OBJECTIVE: A primary behavioral pathology in drug addiction is the overpowering motivational strength and decreased ability to control the desire to obtain drugs. In this review the authors explore how advances in neurobiology are approaching an ...

August 2005

Addiction: A Disease of Learning and Memory

Steven E. Hyman,M.D.

Pages:1414–1422
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1414

Preview Abstract

If neurobiology is ultimately to contribute to the development of successful treatments for drug addiction, researchers must discover the molecular mechanisms by which drug-seeking behaviors are consolidated into compulsive use, the mechanisms that ...

August 2005

Anticraving Medications for Relapse Prevention: A Possible New Class of Psychoactive Medications

Charles P. O’Brien,M.D., Ph.D.

Pages:1423–1431
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1423

Preview Abstract

Psychiatrists have gradually developed a list of medications that are effective in the treatment of addictive disorders. Although alcoholism has received the most attention, nicotine, heroin, and cocaine have all been shown to be influenced by heredity. ...

August 2005

Medication Development for Addictive Disorders: The State of the Science

Frank J. Vocci,Ph.D.,
Jane Acri,Ph.D., and
Ahmed Elkashef,M.D.

Pages:1432–1440
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1432

Preview Abstract

In 1989, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) established its Medications Development Program. This program has concentrated on developing pharmacotherapies for opiate and cocaine dependence and, more recently, for methamphetamine and cannabis ...

August 2005

Pharmacotherapy and Pharmacogenetics of Nicotine Dependence

Wade H. Berrettini,M.D., Ph.D., and
Caryn E. Lerman,Ph.D.

Pages:1441–1451
Published Online:24 January 2015

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1441

Preview Abstract

The authors review recent advances in the pharmacotherapy and pharmacogenetics of nicotine dependence. Despite the negative health consequences of smoking, approximately 23% of adults in the United States are daily tobacco smokers and approximately 13% ...

August 2005

Behavioral Therapies for Drug Abuse

Kathleen M. Carroll,Ph.D., and
Lisa S. Onken,Ph.D.

Pages:1452–1460
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1452

Preview Abstract

The past three decades have been marked by tremendous progress in behavioral therapies for drug abuse and dependence, as well as advances in the conceptualization of approaches to development of behavioral therapies. Cognitive behavior therapy, ...

August 2005

Effects of Methamphetamine Dependence and HIV Infection on Cerebral Morphology

Pages:1461–1472
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1461

Preview Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the separate and combined effects of methamphetamine dependence and HIV infection on brain morphology. METHOD: Morphometric measures obtained from magnetic resonance imaging of methamphetamine-dependent and/or HIV-positive ...

August 2005

PET Imaging of Dopamine D2 Receptors in Monkey Models of Cocaine Abuse: Genetic Predisposition Versus Environmental Modulation

Michael A. Nader,Ph.D., and
Paul W. Czoty,Ph.D.

Pages:1473–1482
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1473

Preview Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Animals self-administer many of the drugs that humans abuse, including cocaine. This article describes studies using preclinical animal models to differentiate the influences of neurobiological predisposition from environmental modulation of ...

August 2005

Co-Occurring Mental and Substance Use Disorders: The Neurobiological Effects of Chronic Stress

Kathleen T. Brady,M.D., Ph.D., and
Rajita Sinha,Ph.D.

Pages:1483–1493
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1483

Preview Abstract

The high rate of co-occurrence of substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders is well established. The population of people with co-occurring disorders is heterogeneous, and the prevalence of comorbidity differs by diagnostic group. One of the ...

August 2005

Developments in the Epidemiology of Drug Use and Drug Use Disorders

Pages:1494–1502
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1494

Preview Abstract

The past 30 years of research on the epidemiology of drug use, drug use disorders, and related conditions, such as HIV, has provided major insight into these conditions. Drug use peaked in the late 1970s, decreased across the 1980s, increased in the 1990s,...

Images in Neuroscience

August 2005

Cell Death

Michael W. Vogel,Ph.D.,Baltimore, Md.

Page:1503
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1503

Introspections

August 2005

Group Therapy in a Combat Zone?

Paul Croarkin,D.O.

Pages:1504–A381505
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1504

Images in Psychiatry

August 2005

Vladimir Bekhterev, 1857–1927

Vladimir Lerner,M.D., Ph.D., and
Eliezer Witztum,M.D.

Page:1506
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1506

Article

August 2005

Postdischarge Cannabis Use and Its Relationship to Cocaine, Alcohol, and Heroin Use: A Prospective Study

Pages:1507–1514
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1507

Preview Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Research on the effects of cannabis on the brain and behavior has been surprisingly scarce. In humans, laboratory studies document toxicity and psychoactive effects of cannabinoids. However, among substance abuse patients, only a few studies ...

August 2005

Correlation of Alcohol Craving With Striatal Dopamine Synthesis Capacity and D_2/3 Receptor Availability: A Combined [¹⁸F]DOPA and [¹⁸F]DMFP PET Study in Detoxified Alcoholic Patients

Pages:1515–1520
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1515

Preview Abstract

OBJECTIVE: In abstinent alcoholic patients, a low availability of dopamine D_2/3 receptors in the ventral striatum and adjacent putamen was associated with a high level of craving for alcohol. Alcohol craving may also depend on presynaptic dysfunction of ...

August 2005

Screening for Alcohol Use Disorders Among Medical Outpatients: The Influence of Individual and Facility Characteristics

Mayur M. Desai,Ph.D., M.P.H.,
Robert A. Rosenheck,M.D., and
Thomas J. Craig,M.D., M.P.H.

Pages:1521–1526
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1521

Preview Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Screening of adults in primary care has been recommended to reduce alcohol misuse. This study determined the rates and predictors of alcohol screening, screening positive, follow-up evaluation, and subsequently diagnosed alcohol use disorder in ...

Brief Report

August 2005

Hippocampus Volume and Treatment Delays in First-Episode Schizophrenia

Beng-Choon Ho,M.R.C.Psych.,
Daniel Alicata,M.D.,
Carmencita Mola,M.D., and
Nancy C. Andreasen,M.D., Ph.D.

Pages:1527–1529
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1527

Preview Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Many schizophrenia patients remain undiagnosed and untreated for long periods of time. It has been suggested that untreated psychosis may have deleterious neurotoxic effects. However, studies examining the correlates of untreated initial ...

August 2005

MRI Analysis of Cerebellar Vermal Abnormalities in Bipolar Disorder

Pages:1530–1533
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1530

Preview Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to expand previous findings of vermal abnormalities in bipolar disorder patients. METHOD: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphometry was used to quantify vermal subregion volumes in 18 subjects with first-episode bipolar ...

August 2005

Modulation of Attention During Visual Masking in Schizophrenia

Pages:1533–1535
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1533

Preview Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia patients consistently demonstrate performance deficits on visual masking procedures. The present study examined whether attentional manipulation would improve subjects’ performance on visual masking. METHOD: A metacontrast task ...

August 2005

Six-Month, Blinded, Multicenter Continuation Study of Ziprasidone Versus Olanzapine in Schizophrenia

Pages:1535–1538
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1535

Preview Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The authors’ goal was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of 6 months’ treatment with flexible-dose ziprasidone and olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. METHOD: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores ...

August 2005

Reduced Left Angular Gyrus Volume in First-Episode Schizophrenia

Pages:1539–1541
Published Online:1 August 2005

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1539

Preview Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Research suggests that the normal left-greater-than-right angular gyrus volume asymmetry is reversed in chronic schizophrenia. The authors examined whether angular gyrus volume and asymmetry were abnormal in patients with first-episode ...