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The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20181001104426/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/druze.htm

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Druze temple in Suweida, Syria.
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Druze shaykh.



Religion and group of people with somewhere between 350,000 (estimate of Western scholars) and 900,000 (figures presented by the Druze) members (LookLex estimates that around 600,000 live in theMiddle East and nearly 700,000 all over the world), living inLebanon,Syria,Israel, andJordan, often in mountainous regions. There are also important Druze communities abroad, living in Europe and USA.
While the Druze are not regarded asMuslims by other Muslims, they regard themselves as Muslims as well as carriers of the core of thisIslam. The Druze seem, to a large extent, to have originated from a group ofShi'is, theIsma'ilis, but they have diverged much, and theKoran does not seem to be a part of their religion.
The Druze call themselvesmuwahhidun, 'monotheists'.



The theology of Druze religion is calledhikma and its main theme is thatGod incarnated himself in theFatimid caliph al-Hakim, who they claim disappeared in 1021. While most Muslims believe he died in 1021, the Druze disagree and believe that al-Hakim is awaiting to return to the world in order to bring a new golden age to true believers.


Druze believe in one God and claim that the qualities of God cannot be understood or defined by humans. Al-Hakim is worshiped in Druze religion, he is called 'Our Lord', and his cruelties and eccentricities are all interpreted symbolically.
But while God incarnated himself in al-Hakim in his unity, other aspects of God can be incarnated in other human beings. These aspects are represented with 5 superior ministers. Under the ministers, one finds three other groups: functionaries, preachers, and heads of communities. The knowledge of about this hierarchal system is the highest knowledge in the Druze religion.
Frequently one hears from sources about a calf in Druze religion. It is believed that the calf is a central symbol which represents the negative forces in the world.


The moral system of Druze religion consists of seven principles:

  1. Love of truth
  2. Taking care of one another
  3. Renouncing all other religions
  4. Avoiding thedemon (the calf?) and all wrongdoers
  5. Accepting divine unity in humanity
  6. Accepting all of al-Hakim's acts
  7. Acting in total accordance to al-Hakim's will


Central in the Druze world system is the belief in reincarnation, through which allsouls are reborn as humans, good as well as bad. Good people have a more fortunate rebirth than bad people. Behind this system is the belief that humans cannot reach perfection and unite with God.
Hell andParadise in Druze religion are viewed differently from most otherMiddle Eastern religions, and bear clear resemblances withGnostic philosophy and religion, asheaven is only spiritual, when man stops being man and is saved from more rebirths. Hell is just as spiritual and is the distance from, and the longing to, unity with God which goes on for one lifetime after another if a person has been evil.



The Druze star symbolizes the five wise superior ministers, each with his quality. Green is for "the mind",'al-'akl, which is necessary for understanding the truth. Red is for "the soul",'an-nafs. Yellow is for "the word",'al-kalima, which is the purest form of expression of the truth. Blue,'as-sabik, is for the mental power of the will. White,'al-tali, is the realization of Blue, in which its power has been realized in the world of matter.



The hikma is known only to an elite of religiously trained men, theuqqal. Most Druze know only parts of their religion's theology, and they are referred to asjuhhal, "ignorants." One out of 50 members of the uqqal, reach as high as perfection, and are called'ajawid, 'noble', and work as the real leaders of the Druze religion.
The uqqal take care of the religion for the juhhal, and they alone attend the religious meetings taking place on the night between Thursday and Friday, in ordinary buildings in the outskirts of Druze villages. For the Druze, the centre of religious activities is located to the Druze in southern Syria (main town isSuweida).
The juhhal perform few of the typical Muslim rituals,prayer is not performed inmosques, afast is not performed during the Muslim month of Ramadan, and there are no obligations to perform thehajj, the Muslim pilgrimage.



The Druze follow a life style of isolation in which no conversion is allowed, neither out of, or into, the religion. When Druze live among people of other religions, they try to blend in, in order to protect their religion and their own safety. They can perform prayer as Muslims, or as Christians, depending on where they are.
This system is apparently changing in modern times, where more security has allowed Druze to be more open about their religious identity.
Druze have earlier been reported to practice polygamy. But there is no evidence of such a practice among Druze today.
Druze abstain from wine and tobacco. There are clear prohibitions against a number of other acts, too.
Druze have a strong community feeling, in which they identify themselves as related even across borders of countries.
There are sources suggesting that the Druze had their own identity even before conversion to the faith in al-Hakim. Unsubstantiated theories point in a direction of the Druze being descendants ofPersian colonists, while another theory says they are descendants of Christians from the time of thecrusades. The latter is not very likely, due to the fact that the first crusade took place 80 years after al-Hakim's disappearance.
Despite their practice of blending with dominant groups in order to avoid persecution, the Druze have had a history of brave resistance to occupying powers, and they have at times enjoyed more freedom than most other groups living inthe Levant.


1017: The religion is established in Cairo. The religious orientation gets its name from one of the earliest followers of Caliph al-Hakim, Muhammadu d-Darazi. It is believed that it spread to many regions in theMiddle East andNorth Africa, but that it is only the Druze that kept it up.
1516: The Druze come under Turkish pressure as the Levant is conquered by theOttomans. The Druze offer strong opposition, and keep a higher level of independence than their neighbours.
1918: Druze participate in the army ofFaisal, thereby breaking a principle of non-participation outside their own community.
1921March 4: The Druze are granted autonomy in the region of Jabalu d-Duruz, from the League of Nations.
1925: The Druze revolt, when Druze leaders protest against the liberalization of the society as promoted by the French governor of Duruz Mountains. The revolt ends with the arrest of the Druze leaders, and their being exiled toPalmyra.
1927: The Druze revolt is over, and the French begin a politics that is intended to keep the Druze away from Arab nationalism, and hence dependent upon the safety offered by the French.










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