirectional signals into the command session, enclose the commandand command inputs in quotation marks. START --|-----------|------|--------|------|--------|------- | "program | |-- /K --| |-- /F --| |- title" -| |-- /C --| |-- /B --| |-- /N --| . . . . . --------|--------|--------|--------|------|--------|-------| |- /PGM -| |- /FS -| |- /MAX -| |- /WIN -| |- /MIN -| |- /PM -| |- /DOS -| ---------|------|--------- command ---|-------------|------| |- /I -| | command | |-- inputs --|Related Commands: ;)RUNEnter this command without a parameter to start an OS/2 command processor.If you use the /WIN, /FS, or /PM parameter, your program runs in theforeground session. If you do not use one of these parameters, you can usethe /F parameter to make the program run in the foreground session.Make sure that you specify the correct drive and path when you use the STARTcommand to run a batch file with the STARTUP.CMD file. Also, if you plan toredirect I/O using the START command, enclose the command and command inputswithin quotation marks.You can use START to run full-screen applications or applications running in awindow such as Presentation Manager* programs.START determines the type of application and will run it in the appropriatewindow or full-screen session. However, you have the option to override thedetermined default by using the /FS, /WIN, /PM, or /I parameter.You cannot start a batch file (.CMD) with the /PM parameter.Switches: /K This parameter tells the command processor to run the command you specify and then keep the session open when the command is completed. /C This parameter tells the command processor to carry out command and then end the session and return to the program from which it was started. /N This parameter tells OS/2 to run command without starting the command processor. /F This parameter tells OS/2 to run the command in the foreground. /FS This parameter tells OS/2 to run the command as a full- screen application in the foreground, in a session independent of the Presentation Manager. /WIN This parameter tells OS/2 to run the command in a Presentation Manager window. /PM This parameter tells OS/2 to run the command as a Presentation Manager application. Options /K or /C cannot be specified. /I This parameter tells START to use the environment set in your CONFIG.SYS file.
SUBST: Substitutes a drive letter for another drive and path so that you can accessthat drive and path using only the drive letter. When OS/2 2.0 finds a drivethat was created with the SUBST command, it replaces the reference with thenew path. --|---------|-------|--------|--------- SUBST -------------~ |- drive -| |- path -| -----|----------------------------|-----------------------| |-- drive --|-- drive\path --| |------ /D ------|Related Commands: ;)ASSIGN and ;)JOINEnter this command without a parameter to display the names of thesubstitutions currently in effect on your system.The following commands do not work in DOS sessions on drives that have a SUBSTcommand in effect: BACKUP, CHKDSK, DISKCOMP, DISKCOPY, FORMAT, LABEL,RECOVER, and RESTORE.Substitutes a drive letter for another drive and path so that you can accessthat drive and path using only the drive letter. When OS/2 2.0 finds a drivethat was created with the SUBST command, it replaces the reference with thenew path. --|---------|-------|--------|--------- SUBST -------------~ |- drive -| |- path -| -----|----------------------------|-----------------------| |-- drive --|-- drive\path --| |------ /D ------|Related Commands: ;)ASSIGN and ;)JOINEnter this command without a parameter to display the names of thesubstitutions currently in effect on your system.The following commands do not work in DOS sessions on drives that have a SUBSTcommand in effect: BACKUP, CHKDSK, DISKCOMP, DISKCOPY, FORMAT, LABEL,RECOVER, and RESTORE.Switches: /D This switch removes the drive substitution.Note: Without any parameters, DOS displays the current substitutions.
SYSLEVEL: Displays operating-system service level ----|---------|----|--------|---------- SYSLEVEL ----------| |- drive -| |- path -|This utility program displays the corrective service level of the system.The following message will appear while SYSLEVEL checks the current correctiveservice level of your system Please wait...Once the corrective service level has been determined the following will bedisplayed on your monitor. C:\OS2\INSTALL\SYSLEVEL.OS2 IBM OS/2 Base Operating System Standard Edition 2.00 Component ID 560109001 Current CSD level: XR00000 Prior CSD level: XR00000An example of the information displayed and an explanation of the displayeditems follows: o C:\OS2\INSTALL\SYSLEVEL.OS2 - The subdirectory and file containing the information. o IBM OS/2 Base Operating System - The system name. o Standard Edition 2.00, Component ID: - The edition and the version, release, modification number, followed by the Component ID of the system. o Current CSD Level: nnnnnnn - The current corrective service level. o Prior CSD Level: nnnnnnn - The prior corrective service level.
SYSLOG: Allows you to view or print the formatted contents of the system error-logfile. SYSLOG -----|-----------------|------------------| |------- /S ------| |------- /R ------| ||- /P:pathname -|| |----- /W:x ----|Related Commands: DEVICE ( ;)LOG.SYS ), ;)RUN (LOGGING)You can enter this command with parameters to do the following: o Suspend system error logging o Resume system error logging o Redirect error logging data from one file to another. o Specify the size of an error-log file.If you enter the SYSLOG command with no parameters, the SYSLOG utility programis started.SYSLOG is a Presentation Manager* application that runs in a window. You canuse SYSLOG to suspend or resume error logging, format the contents oferror-log files, print the contents of those log files, or redirect errorlogging to a different file.
TIME: Displays or changes the time known to the system and resets the time on yourcomputer's clock. This time is recorded in the directory when you create orchange a file. TIME --|--------------------------------------|------------| |- hh -|-------------------------------| |- :mm -|-----------------------| |- :ss -----------------|Related Commands: ;)COUNTRY ;)DATE and ;)PROMPTEnter this command without a parameter to display the system time and beprompted about changing it.Specify time in hours and minutes, using a 24-hour clock (military time),separated by a colon or period. You can also add the seconds and hundredthsof a second separated by a period or a comma, depending on the decimalseparator shown on your screen.Note: If you do not enter a valid time, the system displays an errormessage. Also, as with the DATE command format, you can change the TIMEseparators by editing the COUNTRY statement in your CONFIG.SYS file.
TRACE: Selects or sets the tracing of system events.This command is intended to be used with the assistance of your technicalcoordinator. ---|---------|-|--------|------- TRACE ------|- OFF -|-----~ |- drive -| |- path -| |- ON -| --|-----------------------|----|--|----------|---|--------| ||-- major_code_spec --|| | |--- /S ---| | ||- (minor_code_spec) -|| | |--- /R ---| | ||----- tdf_spec ------|| |------ /C -------| ||- (minor_code_spec) -|| ||- (event_type_spec) -|| ||--- tdf_keyword -----|| ||- (minor_code_spec) -|| ||- (event_type_spec) -|| |--|------ /P: -----|---| |--- pid_spec ---| To allow system trace in your CONFIG.SYS file: TRACE = ---------|- OFF -|-------------|-----|-----|-------| |- ON -| |- x -| | | | |------- , -------|Related Commands: ;)PSTAT ;)TRACEBUF and ;)TRACEFMTRelated Information: Trace Point Overview and Trace Definition Files (TDF)The OS/2* operating system processes TRACE statements in the order in whichthey appear in the CONFIG.SYS file; the effects of the statements arecumulative. If any part of a statement is incorrect, the OS/2 operatingsystem ignores the statement.If you do not specify TRACE in the CONFIG.SYS file, events are not traced.However, if you have a TRACEBUF statement in CONFIG.SYS, this allocates atrace buffer. Then, you can trace events by entering the TRACE command at theOS/2 command prompt.If TRACE=OFF or TRACE=ON appears in the CONFIG.SYS file without a TRACEBUFstatement, the system allocates a 4KB trace buffer.If you do not specify TRACE or TRACEBUF statements in the CONFIG.SYS file,OS/2 2.0 does not allocate a trace buffer and system tracing is not available.The System Trace facility is used to record a sequence of system events,function calls, or data. The record is usually produced for debuggingpurposes. After the trace data is recorded, the System Trace Formatter isused to retrieve it from the system trace buffer and format the data to yourdisplay, printer, or file.On request, the OS/2 operating system tracing facility records certainimportant events in the system and system extensions in a circular buffer.If a system problem can be duplicated without a system failure, the TRACE OFFfunction allows tracing to be stopped after the problem has been re-created.This allows the state of the trace buffer to be preserved from the time theTRACE OFF command is processed.The tracing mechanism is performance critical; therefore, no statisticalprocessing of recorded data is performed by the tracing routines.Records in the buffer are identified by major and minor codes (you can onlyspecify TRACE by major code in the CONFIG.SYS file). Some of the data thatmay be recorded in the circular buffer will include system events such asinterrupts and task switches.If you need to use the System Trace facility, your technical coordinator willprovide the buffer size. When the trace is complete, you can use the traceformatter (TRACEFMT) to organize the data into a report. This helps youisolate causes of problems in the OS/2 system by formatting the informationplaced in the trace buffer by the Trace facility.An OS/2 enhancement to the Trace utility program allows you to trace a givenprocess or set of processes, so that you can focus on the events of thespecified process without intermixing events from other processes in thesystem. This reduces the possibility of trace-buffer overflow by minimizingthe number of events which are recorded. Analyzing the formatted trace datais quicker and easier because only events of the specified process arerecorded and displayed.
TRACEBUF: Sets the size of the trace buffer. This statement is intended to be used withthe assistance of your technical coordinator. TRACEBUF= --------------------- x --------------------------|Related Commands: ;)TRACE and ;)TRACEFMTTRACEBUF sets the size of the trace buffer in the CONFIG.SYS file. If anyvalid TRACE statements are in CONFIG.SYS (including TRACE=OFF), the defaultsize of the trace buffer is 4KB.The x parameter specifies a trace buffer size of up to 63KB. If you have aTRACEBUF statement without a TRACE statement in the CONFIG.SYS file, the tracebuffer size requested is specified and tracing is turned off (the same as ifyou specify TRACE=OFF). If you need to use the System Trace facility, yourtechnical coordinator will provide the buffer size.If you do not specify a TRACE or TRACEBUF statement in CONFIG.SYS file, OS/22.0 does not allocate a trace buffer, and system tracing is not available.
TRACEFMT: Displays formatted trace records in reverse time-stamp order. This command isintended to be used with the assistance of your service coordinator. Yourtechnical coordinator will analyze the formatted data to help diagnose yourproblem. ---|---------|-|--------|--------------- TRACEFMT ---------| |- drive -| |- path -|Related Commands: ;)TRACE and ;)TRACEBUFTRACEFMT works only if you have the TRACE or the TRACEBUF statement in yourCONFIG.SYS file.You use the TRACEFMT utility program to format the information placed in thetrace buffer by system trace. TRACEFMT is a Presentation Manager* applicationrunning in a window. The TRACEFMT application provides choices on the menubar. From these choices, you can select items that allow you to do thefollowing tasks: o Open a file o Get system trace buffer o Save As - Save unformatted trace data - Save formatted trace data - Save either summary mode (process ID or major code) o Print - Formatted data - Either summary mode o View formatted data o View summary by process ID o View summary by major code.Your technical coordinator will analyze the formatted data to help diagnoseyour problem. You can use TRACEFMT as many times as required to diagnose aproblem without having to restart the system.
TREE: Displays all the directory paths found on the specified drive, and optionallylists the files in the root directory and in each subdirectory. --|---------|-|--------|--- TREE ---|---------|-|------|---| |- drive -| |- path -| |- drive -| |- /F -|Related Commands: ;)CHDIR ;)DIR ;)MKDIR and ;)RMDIREnter this command without a parameter to display all directory paths found onthe current drive.You can also: o Print a directory listing on a printer o Pause a directory listing on a displayThe display (or output) indents at each subdirectory level and uses blockgraphics.Return Codes: TREE issues a return code of 0 for normal completion.Switches: /F This switch displays the names of the files in each directory and subdirectory on the disk.
TYPE: Displays the contents of one or more files on the screen. In a DOS session,only one file is displayed. TYPE -----------|---------|---|--------|---- filename --|--| |- drive -| |- path -| | | | |--------------------------------------------|You can also: o Print a file o Pause the display screen while viewing a fileYou can use TYPE to display ASCII files. Text files appear in a legibleformat; however, other files, such as object program files, may appearunreadable because of the presence of nonalphabetic or nonnumeric characters.Note that the data is unformatted except that tab characters are expanded toan eight-character boundary (that is, columns 1, 9, 17, 25 and so on). In anOS/2 session, TYPE displays files consecutively on the screen if you specifymultiple file names. You can include a drive and path when specifyingmultiple file names and can also use the global file-name characters * and ?in the file name you specify.In an OS/2 session if multiple files or files with global characters arelisted, TYPE precedes the file data with the file name. A blank line appearsbefore and after each file name. TYPE writes the file data to Standard Outputand writes the file name to Standard Error. For example, to display data infiles named FILE1, FILE2, and FILE3 and place the file names in a file namedFILE.LST, enter the following: TYPE FILE1 FILE2 FILE3 2> FILE.LSTTo display the file names on the screen and place all the file data in a filenamed FILE.TXT, enter the following: TYPE FILE1 FILE2 FILE3 > FILE.TXTNote: If you TYPE a text file that is not in the current directory, theoperating system searches the directories in the order that is specified inyour PATH statement,then in your DPATH statement.
UNDELETE: Recovers files that have been deleted or erased. UNDELETE |---------|-|--------|---|-----------|-----------------~ |- drive -| |- path -| |-filename -| |-------------------| | --------|--|------|--|---|--------------------------------| | |- /L -| | | |- /S -| | |---- /A ----| |---- /F ----|The UNDELETE command provides the capability of recovering files that havebeen deleted or erased. UNDELETE is designed to delay the removal of a file,which lets you retrieve a file before it is permanently discarded.A new environment variable DELDIR defines the path and maximum size of thedirectories used to store deleted files. One such directory is specified foreach logical drive on the system. The DELDIR statement is written in theCONFIG.SYS file as follows: SET DELDIR = drive:\path, maxsize; drive2:\path, maxsizeThe path and maximum size values for each logical drive are separated fromeach other by a comma; the logical drive names are separated by a semicolon.When the DEL or ERASE command is issued from any session type, the file iscopied to the directory specified in the DELDIR statement for that logicaldrive.If the number of deleted files exceeds the maximum size of the specifieddirectory, files are automatically removed from the directory to conform toits maximum size specified in the DELDIR statement. Files are removed infirst-in-first-out (FIFO) order. To disable storage of deleted files in adirectory, remove the directory name from the DELDIR statement.When UNDELETE is specified, if the file is still recoverable, it is reclaimedand restored to its specific path. If a duplicate file name exists, you areprompted to rename it or it is ignored by the system.UNDELETE can be used in both DOS and OS/2 sessions. Files that are availablefor recovery are reported as used bytes on the disk.
UNPACK: Unpacks (decompresses) compressed files and copies files that are notcompressed but are located on the OS/2 installation diskettes. Compressedfiles have a @ as the last character in their file name. --|---------||--------|- UNPACK -|---------||--------|- filename --~ |- drive -||- path -| |- drive -||- path -| -|---------||--------|----|------||------||---------------|-------| |- drive -||- path -| |- /V -||- /F -||- /N:filename -| --|---------||--------|- UNPACK -|---------||--------|- filename --~ |- drive -||- path -| |- drive -||- path -| -----------------------|---------|--------------------------------| |- /SHOW -|Do not specify an output file name; UNPACK uses the file name from theoriginal uncompressed file as the destination file name. It also preservesthe date, time, and file attribute of the original uncompressed file.UNPACK copies files that are not compressed and handles file information suchas date, time, and file attributes in the same way the COPY command does.Therefore, you can unpack a diskette that contains a combination of compressedand uncompressed files.Return Codes: 0 - Normal completion 1 - No files were found to unpack or copy 2 - Some files or directories were not unpacked or copied due to file errors 3 - Ended by user 4 - Ended due to errorSwitches: /V This switch verifies that the version level of UNPACK is the same as that of OS/2.
VER: Displays the OS/2 version number. VER -------------------------------------------------------|This command can be entered at either the OS/2 or DOS prompt. The OS/2version number is displayed on your screen; for example: The Operating System/2 Version is 2.00
VERIFY: Confirms that data written to a disk has been written correctly. VERIFY ----------------|-------|---------------------------| |- ON -| |- OFF -|Enter this command without a parameter to display the current VERIFY status.You can use the VERIFY command to tell the system to verify that files arewritten correctly to the disk (for example, no bad sectors). The system doesa VERIFY action each time you write data to a disk. You receive an errormessage only if the system is unable to write the data to the disksuccessfully.When you issue VERIFY ON, verification is done for file system I/O writeactions for both hard disks and diskettes on a per session basis.This command has the same purpose as the /V parameter in the COPY and XCOPYcommands.
VIEW: Displays online documents created with the Information Presentation Facility(IPF) compiler. VIEW displays IPF files that have a .INF extension. ---|---------|-|--------|---------- VIEW -------------~ |- drive -| |- path -| ---|---------|-|--------|-- filename --|---------|----| |- drive -| |- path -| |- topic -|VIEW displays files that have been compiled by the IPF compiler as onlinedocuments having a .INF extension. VIEW can display the entire file orindividual topics that are located in the Contents of the file.
VMDISK: Creates a file that contains the image of a DOS startup diskette. Aftercreating an image, you can create a DOS session by starting from this imagefile. VMDISK -- sourcedrive --|---------------|-|--------|- filename -| |- targetdrive -| |- path -|Related Commands: ;)FSFILTER ;)FSACCESSRelated Information: Starting a Specific Version of DOSTo use VMDISK, you need to make changes to the DOS startup diskette. SelectStarting a Specific Version of DOS in the "Related Information" section abovefor more information about preparing the DOS startup diskette.
VOL: Displays the disk volume label and serial number if they exist. From a DOScommand prompt, VOL displays the label for only one disk. From an OS/2command prompt, if you specify more than one drive, VOL displays the volumelabels consecutively. VOL ---------------|---------|----------|------------------| |- drive -| | |-------------------------|Related Commands: ;)FORMAT and ;)LABELEnter this command without a parameter to display the volume label and volumeserial number of the current drive.
XCOPY: Selectively copies groups of files, which can include lower- levelsubdirectories. --|---------|-|--------|--- XCOPY -----|---------|--------- |- drive -| |- path -| |- drive -| . . . . . . -|---- filename ----------|---|---------|---|--------|---- |- path ----|------------| |- drive -| |- path -| |- filename -| |--------------------------| | . . . . . .---- filename -------|---------------------|--|-----------| |--- /D:mm-dd-yy ---| |-------- /S ---------| |-------- /E ---------| |-------- /P ---------| |-------- /V ---------| |----|--- /A ----|----| | |--- /M ----| | |-------- /F ---------|Related Commands: ;)BACKUP ;)COPY ;)RESTORE and ;)VERIFYIt is important to remember the following: o Specify the drive, path, and file name for the source and target drives. If you do not specify a path, XCOPY starts from the current directory. If you do not specify a file name, XCOPY uses *.* as the default value. o XCOPY works only within the source directory unless you specify the /S parameter, which copies files in the source directory and in all directories below the starting source directory. o If you use the /D parameter, the month, date, and year may be in different positions depending on your country. o You cannot replace a read-only file with another file. Also, you cannot use XCOPY to copy hidden or system files. o The /M parameter copies files whose archive bit is set, and then turns off the archive bit of the source file. You can use the ATTRIB command to reset the archive bit for your files. o If the specified target path does not exist on the target, XCOPY creates the directories before copying. You can rename files on the target by specifying a new file name on the target.Extended Attributes: XCOPY will copy the extended attributes of a source fileto the target file (See the /F parameter). An extended attribute is a specialarea used for storing data that describes the file to the OS/2 operatingsystem or to an application.When copying files that have extended attributes, be sure to use OS/2 2.0 toensure all extended file or directory attributes are copied. Extendedattributes associated with a source directory will be copied to the target ifthe directory does not already exist on the target.Return Codes: 0 - Normal completion 1 - No files were found to xcopy 2 - Some files or directories were not copied due to file or directory errors 3 - Ended by user 4 - Ended due to errorSwitches: /D:mm-dd-yy Copies files that have been modified on or after specified date /S Copies Subdirectories /E When used with /S this copies the entire tree structure while creating corresponding source directories on the target even if no files have been found on those source directories. /P Prompts you before performing a physical copy /V Verifies that data written to a disk has been correctly written /A Copies archived files only. This parameter does not turn off the archive bit of the source file. /M Copies archived files only. Unlike /A, this parameter turns off the archive bit of the source file.

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OS/2 Commands