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Starting in 1996,Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Flowing in every day, these data are added to theWayback Machine after an embargo period.

Collection:Alexa Crawls

Starting in 1996,Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Flowing in every day, these data are added to theWayback Machine after an embargo period.

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Constitution of India: The Long and Short of It

A response to 'The Long and the Winding Constitution' (Pragati, March 2019)

Who is an Indian Citizen?

#3 Constituent Assembly Rejected Separate State Citizenship for Indians

NCS Bangalore Chapter: Does India need a National Language?

Around 100 students from various Bangalore institutions participated in the Film screening & Discussion on "Samvidhaan: The Making of the Constitution of India” (Episode 7).

Assembly Member of the Week

Rohini Kumar Chaudhury was a politician and Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court.

This Month in Constitution Making

March 1947: Assembly Committee Splits Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles Emerge

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First Session of the Constituent Assembly Debates

The Constituent Assembly formally began its task of framing the Constitution of India on the 13th of December, 1946 with Jawaharlal Nehru moving the Objectives Resolution. The purpose behind the resolution was to “… proclaim India as an Independent Sovereign Republic and to draw up for her future governance a Constitution.” The resolution put forth broad principles that would informthe Constituent Assembly about the drawing up of various provi...

13th December 1946 - 22nd January 1947

Committee Stages and Second Session of Constituent Assembly Debates

After the first session of the Constituent Assembly, a number of committees were formed to look into and report on various aspects of the Constitution. The Committees that were appointed were - Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights and Minority Rights (which consisted of the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights and the Sub-Committee on Minority Rights), Union Powers Committee, Union Constitution Committee and the Provincial Constitution Comm...

27th February 1947 - 30th August 1947

Draft Constitution by the Constitutional Advisor

B.N Rau, the Constitutional Advisor to the Assembly, on the basis of the reports of the various subcommittees and discussions in the assembly mentioned in the previous stage, prepared a Draft Constitution. The Draft Constitution was ready by October 1946. This was to be scrutinized by the Drafting Committee

October 1946

First Draft Constitution

The Drafting Committee began to scrutinize the Draft Constitution prepared by the Constitutional Advisor, along with other notes, reports and memoranda on October 27th, 1947. It proceeded to make changes and it finally submitted its Draft Constitution to the President of the Assembly on the 21st of February 1948.

27th October 1947 - 21st February 1948

Public Circulation of the Draft Constitution

The Draft Constitution once submitted to the President of the Constituent Assembly was published and circulated among the public. Many comments, critiques, and suggestions were received, which were then scrutinized by a Special Committee of members of the Union Constitution Committee, Provincial Constitution Committee and the Union Powers Committee and the Drafting Committee itself. The Drafting Committee, taking into account comments, critiqu...

21st February 1948 - 26th October 1948

Debates on the Draft Constitution

The Draft Constitution was presented to the Constituent Assembly on November 4th,1948 by the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, B.R. Ambedkar. The Constituent Assembly proceeded to take up, clause by clause, every part of the Draft Constitution for debate. Members of the assembly often moved their own amendments to the Draft Constitution seeking to change or drop specific articles or clauses. The most crucial and voluminous debates took plac...

4th November 1948 - 17th October 1949

Revision of the Draft Constitution

After the debates around the Draft Constitution concluded, the Drafting Committee then went on to revise the Draft Constitution according to decisions taken in the Constituent Assembly along with other tasks such as renumbering of articles, minor changes in language, dropping and insertion of clauses and articles. The revised Draft Constitution was submitted to the President of the Constituent Assembly on the 3rd of Nov 1949 , and then introd...

17th October 1949 - 14th November 1949

Second Reading of Draft Constitution

The Assembly undertook a second reading of the Draft Constitution (revised). While many amendments were moved, most of them were negated.

14th November 1949 - 16th November 1949

Third Reading of Drafting Constitution

The third reading of the Draft Constitution began with Ambedkar moving a motion “that the Constitution as settled by the assembly be passed”. In this phase, there were few substantive debates. Most of the speeches involved general comments on the Constitution as whole. While some members expressed their satisfaction, others expressed concerns.

17th November 1949 - 26th November 1949

Enactment and Adoption of the Constitution of India

On the 26th of November, 1949, the third reading came to an end with the assembly voting for the motion that Ambedkar had proposed of adopting the Constitution. The Constitution was then finally signed by members of the Constituent Assembly on 24th January 1950 and came into effect on the 26th of January, 1950.

26th November 1949 - 26th January 1950