Technology and Applications Timeline Click on the dates for details or go directly to theHistory PageA list in alphabetical order is available on theHall of Fame page. See also the timeline of theDiscovery of the Elements NoteSome events are grouped together to make it easier to follow a theme. The dates indicate where to find the event in the text. There you will find the date when the event actually happened if it is different.
2500 B.C.Bronze Age,Egyptians,Imhotep - Soldering, Wire Drawing, Architecture, Medicine 2300 B.C.Egyptians - Stenciling 1300 B.C.Egyptians - Wire Making, Fibreglass 1280 B.C.Moses - Ark of the Covenant 800 B.C.Greeks - Lodestone, Magnets 600 B.C.Thales - Static Electricity, Scientific Method 460 B.C.Democritus - Atomic Theory 350 B.C.Aristotle - Rational Deduction 250 B.C.Mesopotamia - Baghdad Battery 220-206 B.C.Qin Dynasty - Magnetic Compass 206 B.C.-220 A.D.Han Dynasty - Petroleum Extraction 27 B.C.- 5th Century A.D.The Romans - Roman Science 15 B.C.Vitruvius - De Architectura: The Ten Books on Architecture, Odometer 50 A.D.Romans - Aqueducts and Bridges 60 A.D.Hero - Steam Reaction Turbine 150 A.D.Ptolemy - Geocentric Universe, Almagest, Geographia, Map Making 200Galen - Anatomy, Medical Research, Magnets and Medicine 400Hypatia - Hydrometer, Astrolabe 426St Augustine - Magnets and Miracles 619Romans - Tidal Power 645Xuan Zhuang - Silk Screen Printing 700-1100Islamic Science - Rise and Fall, Scientific Revolution 776Jabir Ibn Haiyan (Geber) - Chemistry, Experimental Methods 830Al-Khawarizmi - Algebra, Algorithms, Trigonometry, Concept of Zero 920Al-Razi - Chemistry, Book of Secrets 1040Wu Ching Tsung Yao - Thermoremanent Magnetisation 1041Pi Sheng - Printing Press 1086Shen Kuo - Compass Navigation 1190Neckam - Magnetic Compass 1250St Thomas Aquinas - Rational Thought 1269Petrus Peregrinus - Magnetic Poles 1368China - Ming Dynasty, Decline of Chinese Science and Technology 1450Gutenberg - Printing Press 1474Republic of Venice - Patent Law 1478Leonardo da Vinci - Flight Studies, Military Machines, Anatomy, Solar Heating 1492Christopher Columbus - Discovery of the New World 1499King Henry VI,John of Utynam - The First Patent 1500 to 1700The Scientific Revolution 1514Copernicus - Heliocentric Universe 1543Vesalius - Human Anatomy 1551Al-Din - Steam Impulse Turbine 1576Brahe - Astronomical Observations 1593Galileo,Santorio - Water/Air Thermometer 1600Gilbert - Electric and Magnetic Forces, Experimental Method 1603Cascariolo - Phosphorescence 1605Bacon - Scientific Method, Five Bit Binary Code 1608Lippershey - Telescope 1609Kepler - Laws of Planetary Motion 1610Galileo - Jupiter's Moons, Heliocentric Universe, Gravity 1614Napier - Logarithms, Mechanical Calculator (Napier's Bones) 1620Gunter - Logarithmic Scale Calculator 1621Oughtred - Slide Rule 1628Harvey - Circulation of the Blood 1629Cabeo - Electric Repulsion 1642Pascal - Mechanical Calculator, Hydraulic Press, Vacuum 1643Torricelli - Barometer 1644Descartes - Cartesian Geometry, Mathematical Basis of Science 1646Browne - Named "Electricity" 1651Glauber - Pressure Release Valve 1654Ferdinand II - Sealed Alcohol Thermometer 1656Huygens - Pendulum Clock, Distance to the Stars 1658Ussher - Age of the Earth 1660Towneley,Power - Gas Law
Royal Society Founded 1661Huygens - Manometer
Boyle - Elements 1662Boyle - Gas Law 1663von Guericke - Electric Generator, Piston Vacuum Pump, Magdeburg Hemispheres 1665Boyle - Hydrometer
Hooke - Microsccope, Micrographia 1666Colbert - French Academy of Sciences Founded 1668van Leeuwenhoek - Microscopes, Microbiology 1673Leibniz - Calculus, Binary Arithmetic, 4 Function Mechanical Calculator 1675Boyle - Electric Force Transmission 1676Hooke - Hooke's Law for Springs, Time Stamping 1681Papin - Safety Valve, Pressure Cooker, Steam Engine, Power Piston 1687Newton - Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Calculus, Laws of Motion, Cat-flap 1698Savery - Steam Driven Water Pump 1700Leibniz - German Academy of Sciences Founded 1701Jethro Tull - Seed Drill, Mechanised Farming 1705Hauksbee - Electroluminescent Glow Discharge Lamp 1709Abraham Darby I - Iron Making at Coalbrookdale 1707Papin, Leibniz - Steam Driven Water Pump 1712Newcomen - Reciprocating Atmospheric Steam Engine 1713Réaumur - Fibreglass, Thermometer, Temperature Scale 1714Fahrenheit - Mercury Thermometer, Temperature Scale 1725Bouchon - Stored Program, Punched Paper Tape, Machine Automation 1728Falcon - Punched Cards, Manufacturing Automation 1729Gray - Electric Conduction 1733du Fay - Positive and Negative Charges
Kay - Flying Shuttle
de Moivre - Bell Curve (Normal Distribution) 1738Bernoulli - Fluid Mechanics 1740Huntsman - Crucible Steel at Sheffield 1744de Vaucanson - Stored Program, Punched Cards, Machine Automation 1745van Musschenbroek,Cunaeus,von Kleist - Leyden Jar 1746Nollet - Electric Communications
Robins - Whirling Arm Apparatus, Aerodynamic Drag 1747Cavendish - Electric Potential, Electric Charge, Inverse Square Law
Watson - Earth Return 1748Watson - Glow Discharge, Fluorescent Light
Nollet - Electroscope
Euler - Mathematical Constante, Euler's Trigonometrical Formulae, Turbine Equations 1750 to 1850The Industrial Revolution 1750Nollet - Electrostatic Spraying
Michell - Magnetic Induction, Inverse Square Law 1752Dalibard - Lightning Experiments
Franklin - Electrical Experiments
Sulzer - Battery Tongue Test 1753Morrison - Telegraph 1757Adanson,Walsh - Electric Fish, Electric Shocks 1759Aepinus - Mathematics of Electricity and Magnetism, Variable Capacitor
Smeaton - Aerodynamic Lift Equation, Society of Civil Engineers 1761Black - Latent Heat
Brindley - Bridgewater canal, Harecastle Tunnel 1764Kay,Hargreaves,Highs,Arkwright - Spinning Jenny
Arkwright - Factory System (Textiles) 1765Boulton - Factory System (Metalworking) 1766de Saussure - Electrometer
Cavendish - Hydrogen 1767Priestley - History of Electricity, Oxygen 1769Watt - Steam Engine with Separate Condenser 1770Cugnot - Self Propelled Road Vehicle, Rotary Drive, Freewheel Mechanism 1771Arkwright - Machine Powered Factory
Scheele - Oxygen, Chlorine, Light Sensitive Silver Salts (Basis of Photographic Process) 1774LeSage - Electric Telegraph 1775Volta - Perpetual Electrophorus
Wilkinson - Precision Machine Tools 1779Abraham Darby III - Iron Bridge at Coalbrookdale
Compton - Spinning Mule 1780Pickard - Rotary Motion by Means of Flywheel and Crank 1782Laplace - Integral Transform, Probability Theory 1784Cavendish - Chemical Composition of Water
Mesmer - Animal Magnetism
Cort - Puddling to Make Steel 1785Coulomb - Inverse Square Law 1786Galvani - Animal Electricity 1787Charles,Gay Lussac - Gas Laws
Fitch - Steam Powered Boat 1789Lavoisier - Conservation of Mass, Elements 1790Jefferson - Patent Laws
Hopkins - First US Patent 1791Richter - Stoichiometry, Law of Definite Proportions
Barber - Gas Turbine Engine, Water Jet Propulsion 1792Murdoch - Coal Gas 1794Whitney - Cotton Gin 1795Bramah - Hydraulic Press 1797von Humboldt - Galvanic Electricity
Maudslay - Precision Machine Tools, Screw-Cutting Lathe, Micrometer 1798Whitney - Interchangeable Components, Milling Machine 1799Rumford - Equivalence of Thermal Energy and Mechanical Work, Founded the Royal Institution
Cayley - Theory of Aeronautics, Manned Gliders, Artillery Shells, Caterpillar Tracks, Prosthetic Hand, Hot Air Engine, Automatic Brakes, Railway Signalling, Fire and Railway Safety Systems
Lukin,Wouldhave - Self-righting Lifeboat 1800Volta - Battery
Nicholson,Carlisle - Electrolysis
Herschel - Infrared Radiation 1801Ritter - Ultra Violet Radiation
Jacquard - Stored Program, Programmed Machine Control
Gautherot - Rechargeable Battery 1802Cruikshank - Electrodeposition, Electroplating
Wollaston - Optical Polarisation, Wollaston Prism 1803Ritter - Rechargeable Battery
Dalton - Atomic Theory, Gas Laws 1804Salvá - Electric Telegraph
Trevithick - Steam Powered Road Vehicle 1805Brugnatelli - Electroplating 1807Young - Modulus of Elasticity, Wave Theory of Light
Davy - Isolation of Elements by Electrolysis
Fulton - Steam Boat
Fourier - Heat Transfer, Fourier Transform
Gauss - Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 1808Berzelius - Law of Definite Proportions, Chemical Notation, Atomic Masses
Marc Isambard Brunel - Mass Production 1809Davy - Carbon Arc Lamp 1810 1811Avogadro - Molecular Weights Hypothesis 1812von Sömmering - Electric Telegraph
Zamboni - High Voltage "Dry" Battery, Electric Clock 1814Fraunhofer - Fraunhofer Lines, Light Spectrum Analysis 1805Brugnatelli - Electroplating 1816Ronalds - Electric Telegraph
Wollaston - Reserve Battery
Stirling - Stirling "Hot Air" Engine, Regenerator 1819Dulong,Petit - Specific Heat Capacity Law
Rogers - Steamship Atlantic Crossing 1820Øersted - Magnetism and Electricity
Ampère - Magnetic Forces, Electric Potential
Biot, Savart - Magnetic Fields
Schweigger - Galvanometer
Arago - Electromagnet
Hare - Spiral Wound Electrodes 1821Seebeck - Thermoelectric Effect
Faraday - Electric Motor 1822Barlow - Electric Motor
Isambard Kingdom Brunel - Railways, Iron Ships 1823Döbereiner - Catalysis 1824Berzelius - Silicon Isolated
Carnot - Heat Engine Theory, Second Law of Thermodynamics 1825Ampère - Magnetic Field Theory
Sturgeon - Electromagnet
Stephenson - Railways
Marc Isambard Brunel,Lord Cochrane - Tunneling Shield, Thames Tunnel 1826Nobili,Melloni - Astatic Galvanometer, Thermoelectric Battery
Poggendorff - Mirror Galvanometer 1827Ohm - Ohm's Law
Brown - Brownian Motion 1828Berzelius - Atomic Weights
Green - Mathematical Analysis of Electricity and Magnetism
Dutrochet - Osmosis
Jedlik - Electric Motor, Commutator, Self Excited Dynamo
Neilson - Hot Blast Furnace 1829Nobili,Melloni - Thermopile Radiant Heat Measurement
Becquerel - Constant Current Cell 1830Ure - Bi-metal Thermostat
Henry - Electromagnetic Induction 1831Faraday - Solenoid, Induction Coil, Transformer, Dynamo, Homopolar Machine
Henry - Electric Telegraph
Henry - Relay 1832Schilling - Electric Telegraph
Pixii - Magneto, Direct Current Dynamo 1833Faraday - Laws of Electrolysis
Christie - Wheatstone Bridge
Weber,Gauss - Magnetic Fields, Electric Telegraph
Lenz - Induced Current Law
Graham - Diffusion Law
Isambard Kingdom Brunel - Gaz Engine
Ericsson - Hot Air Engine, Ericsson Cycle, Screw Propeller, USS Monitor 1834Peltier - Thermo-cooling Effect
Clapeyron - Heat Engine Theory, Thermodynamics 1835Gauss - Electric Field Theory, Normal Probability Distribution
Morse - Electric Telegraph, Morse Code
Lindsay - Electric Arc Welding, Electric Lamp 1836Daniell - Battery, Non-Polarising Cell
Berzelius - Catalysts
Paris - Electric Light Installation
Dubus-Bonnel - Woven Fibreglass
Callan - Induction Coil, Maynooth Battery 1837Faraday - Capacitor Theory
Davenport - Electric Motor
Cooke,Wheatstone - Electric Telegraph
Ettrick,Henley - Insulated Electrical Wire
McGauley,Page - Interrupter, Self-Acting Circuit Breaker 1838Davidson - Switched Reluctance DC Motor, Electric Locomotive
Steinheil - Earth(Ground) Return Single Wire Signalling 1839Steinheil - Electric Clock
Grove - Fuel Cell
Faraday - Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generator
Jacobi - Power Transfer Theorem, Load Matching, Electric Boat, Electroplating, Electroforming
Becquerel - Photovoltaic Effect
Simon - Polystyrene 1840Joule - Electric Heating (Joule's) Law, First Law of Thermodynamics
Elkingtons - Electroplating
Newall - Cable Making
Airy - Feedback, Closed Loop Systems
Armstrong - Hydro-Electric Generator 1841Bunsen - Carbon Zinc Cell, Spectroscopy
Bain - Electric Clock, Earth Battery 1842Doppler - Doppler Effect 1843Bain - Image Scanning, Fax Machine, Punched Paper Tape, Telegraph Improvements
Ada Lovelace,Babbage - Computer Programming, Stored Program, Binary Numbers, Analytical Engine
Wheatstone - Rheostat
Hancock,Goodyear - Vulcanisation of Rubber
du Bois Reymond - Electrophysiology, Nerve Impulses 1845Faraday - Magneto-Optic Effect
Kirchhoff - Network Theory, Speed of Light, Spectroscopy, Composition of the Sun and Stars 1846Smithson - Smithsonian Institution
Faraday - Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism
Semyonov - Oil Wells, Petroleum Industry 1847Brunel - Atmospheric Railway 1848Kelvin - Absolute Temperature 1849Fizeau - Speed of Light, Red Shift
Bourdon - Pressure Gauge 1850Clausius - Mechanical Theory of Heat
Mirand - Trembling Electric Bell 1851Kelvin - Second Law of Thermodynamics
Ruhmkorff - High Voltage Induction Coil 1852Frankland - Chemical Bonds, Valency
Joule,Thomson - Gas Laws, Vapour Compression Refrigeration
Channing,Farmer - Automatic Fire Alarm System, Diplex Telegraphy 1853Pope - Electric Burglar Alarm
Gintl - Duplex Telegraphy
Rankine - Potential Energy
Kelvin - RLC Circuit Theory 1854Bourseul - Electrical Transmission of Sound
Geissler - Vacuum Tubes, Fluorescent Light
Boole - Boolean Logic
Tyndall - Light Pipe, Fibre Optics
Stenhouse - Gas Mask
Barsanti, Matteucci - Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine 1855Parkes - Plastic, Celluloid
Bessemer - Bessemer Converter, Steel Making 1856Kelvin - Dynamic Theory of Electricity and Magnetism, Strain Gauge 1857Kelvin - MagnetoResistance
Wheatstone - Punched Paper Tape 1858Field,Whitehouse,Kelvin - Transatlantic Telegraph Cable, Mirror Galvanometer
Plücker,Hittorf - Cathode Rays, Fluorescent Lights
Couper,Kekulé - Organic Chemistry, Linking Carbon Atoms
Holmes - Electric Burglar Alarm
Cannizzaro - Atomic and Molecular Weights 1859Rankine - Thermodynamic Cycles
Carré - Gas Absorption Refrigeration 1860Lenoir - Internal Combustion Engine, Spark Ignition, Lenoir Cycle
Reithmann - Four Stroke Engine
Planté - Lead Acid Rechargeable Battery
Mouchout - Solar Powered Motor
Maxwell - Primary Colours, Colour Photography 1861Reis - Telephone
Meucci - Telephone
Beau de Rochas - Four Stroke Engine 1862Otto - Spark Ignition Four Stroke Engine, Otto Cycle 1863Alkali Works Act - Environmental Legislation
Davis - Pilot Plants, Safety Practices
Jedlik - Multiplying Capacitor Battery (High Voltage Generator) 1864Maxwell - Electromagnetic Waves
Elkington - Electrolytic Refining 1865Clausius - Entropy
ITU - International Telecommunications Union Established
Siemens,Martin - Open Hearth Steel Production 1866Varley,Siemens,Wheatstone,Hjorth,Jedlik - Dynamo, Electromagnetic Armature 1867Siemens - Reversibility of Dynamo
Kelvin - Water Powered Electrostatic Generator
Scholes,Glidden,Soule - Typewriter 1868Leclanché - Zinc Carbon Wet Cell
Maxwell - Feedback Control Systems
Farcot - Servomechanisms 1869Hittorf - Ion Migration, Transport Number
Meyer,Mendeleyef - Periodic Table of Elements
Berges - Hydroelectric Power
Tyndall - Explanation of Blue Sky 1870Hyatt - Plastic, Celluloid
Player - Fibreglass 1870'sBoltzmann - Statistical Mechanics, Thermodynamic Entropy 1871Weber - Atomic Structure, Current Flow
Steiner - Electric Shock Treatment
Tyndall - Fireman's Respirator, Gas Mask 1872Baumann - PVC, Polyvinyl Chloride
Loomis - Radio
Clark - Standard Cell
Stearns - Duplex Telegraphy 1872Brayton - Continuous Combustion Engine, Brayton (Thermodynamic) Cycle 1873Maxwell - Electromagnetic Radiation Theory, Maxwell's Equations
Gramme,Fontaine - Commutators, DC Machines, Electrical Power Transmission
Davidson - Electric Vehicle
May,Smith - Photoconductivity
van der Waals - Gas Laws, Intermolecular Forces 1874Clamond - Thermo-electric Battery
Edison - Quadruplex Telegraph
Baudot - Digital Encoding, Multiplexer
Braun - Crystal Rectifier
Stoney - Electron
Salomons - Electric Car 1875Rowland - Current and Charge Flow 1876Bell,Gray - Telephone
Thomas - "Basic" Bessemer Process 1877Hughes,Edison,Berliner,Hunnings,Blake - Carbon Microphone
Adams,Day - Photo-electric Effect
Siemens - Loudspeaker 1878Gramme,Fontaine - Electric Alternator
Gibbs - Chemical Thermodynamics, Free Energy Concept, Vector Analysis
Niaudet - Battery Industry Growth, 100 Battery Types, Recycling
Redmond - Television
de Paiva - Electric Telescope
Langley - Bolometer
Swan - Incandescent Electric Light
Schuckert - Electrical Power Generation by Steam 1879Edison,Swan and Others - Incandescent Electric Light
Hall - Magnetic Field Strength Sensors
Crookes - Cathode Ray Tube, Radiometer
Siemens Halske - Electric Railway
Stefan - Black Body Radiation
Hughes - Induction Balance, Metal Detector, Radio Waves, Electromagnetic Radiation 1880Curie - Piezo-electricity
Fauré - Lead Acid Battery Formation, Pasted Plates
Hammesfahr - Fibreglass Cloth 1881Thiebaut - Leclanché Cell Improvements
Burr,Scott - Flashlight (Torch)
Touvé - Electric Car
International Electric Congress - Electrical Units, Volt, Ohm, Ampere
Taylor - Time and Motion Study, Scientific Management
Smith,Phelps,Edison,Woods - Induction Telegraph, Mobile Communications 1882d'Arsonval - Moving Coil Galvanometer
Tesla - Rotating Field Principle, 2 Phase Induction Motor
Lalande,Chaperon - Rechargeable Alkaline Cells
Wimshurst - Electrostatic Generator
Ayrton,Perry - Electric Tricycle, Electric Lights
Wheeler,Seely - Domestic Electrical Appliances
Edison - DC Electricity Generating Station
Hammer - Thermionic Emission
Hopkinson - Three Phase Electricity Generation and Distribution 1883Hopkinson - Synchronous Motors
Edison - Electric Fuse
Fritts - Photo-voltaic Module
Fitzgerald - Radio Waves 1884Heaviside - Coaxial Cable, Vector Calculus, Distortionless Transmission Lines, Heaviside-Kennelly Layer
Renard - Zinc Chlorine Flow Battery
Arrhenius - Galvanic Conductivity in Electrolytes, Ion Dissociation
Le Chatelier - Chemical Equilibrium
Nipkow - Television System, Image Raster Scanning 1885Goldstein - Canal Rays
Ferraris - Induction Motor Rotating Magnetic Field
Benardos,Olszewski - Electric Arc Welder
Bláthy,Déri,Zipernowsky - High Voltage AC Distribution System, Transformer, AC WattHour Meter
Benz - Automobile
Parsons - Steam Turbines 1886Stanley - Transformer
Gassner - Carbon Zinc Dry Cell
Hall,Héroult - Electrolytic Extraction of Aluminium
Akroyd-Stuart - Compression Ignition Engine 1887Kelvin - Electrostatic Voltmeter
Arrhenius - Chemical Reaction Rates
Thomson - Electric Resistance Welding
Tesla - Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators, AC Distribution System
Ferranti - AC Distribution System, AC Electricity Generating Station, Induction Heating
Waller - Electrocardiogram
Boys - Fibreglass
Hertz - Photoelectric Effect 1888Hertz - Radio Waves
Hallwachs - Photoelectric Effect
Peral,Zede,Drzewiecki - Electric Submarines
Reinitzer - Liquid Crystal Effect
Strowger - Automatic Telephone Exchange
Hayes - Telephone Exchange Central Battery Power 1889Thomson - Recording Wattmeter
von Dobrovolski - Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Nernst - Galvanic Cell Theory, Enthalpy, Third Law of Thermodynamics
Westinghouse - Hydroelectric AC Generating and Distribution System 1890Ewing - Hysteresis
Tesla - High Frequency Multi-pole Rotary Generator 1891Steinmetz - Hysteresis Law, AC Circuit Analysis, Phasors
Ward Leonard - Variable Speed Control
Wenström - Three Phase Power Systems
Hertz,Lenard - Cathode Rays
Branly - Coherer (Radio Wave Detector)
Varley - Lightning Bridge
Lilienthal - Hang Gliders, Theories of Flight 1892Weston - Standard Cell, Electric Instruments
Stubblefield - Ground Battery, Radio
Lorentz - Electrodynamics, Electromagnetic Fields, Electromagnetic Forces 1893Elster,Geitel - Photocell
Westinghouse - End of the Current Wars
Chanute - Progress in Flying Machines
Diesel - Compression Ignition Engine, Diesel Cycle 1894Lodge,Muirhead - Radio Signal Transmission 1895Röntgen - X-ray Effect
Curie - Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Curie Point
Popov - Radio Waves, Antennas 1896Marconi - Radio Telegraphy
Jacques - Carbon Battery
Becquerel - Radioactivity
Misell - Flashlight (Torch), D Cells
Dowsing - Automobile Self-Starter, Integrated Starter Generator
Langley - Aeronautical Theory 1897Thomson - Electron
Braun - Oscilloscope
Darraq - Regenerative Braking
Peukert - Available Battery Capacity 1898Poulsen - Magnetic Recording and Playback Apparatus
Wien - Proton
Lodge - Radio Tuning
Curie - Radioactivity, Radium 1899Duell - Patents
Rutherford,Soddy - Alpha Rays, Beta Rays
Villard - Gamma Rays
Jungner - Nickel Cadmium Rechargeable Cells
Jénatzy - Electric Vehicle, Land Speed Record
Porsche - Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Pupin - Inductive Loading Coils 1900Edison - Nickel Iron Battery
Planck - Quantum Theory
Drude - Electrical Conduction
Pieper - Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Holland - Dual Propulsion Submarine 1901Michaelowski - Nickel Zinc Battery 1902Hewitt - Mercury Arc Rectifier
USA - Electricity Market Penetration 1903Einthoven - Electrocardiograph
Wright Brothers - Powered flight
Soddy,Rutherford - Radioactivity, Spontaneous Atomic Disintegration
Hanson - Flexible Printed Circuits
Krieger - Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Tswett - Chromatography
Murray - Teleprinter 1904Fleming - Diode Rectifier, Potentiometer
Hülsmeyer - Radar
Hubbell - Mains Plug and Socket
Conti - Geothermal Power Plant 1905Einstein - Quantum Theory, Avogadro's Number, Brownian Motion, Speed of Light, E = mc2
Tafel - Battery Theory
Piper - Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Riker,Ford - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
Langévin - Magnetism, Magnetic Properties 1906Fessenden - Broadcast Radio, Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Alexanderson - High Frequency Multi-pole Rotary Generator
Pickard,Dunwoody - Crystal Detector, Cat's Whisker 1907Baekeland - Thermosetting Plastic
de Forest - Triode
Round - Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Weiss - Magnetic Domains, Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism
Simon - Silk Screen Printing
Héroult - Electric Arc Furnace 1908Voith - Pumped Storage
Brandenberger - Cellophane 1909Sørensen - pH Acidity/Alkalinity Measure
Beautey - Hermetically Sealed Wet Battery 1910Millikan - Electron Charge
Wulf,Hess - Cosmic Rays, Cosmic Radiatiion
Coolidge - Tungsten Filament Light Bulb
Claude - Neon Lights 1911Onnes,Holst - Superconductivity
Rutherford - Atomic Structure
Campbell Swinton - Electronic Television 1912Thomson,Soddy - Isotopes, Mass Spectromete
Haynes,Brierley,Strauss,Maurer - Stainless Steel
Kettering - Automobile Electric Starter
Bragg - X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Crystallography
von Laue - X-ray Theory
Wilson - Cloud Chamber
Armstrong - Regenerative Radio Receiver, Positive Feedback
Sarnoff - Monitoring Titanic SOS Signals
Leavitt - Cepheid Star Period-Luminosity Relation, Standard Candles 1913Bohr - Quantum Mechanics, Atomic Structure
Moseley - Atomic Number, Periodic Table
Berry,Littlefield,Bassist - Printed Circuits
Ford - Moving Conveyor Line, Paced Assembly Line 1914Millikan - Planck's Constant Determination
Slipher - Red Shifted Galaxies 1915Benedicks - Germanium Crystal Rectifier
Willard - Automotive SLI Batteries
Fery - Air Depolarising, Zinc-Air Battery
Colpitts - Push-Pull Amplifier
Hartley,Colpitts - Variable Frequency Oscillators
Carson - Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation, Frequency Division Multiplexing
Shapley - Stellar Distance Estimation, Cosmic Dimensions 1916Lewis - Chemical Bonding, Ionic Bonding
Sommerfeld - Atomic Structure, Quantum States
Northrup - High Frequency Induction Heating
Czochralski - Single Crystal Growth 1917Campbell,Wagner - Passive Electric Wave Filters
Rutherford - Splits Atom, Proton 1918Armstrong,Schottky - Superheterodyne Radio Tuner
Schoop - Printed Circuits 1919Eccles,Jordan - Flip Flop
Eguchi - Electrets
Schottky - Tetrode Valve
Nicholson - Crystal Oscillator 1920KDKA - First Commercial Radio Broadcasts
Aston - Nuclear Mass Defect, Binding Energy
Eddington - Sun's Energy Source 1921UK - Electricity Market Penetration
Cady - Crystal Controlled Oscillator
Midgley - Anti-knock Fuel (Tetraethyl Lead), Refrigerants (Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)) 1920's Diesel Electric Locomotives, Electric Drives 1922BBC - Public Radio Broadcasting
Losev - Light Emitting Diode (LED), Solid State Amplifier, Negative Resistance Amplifier
Minorsky - Feedback Control Systems, PID (3 Term) Controller
Staudinger,Simon - Theory of Polymers, Polystyrene 1923Marconi Company - Hearing Aid
Dodge,Romig - Sampling Inspection Tables, AOQL
Brønsted,Lowry,Lewis - Acids and Bases
Pierce - "Pierce" Crystal Controlled Oscillator 1924Berger - Encephalograph
de Broglie - Wave Particle Duality
Rice,Kellogg - Moving Coil Loudspeaker
Schottky,Gerlach - Ribbon Microphone
Appleton - Ionosphere, Appleton Layer, Radar 1925Maxfield,Harrison - Electrical Sound Recording
Bush - Analogue Computer
Pauli - Exclusion Principle, Electron Spin
Heisenberg - Quantum Theory, Matrix Mechanics
Ducas - Printed Circuits 1926Parolini,Edison - Printed Circuits
Semon - PVC, Plasticisers
Eckert,Ziegler - Injection Moulding Machine
Schrödinger - Quantum Wave Mechanics, Wave Equation
Born - Quantum State Probability
Lilienfeld - Field Effect Transistor
Loomis - Tuxedo Park Laboratory, MIT Radiation Laboratory
Ridenour - MIT Radiation Lab Series Publications 1927Heisenberg - Uncertainty Principle
Thomson,Davisson - Wave Nature of the Electron
Hund - Quantum Tunneling
USA - Battery Costs
Chauvin Arnoux - Multimeter
Black - Feedback Control Theory, Distortion Control
Seymour - Flexible Printed Circuits
Farnsworth - All Electronic Television System
Marrison - Quartz Clock, Crystal Controlled Oscillator
Haldane - Heat Pump 1928Dirac - Electron Magnetic Spin Properties, Anti-particles, Quantum Electrodynamics, QED, Positron
Hartley - Signal Information Content, Information Transmission Rates
Nyquist - Communications, Sampling Theory
Johnson - Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise)
Potocnik - Geostationary Satellites
Raman - Raman Scattering 1929Zworykin - Television Picture Tube
Hubble - Big Bang, Expanding Universe, Hubble's Law 1930Butler,Volmer - Battery Kinetic Electrochemistry
Gusseff,Lazarenko - Electro-chemical Machining, Electro-discharge Machining
Lilienfeld - Electrolytic Capacitors
Whittle - Jet Engine 1931Carothers - Neoprene, Nylon
Fischar - Metal Detector
Drumm - Traction Battery
de Bellescise - Phase Locked Loop (PLL), Radio Tuning Circuits, Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)
Blumlein - Stereo Sound 1932Knoll,Ruska - Transmission Electron Microscope
Bacon - Alkaline Fuel Cell
Cockcroft,Walton - Proton Accelerator, Split the Atom, E = mc2 Verification
Lawrence - Cyclotron Particle Accelerator
Chadwick - Isolates the Neutron
Szilard - Chain Reaction, Critical Mass, Atom Bomb
Anderson - Positron, Elementary Particles
Tamm - Phonons
Heise,Schumacher - Zinc Air Battery
Schlecht,Ackermann - Sintered Pole Plates
Nyquist - Feedback Control Theory, Stability Control
Kleist,Slayter - Fibreglass 1933Dassler - Recombinant Batteries
Meissner,Ochsenfeld - Superconductor Magnetic Properties
First Injection Moulded Polystyrene Products
Gibson,Fawcett - Polyethylene
Armstrong- Frequency Modulation (FM)
Franz - Flexible Printed Circuits 1934Sonneberg - Gelled Cell Lead Acid Batteries
Chauvin Arnoux - Current Measuring Clamp 1935Watson-Watt - Radar
Heil - Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor (IGFET), Klystron, Air Motion Transformer 1930's Ampoule Batteries 1936Ellis - Polyester Resin 1937Shannon - Information Theory, Digital Technology, Logical Operations
Reeves - Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Digital Circuits
Dippy - Radio Navigation
Sargrove - Printed Circuits 1938Bode - Control System Stability
Gross - Walkie-Talkie, Mobile Radio
Meitner,Hahn,Strassmann - Nuclear Fission, Splitting the Atom
Plunkett - PTFE
UK - Electricity Market Penetration
Sola - Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT)
Schottky - Schottky Diode, Semiconductor Theory
Zuse - Programmable Digital Computer, High Level Language 1939I.G. Farbenindustrie - Epoxy Resin, Composites
Bethe - Explanation of Sun's Source of Energy
UK - Electricity Market Penetration 1940Randall,Boot - Cavity Magnetron
Frisch,Peierls - Atomic Bomb
Tizard - Technology Transfer UK-US
Loomis,Pierce,Dippy - LORAN 1941André - Silver Oxide Zinc Battery
Ohl - P-N Junction, Semiconductors, Silicon Solar Cell
Adams - Water Activated Battery
Ransburg - Electrostatic Paint Spraying
Centralab - Thick Film Circuits 1942Fermi - Nuclear Chain Reaction
Coover - Superglue
Hanford,Holmes - Polyurethane
Hedy Lamarr,Antheil - Frequency Hopping Secure Communications, Spread Spectrum, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 1943Eisler - Printed Circuit Board 1944Ruben,Mallory - Mercuric Oxide Batteries
Brenner,Riddel,Pessel - Electroless Plating 1945Clarke - Geostationary Communications Satellites
Ragazzini,Philbrick - Operational Amplifier, Analogue Circuits
Bush - Memex (Hypertext)
McMillan,Veksler - Synchrotron 1946Bloch,Purcell - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spencer - Microwave Oven
Philips - Ceramic Magnets 1947Bardeen,Brattain,Shockley - Transistor
Young,Ring - Cellular Communications
Neumann - Battery Seals
Piezoelectric Ceramic Gramophone Needle
Gabor - Holography
Parsons - Numerically Controlled Machine Tools 1948Bell Labs - Transistor Announcement
Mataré,Welker - Transistron, The French Transistor
Teal,Little - Single Crystal Growth
Teal,Sparks - Grown Junction Transistor
Teal,Buehler - Silicon Crystal Growth, Silicon Diodes
Shannon - Mathematical Theory of Communications, Information Entropy, Sampling Theory, Channel Capacity Tradeoffs Motor, Magnetic Levitation, Maglev Trains
Durrer - Basic Oxygen Steel Making 1949Woodland,Silver - Bar Code System
Forrester - Magnetic Core Random Access Memory (RAM)
Danko,Abramson - Dip Soldering 1950Shockley - Electrons and Holes
Shockley - Four Layer Diode, Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Nishizawa - PIN Diode
Oerlikon - Flywheel Battery
Dreyer - LCD Polarisers
Deming - Total Quality Management, TQM
Martin - Gas Chromatography 1951Wilkes,Wheeler &Gill - Assembly Language Programming
Hopper - Compiler
Saby - Alloy Junction Transistor
Thornton - Transistor Jet Etching Technique, Surface Barrier Transistor
Ford - Automatic Assembly, Production Automation
Ohmart - Nuclear Batteries, Direct Energy Conversion
Nuclear Power Plants
Sakharov,Tamm - Tokamak, Thermonuclear Fusion 1952Lip - Electric Watch
Transistor Production
Pfann - Zone Refining
Theuerer - Float Zone Refining
Zener - Zener Diode
Fuller - Semiconductor Diffusion Doping
Welker - Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
Dummer - Integrated Circuit
Oatley - Scanning Electron Microscope
Eccles,Hodgkin,Huxley - Nerve Impulse Transmission 1953Microtone,Maico,Unex,Radioear - Transistor Hearing Aid with Button Cell
Mataré,Welker - Transistor Radio
Kay - Digital Voltmeter (DVM)
Fox - Polycarbonate 1954Borg-Warner - ABS Polymers
McIntire - Styrofoam
Shockley,Ohl - Ion Implantation
Lee - Diffused Base Germanium Mesa Transistor
Chapin,Fuller,Pearson - Silicon Solar Cell
Tanenbaum - Diffused Base Silicon Mesa Transistor
Adcock,Teal - Silicon Transistor
Koch - Transistor Radio
Backus - Fortran
Teal - Silicon Transistors
Devol,Engleberger - Industrial Robots 1955Grubb - Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Johnson - Computer Hard Disk
USS Nautilus - Nuclear Powered Submarine
Polley - Wireless (Optical) TV Remote Control
Adler - Ultrasonic TV Remote Control
Wang - Magnetic Core Computer Memory, Random Access Memory (RAM)
Kapany - Fibre Optics
Uhlir,Bakanowski - Varactor Diode or Varicap
Shockley - Four Layer Diode, Shockley Diode
Lawson - Conditions for Nuclear Fusion 1956Hall,Gutzwiller - Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR), Thyristor 1957Korolev - Sputnik 1, Artificial Earth Satellite
Esaki - Tunnel Diode, Negative Resistance, Electron Tunneling
Bardeen,Cooper,Schreiffer - BCS Theory, Superconductivity
Kouwenhoven - Defibrillator
Hamilton Watch - Electric Watches
Jache - Gel VRLA battery
Hanratty - Numerical Control, CAD/CAM
Frosch,Derrick - Silicon Dioxide Masking
Andrus,Bond - Photolithography
Bemer - Computer Time-Sharing 1958Niedrach - PEM Fuel Cells, Gemini Spacecraft
Hoerni - Transistors, Planar Process
Lehovec - Integrated Circuit, Dielectric Isolation
Kilby,Noyce - Integrated Circuits
Schawlow,Townes,Gould - Laser 1959Urry - Alkaline Primary Battery
Ihrig - Fuel Cell Powered Vehicle
Feynman - Nanotechnology 1960Maiman - Laser
Kahng,Atalla - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
Sah - MOSFET
Hofstein,Heiman - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Integrated Circuit, MOS IC
Loor,Christensen,Kleimack,Theurer,Ross - Epitaxial Deposition
Cho,Arthur - Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)
Greatbatch - Heart Pacemaker, Lithium Primary Battery
Sutherland - Sketchpad, CAD
Getting,Parkinson,Easton - Global Positioning System (GPS), Satellite Navigation System 1960's Zinc Air Button Cells
Bacon - Alkaline Fuel Cells, Apollo Spacecraft 1961US Department of Energy - Nuclear Batteries
Riley - Cordless Power Tools
UK - Electricity Market Penetration
Noyce - Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL)
Thomson - Multiple Input Emitter Transistor, Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL)
Baker - Diode Transistor Logic (DTL)
Buie,Longo - Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL)
Aroot - Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)
Wanlass,Sah - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
Lin - Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS)
Kalman - Predictive Control Systems 1962Philbrick - Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)
Widlar,Talbert - Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps), Linear Circuits
Holonyak - Light Emitting Diode
Josephson - Superconducting Materials, Magnetic Field Sensor
Carson - Silent Spring, Environmental Protection
Licklider - "Intergalactic Computer Network" (Internet Concept) 1963Cormack,Hounsfield - Computerised Axial Tomography, CAT Scanning
Gunn - Gunn Diode 1964Baran,Davies - Packet Switching, Internet
Weitbrecht,Marsters,Saks - Teletypewriter (TTY), Acoustic Coupler Modem
Geulia - Super Flywheel Battery
Henry-Baudot - Printed Circuit (Pancake) Motor
Bitzer,Slottow,Wilson - Flat Panel Plasma Display
Higgs - Higgs Field, Higgs Boson 1965Zadeh - Fuzzy Logic
Russell - Optical Disk System, Compact Disk, CD ROM
Cooley,Tukey - Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Moore - Moore's Law, Integrated Circuits
Johnston,De Loach,Cohen - IMPATT Diode
Nelson - Hypertext 1966Longo - Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), TTL Memory
Dennard - Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
Weber,Kummer - Sodium Sulphur Battery
CODATA - Physical Constants
Kao,Hockham - Fibre Optic Communications
de Gaulle - Rance Tidal Energy Scheme 1967Gates - Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) Battery
Beccu - Nickel Metal Hydride (NIMH) Battery
Kahng,Sze - Non-Volatile Memory, Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)
Thornley,Hatzakis - Electron Beam Lithography
Walker,Koford,Jones - Micromosaic, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC's)
Engelbart - Computer Mouse, Graphical User Interface (GUI), Hypertext, Video Conferencing 1968Carter - Carterfone Judgement, Telecoms Deregulation
Heilmeier - Liquid Crystal Display
Knuth - The Art of Programming
Kummer,Weber - AMTEC Direct Energy Conversion 1969Draper,Hall - Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC), Moon Landing
Fergason - Twisted Nematic Field Effect, LCD
Smith,Boyle - Charge Coupled Device
Nakamura - Quartz Wristwatch
Taylor,Roberts - ARPANet, Linked Computers 1970Gray - LCD Materials
Maurer,Keck,Schultz,Zimar - Low Loss Fibre Optic Cable
Regitz,Karp,Hoff,Rowe,Abbott,Vadasz,Reed - Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
Chua - Static Random Access Memory (DRAM)
Frohman - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), OTP EPROM
Joel - Cellular Phone Handoff System
Abramson - ALOHAnet, Local Area Networks (LANs) 1971Fagin,Hoff,Mazor - Single Chip Microprocessor
Shugart - Computer Floppy Disk System
Engel,Frenkiel,Gladden,Parelman - Cellular Communications System
Sampson - Gamma Electric Cell, Nuclear Battery
Tomlinson - Internet Email 1972 Sodium Sulphur Battery Tested
Richie,Thompson - C Programming Language
Sinclair - Pocket Calculator
Chauvin Arnoux - Digital Multimeter 1973Cooper - Portable Cell Phone, Cellular Base Station
Cerf,Kahn - TCP/IP Internet Protocol
Metcalfe,Boggs - Ethernet
Projection Printing (Photolithography) 1974Werbos - Neural Networks
McGinniss,Corry,Proctor - Organic Semiconductors 1970s VRLA Battery Development 1975Dunlop,Giner,van Ommering,Stockel - Nickel Hydrogen Battery
Roberts - Personal Computer
Gates,Allen - BASIC Interpreter, Microsoft, MS-DOS 1976Jobs,Wozniak - Apple Computer
Ungerboek - Forward Error Correction, Trellis Code Modulation
Diffie,Hellman - Shared Key Encryption
Ellis,Cocks,Williamson - Public Key Encryption
Rivest,Shamir,Adleman - Public Key Encryption 1977AT&T and Bell Labs - Cellular Phone System
Heeger,MacDiarmid,Shirakawa - Conducting Polymers
Damadian - Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI Scanning
Birkner,Chua - Programmable Logic Device (PLD)
Hayes,Heatherington - PC Modem 1978Christensen,Suess - Bulletin Board System (BBS)
Jennings - FidoNet
E.N. Kraftwerk - Compressed Air Energy Storage
Cooper,Littauer - Metal-Air Batteries, Aluminium-Air Batteries
Step and Repeat Photolithography
Breedlove,Wiggins,Frantz - Digital Signal Processor (DSP), Speak and Spell 1979Goodenough - Lithium Ion Rechargeable Cell
Bricklin - Spreadsheet 1980UK Atomic Energy Commission - Zebra Battery
AGM Lead Acid Battery
Baliga - Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
Mead,Conway - Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits, (VLSI) 1981Binnig,Rohrer - Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Drexler - Nanotechnology
MacCready - Photovoltaic Powered Airplane 1982 Solar One, Thermal Power Plant
Petersen - MEMS, NEMS, Silicon Machining, Micro-Electromechanical Components 1983Jobs - Graphical User Interface, (GUI) 1984Masuoka - Flash Memory, Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)
Freeman - Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) 1985Curl,Kroto,Smalley - Buckminsterfullerenes
Skil - Cordless Power Tool 1980s Sealed VRLA Batteries Commercialised 1986Ovshinsky - Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Developments
Binnig,Rohrer - Atomic Force Microscope
Hitachi - Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Bednorz,Müller - High Temperature Superconductors
Smith - Six Sigma Quality
Viterbi,Jacobs,Gilhousen - Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Cellular Systems 19873D Systems - Stereo Lithography Rapid Prototyping 1988SCE - 40MWH Lead Acid Load Levelling Battery
Fan,Tai,Muller - Micro-Scale Electrostatic Motor, Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)
Fert,Grünberg GMR Giant MagnetoResistance
Chiariglione - Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG)
Lechleider,Cioffi - Broadband Communications, ADSL 1989Berners-Lee - World Wide Web (WWW), HTML, HTTP, URL, Browser
Pons,Fleischmann - Cold Nuclear Fusion
Brown - Betavoltaic Nuclear Battery
Regenesys - Flow Battery
Bates - Thin Film Battery
Boeing - Stacked Semiconductor Photovoltaic Cell
Commercial Exploitation of the Internet, Email Services 1990Emtage - Internet Search Engine
Sony - Lithium Secondary Cells Introduction
Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries Commercialisation 1990's New Market Demands 1991Iijima - Carbon Nanotubes, Buckytubes
Grätzel - Photoelectrochemical Cell
Zimmermann - PGP Public Key Encryption 1992Kordesch - Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese Battery 1993Cooper - Zinc Air Batteries, Mechanical Charging 1994Bellcore - Lithium Polymer Cells
PowerNet - 42 Volt Automotive Battery Standard 1995 Pouch Cell
Duracell,Intel - Smart Battery, SMBus
Energizer - On-Cell Fuel Gauge or Battery Tester
Bayliss - Clockwork Battery 1996BMW - Flywheel Energy Storage Accident
Patterson - Power Cells
Poehler,Searson - All Plastic Battery
Brauschweig University - Solar Powered Aeroplane 1997Hayes,Hills - Wireless LANs, Wi-Fi
Photovoltaic Modules Production 1998NGK - 48MWH Sodium Sulphur Load Levelling Battery
CODATA - Readjusts Physical Constants 2000Mills - Hydrino Hydride Battery
Tripathy - Flexible Polymer Solar Panels 2000's Market Trends 2001Smalley - Nanowires 2002 Nanomaterials
ORNL - Thin Film Batteries 2003Teeters,Korzhova,Fisher - Nanobattery
Zettl - Nano-Scale Electrostatic Motor, Nano-Electromechanical Systems(NEMS)
University of San Diego - "Smart Dust", Nano Robots, Nano Batteries
Regenesys - Cancelled
GVEA - 40 Megawatt Battery
Battery Sales Volumes
Partanen - Rechargeable Aluminium Air Battery 2004Toshiba - Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Intel - Itanium 2 Processor 2005Ki Bang Lee - Urine Battery
Satoh - Organic Radical Battery
Armstrong - Biofuel Cell
van Hoof - Thermo-electric Generator Using Body Heat 2006Kassakian,Schindall,Signorelli - Enhanced Double Layer Capacitors, Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes 2007Jobs,Ive - Smartphone Internet Capable Phone
Hatazawa,Kano - Sugar Battery (Biofuel Cell) 2008Johnson - JTEC Battery (Johnson Thermoelectric Energy Conversion) System
CERN,Evans - Large Hadron Collider 2011Hung,Hsu,Lin - Data Storage on DNA 2012Church,Kosuri DNA Data Storage Device
CERN - Higgs Boson Confirmed 2013 Battery Futures???
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