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Organization:
Alexa Crawls Starting in 1996,
Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Flowing in every day, these data are added to the
Wayback Machine after an embargo period.
Starting in 1996,
Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Flowing in every day, these data are added to the
Wayback Machine after an embargo period.
The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20121029123640/http://www.cs.xu.edu:80/math/Sources/index.html
With these pages I plan to makeavailable a broadrange of material relatedto the history of probability and statistics. This will includeprincipallya selection of original sources in English translation. Thereadermayrightly assume, unless another person should be credited, that I amresponsiblefor any errors of mistranslation or transcription.
I have endeavored to ensure that textshavebeen reproduced accurately. The translations have not beenrendered intopolishedEnglish because they are meant to reflect as best as I am capable thesenseand language of the authors. However, I believe theEnglish to bereadable. Be aware that the sources available are sometimesverydifficult to read so that errors can arise simply because characters oftext cannot be discerned clearly.
Whenever possible, the originalnotation of theauthors has been retained.However, I have at times relied on the collected works of anindividual.It should be noted that editors of collected works have sometimeschangedthe notation from that which was used in the first publication. It hasbeennecessary, but only rarely, to actually alter notation and this hasoccurredchiefly when the character used is not available.
These documents may be freely copiedfor use byeducators and educationalinstitutions as long as proper credit is given and they remainunaltered.Commentsand corrections are welcome.
Note that the Todhunter's framework hasbeen adopted through Laplace. Beyond that time, what appearsis dictated by myinterests.
Sinceseveral research libraries have been digitized, it is possible tolocate scanned images of journals and books. Links will be provided tothem under two particular circumstances: (1) If the paper or text is inEnglish. (2) If the work is in another language and I have no interestother than citing it.
Richard J. Pulskamp.
pulskamp"at"xavier.edu
Itis likely that thesepages will be in a permanent state of construction.
Several histories now in the public domain are these:
- Charles Gourand,Histoiredu Calcul des Probabilités, 1848.
- Isaac Todhunter,AHistory of the Mathematical Theory of Probability, 1865
- August Meitzen,History,theory, and technique of Statistics, 1891.
- John Koren,TheHistory of Statistics, 1913.
The outline of Todhunter
Althought Todhunter is fairly complete, there are some omissions. Thosefound have been imbedded as appropriate in these pages.- Prehistory of Probability & Statistics (Inpreparation.)
- TheProblem of Points
- Blaise PascalandPierre Fermat
- ChristiaanHuygens
- Combinations
- Mortality&Life Insurance
- MiscellaneousInvestigations to 1700
- Pierre deMontmort
- Abraham de Moivre
- TheBernoulliFamily:JakobBernoulli,JohannI Bernoulli,NicolasI Bernoulli,DanielBernoulli &JohannIII Bernoulli
Nikolaus I Bernoulli is the author of the dissertation De usu artis conjectandiin jure - MiscellaneousInvestigationsbetween 1700 and 1750
- Leonhard Euler wroteanumber of papers on probability and what we now call statistics. Hereare found translations of the majority of his works. I have alsoendeavored to give a fairly complete collection of ancillary papers upto the time of Laplace. Several gaps are yet evident.
- JeanD'Alembert is oftenmaligned for his errors in discussing probability. Here I have placedtranslations of all of his writings on probability. He alsopenneda number of memoirs of a statistical nature on the subject ofinoculation for the smallpox. These remain to be done.
- ThomasBayes
- JosephLagrange
- MiscellaneousInvestigations from1750 to 1780
- Marquis deCondorcet
- Jean Trembley
- MiscellaneousInvestigations from1780 to 1800
- Laplace (Updated through TAP.)
Supplement:Fitting equations to dataprior to 1805. Many, but not all, of the works included hereare mentioned above. This collects together all identified by Merrimanin his list of writings on least squares up to, but not includingLegendre.
The Nineteenth Century
The Royal Society of London produced for the period 1800 to 1900 aCatalog of Scientific Papersorganized by subject. Volume 1 lists pure mathematical papers. Those inprobability (Classification 1630) are further subdivided into theTheory of Errors includingLeastSquares Method and Probabilities includingProblems. Statistics(Classification 1635) includes Actuarial Mathematics with subdivisionsofMortalityandPopulation.
This period is marked especially by the efforts devoted to the theory of errors and the methodof least squares. Manfield Merriman in hisA List of writings relating tothe Method of Least Squares has supplied a list of 408titles related to it carried from 1722 to 1874. Leon Harterin "The Method of Least Squares and some Alternatives: Part I,"International Statistical ReviewVol.42,No. 2 (1974) pp. 147-174 extended this to 1884.
The thirteen "proofs"of the Method of Least Squares:These are given in the order provided by Merriman.
This period is marked bythe publication of Laplace'sThéorie Analytique desProbabilitésin 1812 and followed shortly thereafter with the EssaiPhilosophique sur les probabilités in1814.
- Adrien-MarieLegendrewhofirst published in 1805 on the method ofleast squares.
- Carl Gausswho contributed to thescience of statistics through his work on the method of least squares.His works in this area span 1809 to 1828. Although Legendre was the first to publish, he claimed to have used theprocedure twelve years before Legendre published.
- George Bessel who, during the period 1810 to 1845, contributed to the theory of errors.
- Simon DenisPoisson is known,of course, for the Poisson Distribution, the Law of Large Numbers and his simplification of Laplace.He also investigated the optimal size of juries and the number ofjurors required to convict. His work spans 1824 to 1837.
- Joseph Fourier.
- MiscellaneousInvestigations from 1801 to 1830
See also Cauchy below for early papers.
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