Walachia, also spelledWallachia,RomanianȚara Românească,TurkishEflak, principality on the lowerDanube River, which in 1859 joinedMoldavia to form the state ofRomania. Its name is derived from that of the Vlachs, whoconstituted the bulk of its population. Walachia was bounded on the north and northeast by theTransylvanian Alps, on the west, south, and east by the Danube River, and on the northeast by the Seret River. Traditionally it is considered to have been founded in 1290 byRadu Negru (“Radu the Black”), avoivode (or military governor) of Făgăraş in southernTransylvania (then part of Hungary), who crossed the Transylvanian Alps and settled atCâmpulung. The new principality was initially dominated by Hungary, from whose feudal domination and proselytism the Orthodox Vlachs had fled.Basarab I (reignedc. 1330–52) defeated the Hungarian king Charles Robert in 1330 and secured Walachian independence.

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Romania: Between Turkey and Austria

of Moldavia and Walachia evolved as part of the Eastern Orthodox religious and cultural world: their ecclesiastical allegiance was to the patriarchate of Constantinople; their princes emulated the Byzantine emperors and drew their written law from Byzantine codes; their economy was agrarian and their society rural; and their…

The new principality prospered from its rich agricultural development and from the flow of trade passing through it between northern Europe and theBlack Sea. It faced dangers from Hungary, which tried to restore its domination, as well as from theOttoman Turks, who steadily extended their control over theBalkan Peninsula during the 14th century. By 1391 PrinceMircea the Old (reigned 1386–1418) was obliged to pay tribute to the Turks, and in 1417 he acknowledged Turkish suzerainty.

Subsequently, Walachia was allowed to retain its owndynasty, territory, and religion. It was, however, compelled to pay tribute and grant tradeconcessions to theOttoman Empire, to become a major supplier of agricultural goods to the Turks, to plan itsforeign policy in accordance with Turkish policies, and to submit to the sultan’s choice of ruler (chosen from within the dynasty).

Numerous princes continued Walachia’s resistance to the Turks; e.g.,Vlad III (the Impaler; reigned 1448, 1456–62, and 1476–77) andMichael the Brave (reigned 1593–1601), who briefly united Walachia with Moldavia and Transylvania. But, increasingly, Walachia submitted to Turkish domination. After 1716 the Turks ceased to select Walachia’s prince from among the native dynasty and instead appointed an influentialPhanariote, i.e., a Greek administrator in Ottoman service.Russian influence in Walachia increased during the 18th century, and in 1774 Russia asserted the right to intervene in its affairs, though it continued to recognize Turkish suzerainty.

During the 19th century an uprising in Walachia (1821) caused the Turks to end the unpopular Phanariote regime. Under Russian guidance a variety of political reforms were undertaken, including the adoption in 1831 of aconstitution, theRèglement Organique (q.v.). The Turks’ trade monopoly was abandoned, providing lucrative opportunities for large landowners to deal with western Europe while increasing the labour burden on Walachia’s peasants, who did not receive their full freedom until 1864.

The European powers ended Russia’s protectorate after theCrimean War (1856). Walachia’s ruling assembly, which was influenced by a growing movement of Romaniannationalism, then voted (1859) to unite with Walachia’s northeastern neighbour Moldavia under Prince Alexandru Ion Cuza and to form the single state of Romania, which achieved its independence from the Turks in 1878.