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• Real-life Barbie doll Valeria Lukyanova has become and internet sensationThe Australian
  
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• South Sudan's leader says Sudan has declared warDayton Daily News
  
• Osama bin Laden 'wanted 9/11 follow-up'The Independent
  
• U.S. And Israel More Likely To Attack Iran than The Other Way Around, Facts IndicateWorldNews.com
  

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''The Times'' and its sister paper ''The Sunday Times'' are published by Times Newspapers Limited, since 1981 a subsidiary ofNews International. News International is entirely owned by theNews Corporation group, headed byRupert Murdoch. Though traditionally a moderatelycentre-right newspaper and a supporter of theConservatives, it supported theLabour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections.In 2004, according toMORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for theConservative Party, 29% for theLiberal Democrats, 26% forLabour.

''The Times'' is the original "Times" newspaper, lending its name to many other papers around the world, such as ''The New York Times'', ''The Los Angeles Times'', ''The Seattle Times'', ''The Daily Times (Malawi)'',Jimma Times (Ethiopia), ''The Times of India'', ''The Straits Times'', ''Polska The Times'' ''The Times of Malta'' and ''The Irish Times''. For distinguishing purposes it is therefore sometimes referred to, particularly in North America, as the 'London Times' or 'The Times of London'.The paper is also the originator of the ubiquitousTimes Roman typeface, originally developed byStanley Morison of ''The Times'' in collaboration with theMonotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing.

The Times was printed inbroadsheet format for 219 years, but switched tocompact size in 2004 partly in an attempt to appeal to younger readers and partly to appeal to commuters using public transport. An American edition has been published since 6 June 2006.

Today

History

''The Times'' used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its early life, the profits of ''The Times'' were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers.

In 1809,John Stoddart was appointed general editor, replaced in 1817 withThomas Barnes. Under Barnes and his successor in 1841,John Thadeus Delane, the influence of ''The Times'' rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst theCity of London. Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained for ''The Times'' the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from "We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform.").The increased circulation and influence of the paper was based in part to its early adoption of the steam driven rotary printing press. Distribution viasteam trains to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.

''The Times'' was the first newspaper to sendwar correspondents to cover particular conflicts.W. H. Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in theCrimean War, was immensely influential with his dispatches back to England.In other events of the nineteenth century, ''The Times'' opposed the repeal of theCorn Laws until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise, and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of theIrish Potato Famine. It enthusiastically supported theGreat Reform Bill of 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400 000 people to 800 000 people (still a small minority of the population). During theAmerican Civil War, ''The Times'' represented the view of the wealthy classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of slavery.

The thirdJohn Walter (the founder's grandson) succeeded his father in 1847. The paper continued as more or less independent. From the 1850s, however, ''The Times'' was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from thepenny press, notably ''The Daily Telegraph'' and ''The Morning Post''.

During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for theForeign Office to approach ''The Times'' and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.

''The Times'' faced financial extinction in 1890 underArthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor,Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890–1911), ''The Times'' became associated with selling the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' using aggressive American marketing methods introduced byHorace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. However, due to legal fights between the ''Britannica's'' two owners, Hooper andWalter Montgomery Jackson, ''The Times'' severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate,Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.

In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914Wickham Steed, the ''Times'''s Chief Editor argued that theBritish Empire should enterWorld War I.On 8 May 1920, under the editorship ofWickham Steed, the ''Times'' in an editorial endorsed theanti-Semitic forgery ''The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion'' as a genuine document, and called Jews the world's greatest danger. In the leader entitled "The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry", Steed wrote about ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'':

What are these 'Protocols'? Are they authentic? If so, what malevolent assembly concocted these plans and gloated over their exposition? Are they forgery? If so, whence comes the uncanny note of prophecy, prophecy in part fulfilled, in part so far gone in the way of fulfillment?".

In 1922,John Jacob Astor, a son of the1st Viscount Astor, bought ''The Times'' from theNorthcliffe estate. The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of Germanappeasement; then-editorGeoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement, most notablyNeville Chamberlain.

Kim Philby, aSovietdouble agent, served as a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during theSpanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joinedMI6 duringWorld War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, then eventually defected to theSoviet Union in 1963.

Between 1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historianE.H. Carr was Assistant Editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials. In December 1944, when fighting broke out inAthens between the Greek CommunistELAS and the British Army, Carr in a ''Times'' editorial sided with the Communists, leadingWinston Churchill to condemn him and that leader in a speech to the House of Commons. As a result of Carr's editorial, the ''Times'' became popularly known during World War II as the threepenny''Daily Worker'' (the price of the ''Daily Worker'' was one penny)

In 1967, members of theAstor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnateRoy Thomson, and on 3 May 1966 it started printing news on the front page for the first time. (Previously, the paper's front page featured small advertisements, usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society.) TheThomson Corporation merged it with ''The Sunday Times'' to formTimes Newspapers Limited.

An industrial dispute prompted the management to shut the paper for nearly a year (1 December 1978 – 12 November 1979).

TheThomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the1979 Energy Crisis and union demands. Management were left with no choice but to save both titles by finding a buyer who was in a position to guarantee the survival of both titles, and also one who had the resources and was committed to funding the introduction of modern printing methods.

Several suitors appeared, includingRobert Maxwell,Tiny Rowland andLord Rothermere; however, only one buyer was in a position to meet the fullThomson remit. That buyer was the Australian media magnateRupert Murdoch.

Rupert Murdoch

Murdoch soon began making his mark on the paper, replacing its editor,William Rees-Mogg, withHarold Evans in 1981. One of his most important changes was the introduction of new technology and efficiency measures. In March–May 1982, following agreement with print unions, the hot-metalLinotype printing process used to print ''The Times'' since the 19th century was phased out and replaced by computer input and photo-composition. This allowed print room staff at ''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times'' to be reduced by half. However, direct input of text by journalists ("single stroke" input) was still not achieved, and this was to remain an interim measure until theWapping dispute of 1986, when ''The Times'' moved from NewPrinting House Square in Gray's Inn Road (nearFleet Street) to new offices inWapping.

In June 1990, ''The Times'' ceased its policy of using courtesy titles ("Mr", "Mrs", or "Miss" prefixes for living persons) before full names on first reference, but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references. The more formal style is now confined to the "Court and Social" page, though "Ms" is now acceptable in that section, as well as before surnames in news sections.

In November 2003, News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes. On 13 September 2004, the weekday broadsheet was withdrawn from sale inNorthern Ireland. Since 1 November 2004, the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format.

TheConservative Party announced plans to launchlitigation against ''The Times'' over an incident in which the newspaper claimed that Conservative election strategistLynton Crosby had admitted that his party would not win the2005 General Election. ''The Times'' later published a clarification, and the litigation was dropped.

On 6 June 2005, ''The Times'' redesigned its Letters page, dropping the practice of printing correspondents' full postal addresses. Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents. Author/solicitor David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire has had more letters published on the main letters page than any known contributor – 158 by 31 January 2008. According to itsleading article, "From Our Own Correspondents", removal of full postal addresses was in order to fit more letters onto the page.

In a 2007 meeting with theHouse of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.

In May 2008 printing of ''The Times'' switched from Wapping to new plants atBroxbourne on the outskirts of London, and Merseyside and Glasgow, enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time.

Controversy and image

Some allege that ''The Times''' partisan opinion pieces also damage its status as 'paper of record,' particularly when attacking interests that go against those of its parent company – News International. In 2010 it published an opinion piece attacking the BBC for being 'one of a group of' signatories to a letter criticising BSkyB share options in October 2010.

Readership profile and image

The latest figures from the national readership survey show ''The Times'' to have the highest number ofABC1 25–44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers. The certified average circulation figures for November 2005 show that The Times sold 692,581 copies per day. This was the highest achieved under the last editor, Robert Thomson, and ensured that the newspaper remained ahead of ''The Daily Telegraph'' in terms of full-rate sales, although the ''Telegraph'' remains the market leader for broadsheets, with a circulation of 905,955 copies. Tabloid newspapers, such as ''The Sun'' and middle-market newspapers such as the ''Daily Mail'', at present outsell both papers with a circulation of around 3,005,308 and 2,082,352 respectively. By March 2010 the paper's circulation had fallen to 502,436 copies daily and the ''Telegraph's'' to 686,679, according to ABC figures.

Format and supplements

''Literary Supplement''

''Science Reviews''

''The Times'' started another new (but free) monthly science magazine, ''Eureka'', in October 2009.

''Times2''

Bowie first caught the eye and ear of the public in July 1969, when his song "Space Oddity" reached the top five of theUK Singles Chart. After a three-year period of experimentation he re-emerged in 1972 during theglam rock era with the flamboyant,androgynousalter egoZiggy Stardust, spearheaded by the hit single "Starman" and the album ''The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars''. Bowie's impact at that time, as described by biographer David Buckley, "challenged the core belief of the rock music of its day" and "created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture." The relatively short-lived Ziggy persona proved merely one facet of a career marked by continual reinvention, musical innovation and striking visual presentation.

In 1975, Bowie achieved his first major American crossover success with the number-one single "Fame" and the hit album ''Young Americans'', which the singer characterised as "plastic soul". The sound constituted a radical shift in style that initially alienated many of his UK devotees. He then confounded the expectations of both his record label and his American audiences by recording theminimalist album ''Low'' (1977)—the first of three collaborations withBrian Eno over the next two years. The so-called "Berlin Trilogy" albums all reached the UK top five and garnered lasting critical praise.

After uneven commercial success in the late 1970s, Bowie had UK number ones with the 1980 single "Ashes to Ashes", its parent album ''Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)'', and "Under Pressure", a 1981 collaboration withQueen. He then reached a new commercial peak in 1983 with ''Let's Dance'', which yielded several hit singles. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Bowie continued to experiment with musical styles, includingblue-eyed soul,industrial,adult contemporary, andjungle. His last recorded album was ''Reality'' (2003), which was supported by the 2003–04Reality Tour.

Buckley says of Bowie: "His influence has been unique in popular culture—he has permeated and altered more lives than any comparable figure." In the BBC's 2002 poll of the100 Greatest Britons, Bowie was placed at number 29. Throughout his career, he has sold an estimated 140 million albums. In the UK, he has been awarded nine Platinum album certifications, 11 Gold and eight Silver, and in the US, five Platinum and seven Gold certifications. In 2004, ''Rolling Stone'' ranked him 39th on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time", and 23rd on their list of the best singers of all-time.

Biography

1947–62: early years

In 1953 the family moved to the suburb ofBromley, where, two years later, Bowie progressed to Burnt Ash Junior School. Hisvoice was considered "adequate" by the school choir, and his recorder playing judged to demonstrate above-average musical ability. At the age of nine, his dancing during the newly introducedmusic and movement classes was strikingly imaginative: teachers called his interpretations "vividly artistic" and his poise "astonishing" for a child. The same year, his interest in music was further stimulated when his father brought home a collection of American45s by artists includingFrankie Lymon and the Teenagers,The Platters,Fats Domino,Elvis Presley andLittle Richard. Upon listening to "Tutti Frutti", Bowie would later say, "I had heard God". Presley's impact on him was likewise emphatic: "I saw a cousin of mine dance to ... 'Hound Dog' and I had never seen her get up and be moved so much by anything. It really impressed me, the power of the music. I started getting records immediately after that." By the end of the following year he had taken up theukelele andtea-chest bass and begun to participate inskiffle sessions with friends, and had started to play the piano; meanwhile his stage presentation of numbers by both Presley andChuck Berry—complete with gyrations in tribute to the original artists—to his localWolf Cub group was described as "mesmerizing ... like someone from another planet." Failing hiseleven plus exam at the conclusion of his Burnt Ash Junior education, Bowie joinedBromley Technical High School.

It was an unusual technical school, as biographer Christopher Sandford writes:

Bowie studied art, music, and design, including layout and typesetting. After Terry Burns, his half-brother, introduced him to modernjazz, his enthusiasm for players likeCharles Mingus andJohn Coltrane led his mother to give him a plasticalto saxophone in 1961; he was soon receiving lessons from a local musician. He received a serious injury at school in 1962 when his friend George Underwood, wearing a ring on his finger, punched him in the left eye during a fight over a girl. Doctors feared he would lose the sight of the eye, and he was forced to stay out of school for a series of operations during a four-month hospitalisation. The damage could not be fully repaired, leaving him with faultydepth perception and a permanentlydilated pupil (the latter producing Bowie's appearance of havingdifferent coloured eyes, though each iris has the same blue colour). Despite their fisticuffs, Underwood and Bowie remained good friends, and Underwood went on to create the artwork for Bowie's early albums.

1962–68: the Konrads to the Riot Squad

Conn quickly began to promote Bowie. The singer's debut single, "Liza Jane", credited to Davie Jones and the King Bees, had no commercial success. Dissatisfied with the King Bees and their repertoire ofHowlin' Wolf andWillie Dixon blues numbers, Bowie quit the band less than a month later to join the Manish Boys, another blues outfit, who incorporated folk and soul — "I used to dream of being theirMick Jagger", Bowie was to recall. "I Pity the Fool" was no more successful than "Liza Jane", and Bowie soon moved on again to join the Lower Third, a blues trio strongly influenced byThe Who. "You've Got a Habit of Leaving" fared no better, signalling the end of Conn's contract. Declaring that he would exit the pop world "to study mime atSadler's Wells", Bowie nevertheless remained with the Lower Third. His new manager, Ralph Horton, later instrumental in his transition to solo artist, soon witnessed Bowie's move to yet another group, the Buzz, yielding the singer's fifth unsuccessful single release, "Do Anything You Say". While with the Buzz, Bowie also joined theRiot Squad; their recordings, which included a Bowie number andVelvet Underground material, went unreleased. Ken Pitt, introduced by Horton, took over as Bowie's manager.

Dissatisfied with his stage name as Davy (and Davie) Jones, which in the mid-1960s invited confusion withDavy Jones ofThe Monkees, Bowie renamed himself after the 19th century AmericanfrontiersmanJim Bowie andthe knife he had popularised. His April 1967 solo single, "The Laughing Gnome", utilising sped-upChipmunk-style vocals, failed to chart. Released six weeks later, his album debut, ''David Bowie'', an amalgam of pop,psychedelia, andmusic hall, met the same fate. It would be his last release for two years.

Bowie's fascination with the bizarre was fuelled when he met dancerLindsay Kemp: "He lived on his emotions, he was a wonderful influence. His day-to-day life was the most theatrical thing I had ever seen, ever. It was everything I thought Bohemia probably was. I joined the circus." Kemp, for his part, recalled, "I didn't really teach him to be a mime artiste but to be more of himself on the outside, ... I enabled him to free the angel and demon that he is on the inside." Studying the dramatic arts under Kemp, fromavant-garde theatre andmime tocommedia dell'arte, Bowie became immersed in the creation of personae to present to the world. Satirising life in a British prison, meanwhile, the Bowie-penned "Over the Wall We Go" became a 1967 single forOscar; another Bowie composition, "Silly Boy Blue", was released byBilly Fury the following year. After Kemp cast Bowie with Hermione Farthingale for a poetic minuet, the pair began dating; they soon moved into a London flat together. Playing acoustic guitar, she formed a group with Bowie and bassist John Hutchinson; between September 1968 and early 1969, when Bowie and Farthingale broke up, the trio gave a small number of concerts combining folk,Merseybeat, poetry and mime.

1969–73: psychedelic folk to glam rock

''Space Oddity'' to ''Hunky Dory''

Bowie metAngela Barnett in April 1969. They would marry within a year. Her impact on him was immediate, and her involvement in his career far-reaching, leaving Pitt with limited influence. Having established himself as a solo artist with "Space Oddity", Bowie now began to sense a lack: "a full-time band for gigs and recording—people he could relate to personally". The shortcoming was underlined by his artistic rivalry withMarc Bolan, who was at the time acting as his session guitarist. A band was duly assembled. John Cambridge, a drummer Bowie met at the Arts Lab, was joined byTony Visconti on bass andMick Ronson on electric guitar. Known as The Hype, the band members created characters for themselves and wore elaborate costumes that prefigured the glam style of The Spiders From Mars. After a disastrous opening gig at theLondon Roundhouse, they reverted to a configuration presenting Bowie as a solo artist. Their initial studio work was marred by a heated disagreement between Bowie and Cambridge over the latter's drumming style; matters came to a head when Bowie, enraged, accused, "You're fucking up my album." Cambridge summarily quit and was replaced byMick Woodmansey. Not long after, in a move that would result in years of litigation, at the conclusion of which Bowie would be forced to pay Pitt compensation, the singer fired his manager, replacing him withTony Defries.

The studio sessions continued and resulted in Bowie's third album, ''The Man Who Sold the World'' (1970). Characterised by the heavy rock sound of his new backing band, it was a marked departure from the acoustic guitar and folk rock style established by ''Space Oddity''. To promote it in the United States,Mercury Records financed a coast-to-coast publicity tour in which Bowie, between January and February 1971, was interviewed by radio stations and the media. Exploiting hisandrogynous appearance, the original cover of the UK version unveiled two months later would depict the singer wearing a dress: taking the garment with him, he wore it during interviews—to the approval of critics, including ''Rolling Stone''s John Mendelsohn who described him as "ravishing, almost disconcertingly reminiscent ofLauren Bacall"—and in the street, to mixed reaction including laughter and, in the case of one male pedestrian, producing a gun and telling Bowie to "kiss my ass". During the tour Bowie's observation of two seminal Americanproto-punk artists led him to develop a concept that would eventually find form in the Ziggy Stardust character: a melding of the persona ofIggy Pop with the music ofLou Reed, producing "the ultimate pop idol". A girlfriend recalled his "scrawling notes on a cocktail napkin about a crazy rock star named Iggy or Ziggy", and on his return to England he declared his intention to create a character "who looks like he's landed from Mars".

''Hunky Dory'' (1971) found Visconti, Bowie's producer and bassist, supplanted in both roles, byKen Scott andTrevor Bolder respectively. The album saw the partial return of the fey pop singer of "Space Oddity", with light fare such as "Kooks", a song written for his son,Duncan Zowie Haywood Jones, born on 30 May. (His parents chose "his kooky name"—he would be known as Zowie for the next 12 years—after the Greek word ''zoe'', life.) Elsewhere, the album explored more serious themes, and found Bowie paying unusually direct homage to his influences with "Song for Bob Dylan", "Andy Warhol", and "Queen Bitch", aVelvet Underground pastiche. It was not a significant commercial success at the time but was ranked No.16 by voters in theAll Time Top 1000 Albums.

''Ziggy Stardust''

Bowie contributed backing vocals to Lou Reed's 1972 solo breakthrough ''Transformer'', co-producing the album with Mick Ronson. His own ''Aladdin Sane'' (1973) topped the UK chart, his first number one album. Described by Bowie as "Ziggy goes to America", it contained songs he wrote while travelling to and across the United States during the earlier part of the Ziggy tour, which now continued to Japan to promote the new album. ''Aladdin Sane'' spawned the UK top five singles "The Jean Genie" and "Drive-In Saturday".

Bowie's love of acting led his total immersion in the characters he created for his music. "Offstage I'm a robot. Onstage I achieve emotion. It's probably why I prefer dressing up as Ziggy to being David." With satisfaction came severe personal difficulties: acting the same role over an extended period, it became impossible for him to separate Ziggy Stardust—and, later, the Thin White Duke—from his own character offstage. Ziggy, Bowie said, "wouldn't leave me alone for years. That was when it all started to go sour ... My whole personality was affected. It became very dangerous. I really did have doubts about my sanity." His later Ziggy shows, which included songs from both ''Ziggy Stardust'' and ''Aladdin Sane'', were ultra-theatrical affairs filled with shocking stage moments, such as Bowie stripping down to asumo wrestling loincloth or simulatingoral sex with Ronson's guitar. Bowie toured and gave press conferences as Ziggy before a dramatic and abrupt on-stage "retirement" at London'sHammersmith Odeon on 3 July 1973. Footage from the final show was released in 1983 for the film ''Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars''.

After breaking up the Spiders from Mars, Bowie attempted to move on from his Ziggy persona. His back catalogue was now highly sought: ''The Man Who Sold the World'' had been re-released in 1972 along with ''Space Oddity''. "Life on Mars?", from ''Hunky Dory'', was released in June 1973 and made number three in the UK singles chart. Entering the same chart in September, Bowie's novelty record from 1967, "The Laughing Gnome", would reach number four. ''Pin Ups'', a collection of covers of his 1960s favourites, followed in October, producing a UK number three hit in "Sorrow" and itself peaking at number one, making David Bowie the best-selling act of 1973 in the UK. It brought the total number of Bowie albums currently in the UK chart to six.

1974–76: soul, funk and the Thin White Duke

The fruit of the Philadelphia recording sessions was ''Young Americans'' (1975). Biographer Christopher Sandford writes, "Over the years, most British rockers had tried, one way or another, to become black-by-extension. Few had succeeded as Bowie did now." The album's sound, which the singer identified as "plastic soul", constituted a radical shift in style that initially alienated many of his UK devotees. ''Young Americans'' yielded Bowie's first US number one, "Fame", co-written withJohn Lennon, who contributed backing vocals, andCarlos Alomar. Lennon would call Bowie's work as "great, but just rock and roll with lipstick on". Earning the distinction of being one of the first white artists to appear on the US variety show ''Soul Train'', Bowie mimed "Fame", as well as "Golden Years", his October single, and that it was offered toElvis Presley to perform, but Presley declined it. ''Young Americans'' was a commercial success in both the US and the UK, and a re-issue of the 1969 single "Space Oddity" became Bowie's first number one hit in the UK a few months after "Fame" achieved the same in the US. Despite his by now well established superstardom, Bowie, in the words of biographer Christopher Sandford, "for all his record sales (over a million copies of ''Ziggy Stardust'' alone), existed essentially on loose change." In 1975, in a move echoing Ken Pitt's acrimonious dismissal five years earlier, Bowie fired his manager. At the culmination of the ensuing months-long legal dispute, he watched, as described by Sandford, "millions of dollars of his future earnings being surrendered" in what were "uniquely generous terms for Defries", then "shut himself up in West 20th Street, where for a week his howls could be heard through the locked attic door." Michael Lippman, Bowie's lawyer during the negotiations, became his new manager; Lippman in turn would be awarded substantial compensation when Bowie fired him the following year.

''Station to Station'' (1976) introduced a new Bowie persona, the "Thin White Duke" of its title track. Visually, the character was an extension of Thomas Jerome Newton, the extraterrestrial being he portrayed in the film ''The Man Who Fell to Earth'' the same year. Developing the funk and soul of ''Young Americans'', ''Station to Station'' also prefigured theKrautrock and synthesiser music of his next releases. The extent to which drug addiction was now affecting Bowie was made public whenRussell Harty interviewed the singer for hisLondon Weekend Television talk show in anticipation of the album's supporting tour. Shortly before the satellite-linked interview was scheduled to commence, the death of the Spanish dictatorGeneral Franco was announced. Bowie was asked to relinquish the satellite booking, to allow the Spanish Government to put out a live newsfeed. This he refused to do, and his interview went ahead. In the ensuing conversation with Harty, as described by biographer David Buckley, "the singer made hardly any sense at all throughout what was quite an extensive interview. [...] Bowie looked completely disconnected and was hardly able to utter a coherent sentence." His sanity—by his own later admission—had become twisted from cocaine; he overdosed several times during the year, and was withering physically to an alarming degree.

''Station to Station''s January 1976 release was followed in February by a three-and-a-half-month concert tour of Europe and North America. Featuring a starkly lit set, theIsolar – 1976 Tour highlighted songs from the album, including the dramatic and lengthytitle track, the ballads "Wild Is the Wind" and "Word on a Wing", and the funkier "TVC 15" and "Stay". The core band that coalesced around this album and tour—rhythm guitarist Alomar, bassistGeorge Murray, and drummerDennis Davis—would continue as a stable unit for the remainder of the 1970s. The tour was highly successful but mired in political controversy. Bowie was quoted inStockholm as saying that "Britain could benefit from a Fascist leader", and detained by customs on the Russian/Polish border for possessing Nazi paraphernalia. Matters came to a head in London in May in what became known as the "Victoria Station incident". Arriving in an open-topMercedesconvertible, the singer waved to the crowd in a gesture that some alleged was a Nazi salute, which was captured on camera and published in ''NME''. Bowie said the photographer simply caught him in mid-wave. He later blamed his pro-Fascism comments and his behaviour during the period on his addictions and the character of the Thin White Duke. "I was out of my mind, totally crazed. The main thing I was functioning on was mythology ... that whole thing about Hitler and Rightism ... I'd discovered King Arthur ...". According to playwright Alan Franks, writing later in ''The Times'', "he was indeed 'deranged'. He had some very bad experiences with hard drugs."

1976–79: the Berlin era

Before the end of 1976, Bowie's interest in the burgeoning German music scene, as well as his drug addiction, prompted him to move toWest Berlin to clean up and revitalise his career. Working withBrian Eno while sharing an apartment inSchöneberg with Iggy Pop, he began to focus on minimalist, ambient music for the first of three albums, co-produced with Tony Visconti, that would become known as hisBerlin Trilogy. During the same period, Iggy Pop, with Bowie as a co-writer and musician, completed his solo album debut, ''The Idiot'', and its follow-up, ''Lust for Life'', touring the UK, Europe, and the US in March and April 1977. ''Low'' (1977), partly influenced by theKrautrock sound ofKraftwerk andNeu!, evidenced a move away from narration in Bowie's songwriting to a more abstract musical form in which lyrics were sporadic and optional. It received considerable negative criticism upon its release—a release which RCA, anxious to maintain the established commercial momentum, did not welcome, and which Bowie's ex-manager, Tony Defries, who still maintained a significant financial interest in the singer's affairs, tried to prevent. Despite these forebodings, ''Low'' yielded the UK number three single "Sound and Vision", and its own performance surpassed that of ''Station to Station'' in the UK chart, where it reached number two. Leading contemporary composerPhilip Glass described ''Low'' as "a work of genius" in 1992, when he used it as the basis for his''Symphony No. 1 "Low"''; subsequently, Glass used Bowie's next album as the basis for his 1996''Symphony No. 4 "Heroes"''. Glass has praised Bowie's gift for creating "fairly complex pieces of music, masquerading as simple pieces".

Echoing ''Low''s minimalist, instrumental approach, the second of the trilogy, ''"Heroes"'' (1977), incorporated pop and rock to a greater extent, seeing Bowie joined by guitaristRobert Fripp. Like ''Low'', ''"Heroes"'' evinced thezeitgeist of the Cold War, symbolised by the divided city of Berlin. Incorporating ambient sounds from a variety of sources including white noise generators, synthesizers andkoto, the album was another hit, reaching number three in the UK. Itstitle track, though only reaching number 24 in the UK singles chart, gained lasting popularity, and within months had been released in both German and French. Towards the end of the year, Bowie performed the song for Marc Bolan's television show ''Marc'', and again two days later forBing Crosby's televised Christmas special, when he joined Crosby in "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy", a version of "The Little Drummer Boy" with a new,contrapuntal verse. Five years later, the duet would prove a worldwide seasonal hit, charting in the UK at number three on Christmas Day, 1982.

After completing ''Low'' and ''"Heroes"'', Bowie spent much of 1978 on theIsolar II world tour, bringing the music of the first two Berlin Trilogy albums to almost a million people during 70 concerts in 12 countries. By now he had broken his drug addiction; biographer David Buckley writes that Isolar II was "Bowie's first tour for five years in which he had probably not anaesthetised himself with copious quantities of cocaine before taking the stage. [...] Without the oblivion that drugs had brought, he was now in a healthy enough mental condition to want to make friends." Recordings from the tour made up the live album ''Stage'', released the same year.

The final piece in what Bowie called his "triptych", ''Lodger'' (1979), eschewed the minimalist, ambient nature of the other two, making a partial return to the drum- and guitar-based rock and pop of his pre-Berlin era. The result was a complex mixture ofNew Wave andWorld Music, in places incorporatingHejaznon-Western scales. Some tracks were composed using Eno andPeter Schmidt'sOblique Strategies cards: "Boys Keep Swinging" entailed band members swapping instruments, "Move On" used the chords from Bowie's early composition "All the Young Dudes" played backwards, and "Red Money" took backing tracks from "Sister Midnight", a piece previously composed with Iggy Pop. The album was recorded in Switzerland. Ahead of its release, RCA's Mel Ilberman stated, "It would be fair to call it Bowie's ''Sergeant Pepper'' [...] a concept album that portrays the Lodger as a homeless wanderer, shunned and victimized by life's pressures and technology." As described by biographer Christopher Sandford, "The record dashed such high hopes with dubious choices, and production that spelt the end—for fifteen years—of Bowie's partnership with Eno." ''Lodger'' reached number 4 in the UK and number 20 in the US, and yielded the UK hit singles "Boys Keep Swinging" and "DJ". Towards the end of the year, Bowie and Angela initiated divorce proceedings, and after months of court battles the marriage was ended in early 1980.

1980–89: from superstar to megastar

Bowie paired withQueen in 1981 for a one-off single release, "Under Pressure". The duet was a hit, becoming Bowie's third UK number one single.Bowie was given the lead role in the BBC's 1981 televised adaptation ofBertolt Brecht's play''Baal''. Coinciding with its transmission, a five-trackEP of songs from the play, recorded earlier in Berlin, was released as''David Bowie in Bertolt Brecht's Baal''. In March 1982, the month beforePaul Schrader's film ''Cat People'' came out, Bowie's title song, "Cat People (Putting Out Fire)", was released as a single, becoming a minor US hit and entering the UK top 30.

Bowie reached a new peak of popularity and commercial success in 1983 with ''Let's Dance''. Co-produced byChic'sNile Rodgers, the album went platinum in both the UK and the US. Its three singles became top twenty hits in both countries, where itstitle track reached number one. "Modern Love" and "China Girl" made number two in the UK, accompanied by a pair of acclaimed promotional videos that, as described by biographer David Buckley, "were totally absorbing and activated key archetypes in the pop world. 'Let's Dance', with its little narrative surrounding the youngAborigine couple, targeted 'youth', and 'China Girl', with its bare-bummed (and later partially-censored) beach lovemaking scene (a homage to the film ''From Here to Eternity''), was sufficiently sexually provocative to guarantee heavy rotation on MTV. By 1983, Bowie had emerged as one of the most important video artists of the day. ''Let's Dance'' was followed by theSerious Moonlight Tour, during which Bowie was accompanied by guitaristEarl Slick and backing vocalistsFrank and George Simms. The world tour lasted six months and was extremely popular.Stevie Ray Vaughan was guest guitarist playing solo on "Let's Dance".

''Tonight'' (1984), another dance-oriented album, found Bowie collaborating withTina Turner and, once again, Iggy Pop. It included a number of cover songs, among them the 1966Beach Boys hit "God Only Knows". The album bore the transatlantic top ten hit "Blue Jean", itself the inspiration for a short film that won Bowie aGrammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video, "Jazzin' for Blue Jean". Bowie performed atWembley in 1985 forLive Aid, a multi-venue benefit concert for Ethiopian famine relief. During the event, the video for a fundraising single was premièred, Bowie's duet with Mick Jagger. "Dancing in the Street" quickly went to number one on release. The same year, Bowie worked with thePat Metheny Group to record "This Is Not America" for the soundtrack of ''The Falcon and the Snowman''. Released as a single, the song became a top 40 hit in the UK and US.

Bowie was given a role in the 1986 film ''Absolute Beginners''. It was poorly received by critics, but Bowie's theme song rose to number two in the UK charts. He also appeared asJareth, the Goblin King, in the 1986Jim Henson film ''Labyrinth'', for which he wrote five songs. His final solo album of the decade was 1987's ''Never Let Me Down'', where he ditched the light sound of his previous two albums, instead offering harder rock with anindustrial/techno dance edge. Peaking at number six in the UK, the album yielded the hits "Day-In, Day-Out" (his 60th single), "Time Will Crawl", and "Never Let Me Down". Bowie later described it as his "nadir", calling it "an awful album". Supporting ''Never Let Me Down'', and preceded by nine promotional press shows, the 86-concertGlass Spider Tour commenced on 30 May. Bowie's backing band includedPeter Frampton on lead guitar. Critics maligned the tour as overproduced, saying it pandered to the currentstadium rock trends in its special effects and dancing.

1989–91: Tin Machine

Though he intended Tin Machine to operate as a democracy, Bowie dominated, both in songwriting and in decision-making. The band's album debut, ''Tin Machine'' (1989), was initially popular, though its politicised lyrics did not find universal approval: Bowie described one song as "a simplistic, naive, radical, laying-it-down about the emergence of neo-Nazis"; in the view of biographer Christopher Sandford, "It took nerve to denounce drugs, fascism and TV [...] in terms that reached the literary level of a comic book." EMI complained of "lyrics that preach" as well as "repetitive tunes" and "minimalist or no production". The album nevertheless reached number three in the UK. Tin Machine's first world tour was a commercial success, but there was growing reluctance—among fans and critics alike—to accept Bowie's presentation as merely a band member. A series of Tin Machine singles failed to chart, and Bowie, after a disagreement with EMI, left the label. Like his audience and his critics, Bowie himself became increasingly disaffected with his role as just one member of a band. Tin Machine began work on a second album, but Bowie put the venture on hold and made a return to solo work. Performing his early hits during the seven-monthSound+Vision Tour, he found commercial success and acclaim once again.

In October 1990, a decade after his divorce from Angela, Bowie andSomali-born supermodelIman were introduced by a mutual friend. Bowie recalled, "I was naming the children the night we met ... it was absolutely immediate." They would marry in 1992. Tin Machine resumed work the same month, but their audience and critics, ultimately left disappointed by the first album, showed little interest in a second. ''Tin Machine II''s arrival was marked by a widely publicised and ill-timed conflict over the cover art: after production had begun, the new record label, Victory, deemed the depiction of four ancient nudeKouroi statues, judged by Bowie to be "in exquisite taste", "a show of wrong, obscene images", requiring air-brushing and patching to render the figures sexless. Tin Machine toured again, but after the live album ''Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby'' failed commercially, the band drifted apart, and Bowie, though he continued to collaborate with Gabrels, resumed his solo career.

1992–99: electronica

1993 saw the release of Bowie's first solo offering since his Tin Machine departure, the soul, jazz andhip-hop influenced ''Black Tie White Noise''. Making prominent use of electronic instruments, the album, which reunited Bowie with ''Let's Dance'' producerNile Rodgers, confirmed Bowie's return to popularity, hitting the number one spot on the UK charts and spawning three top 40 hits, including the top 10 song "Jump They Say". Bowie explored new directions on ''The Buddha of Suburbia'' (1993), a soundtrack album of incidental music composed for the TV series adaptation ofHanif Kureishi's novel. It contained some of the new elements introduced in ''Black Tie White Noise'', and also signalled a move towardsalternative rock. The album was a critical success but received a low-key release and only made number 87 in the UK charts.

Reuniting Bowie with Eno, the quasi-industrial ''Outside'' (1995) was originally conceived as the first volume in a non-linear narrative of art and murder. Featuring characters from a short story written by Bowie, the album achieved US and UK chart success, and yielded three top 40 UK singles. In a move that provoked mixed reaction from both fans and critics, Bowie choseNine Inch Nails as his tour partner for theOutside Tour. Visiting cities in Europe and North America between September 1995 and February the following year, the tour saw the return of Gabrels as Bowie's guitarist.

Bowie was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame on 17 January 1996. Incorporating experiments in British jungle anddrum 'n' bass, ''Earthling'' (1997) was a critical and commercial success in the UK and the US, and two singles from the album became UK top 40 hits. Bowie's song "I'm Afraid of Americans" from the Paul Verhoeven film ''Showgirls'' was re-recorded for the album, and remixed byTrent Reznor for a single release. The heavy rotation of the accompanying video, also featuring Reznor, contributed to the song's 16-week stay in the US''Billboard'' Hot 100. TheEarthling Tour took in Europe and North America between June and November 1997. Bowie reunited with Visconti in 1998 to record "(Safe in This) Sky Life" for ''The Rugrats Movie''. Although the track was edited out of the final cut, it would later be re-recorded and released as "Safe" on the B-side of Bowie's 2002 single "Everyone Says 'Hi'". The reunion led to other collaborations including a limited-edition single release version ofPlacebo's track "Without You I'm Nothing", co-produced by Visconti, with Bowie's harmonised vocal added to the original recording.

1999–present: neoclassicist Bowie

In October 2001, Bowie openedThe Concert for New York City, a charity event to benefit the victims of theSeptember 11 attacks, with a minimalist performance ofSimon & Garfunkel's "America", followed by a full band performance of "Heroes". 2002 saw the release of ''Heathen'', and, during the second half of the year, theHeathen Tour. Taking in Europe and North America, the tour opened at London's annual ''Meltdown'' festival, for which Bowie was that year appointed artistic director. Among the acts he selected for the festival werePhilip Glass,Television andThe Polyphonic Spree. As well as songs from the new album, the tour featured material from Bowie's ''Low'' era. ''Reality'' (2003) followed, and its accompanying world tour, theA Reality Tour, with an estimated attendance of 722,000, grossed more than any other in 2004. Onstage in Oslo, Norway, on 18 June, Bowie was hit in the eye with a lollipop thrown by a fan; a week later he suffered chest pain while performing at theHurricane Festival inScheeßel, Germany. Originally thought to be a pinched nerve in his shoulder, the pain was later diagnosed as an acutely blocked artery, requiring an emergencyangioplasty in Hamburg. The remaining 14 dates of the tour were cancelled.

Since recuperating from the heart surgery, Bowie has reduced his musical output, making only one-off appearances on stage and in the studio. He sang in a duet of his 1972 song "Changes" withButterfly Boucher for the 2004 animated film ''Shrek 2''. During a relatively quiet 2005, he recorded the vocals for the song "(She Can) Do That", co-written with Brian Transeau, for the film ''Stealth''. He returned to the stage on 8 September 2005, appearing withArcade Fire for the US nationally televised event Fashion Rocks, and performed with the Canadian band for the second time a week later during the CMJ Music Marathon. He contributed back-up vocals onTV on the Radio's song "Province" for their album ''Return to Cookie Mountain'', made a commercial withSnoop Dogg forXM Satellite Radio, and joined with Lou Reed on Danish alt-rockersKashmir's 2005 album ''No Balance Palace''.

Bowie was awarded theGrammy Lifetime Achievement Award on 8 February 2006. In April, he announced, "I’m taking a year off—no touring, no albums." He made a surprise guest appearance atDavid Gilmour's 29 May concert at theRoyal Albert Hall in London. The event was recorded, and a selection of songs on which he had contributed joint vocals were subsequently released. He performed again in November, alongsideAlicia Keys, at the Black Ball, a New York benefit event forKeep a Child Alive, a performance that marks the last time Bowie performed his music on stage.

Bowie was chosen to curate the 2007 High Line Festival, selecting musicians and artists for theManhattan event, and performed onScarlett Johansson's 2008 album ofTom Waits covers, ''Anywhere I Lay My Head''. On the 40th anniversary of the July 1969 moon landing—and Bowie's accompanying commercial breakthrough with "Space Oddity"—EMI released the individual tracks from the original eight-track studio recording of the song, in a 2009 contest inviting members of the public to create a remix. ''A Reality Tour'', a double album of live material from the 2003 concert tour, was released in January 2010.

In late March 2011, ''Toy'', Bowie's previously unreleased album from 2001, was leaked onto the internet, containing material used for ''Heathen'' and most of its single B-sides, as well as unheard new versions of his early back catalogue.

Acting career

The beginnings of his acting career predate his commercial breakthrough as a musician. Studyingavant-garde theatre andmime underLindsay Kemp, he was given the role of Cloud in Kemp's 1967 theatrical production ''Pierrot in Turquoise'' (later made into the 1970 television film ''The Looking Glass Murders''). In the black-and-whiteshort ''The Image'' (1969), he played a ghostly boy who emerges from a troubled artist's painting to haunt him. The same year, the film ofLeslie Thomas's 1966 comic novel ''The Virgin Soldiers'' saw Bowie make a brief appearance as an extra. Bowie starred in ''The Hunger'' (1983), a revisionistvampire film, withCatherine Deneuve andSusan Sarandon. InNagisa Oshima's film the same year, ''Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence'', based onLaurens van der Post's novel ''The Seed and the Sower'', Bowie played Major Jack Celliers, a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp. Bowie had a cameo in ''Yellowbeard'', a 1983 pirate comedy created byMonty Python members, and a small part as Colin, thehitman in the 1985 film ''Into the Night''. He declined to play the villainMax Zorin in theJames Bond film ''A View to a Kill'' (1985).

''Absolute Beginners'' (1986), a rock musical based onColin MacInnes's 1959 novel about London life, featured Bowie's music and presented him with a minor acting role. The same year,Jim Henson's dark fantasy ''Labyrinth'' found him with the part of Jareth, the king of thegoblins. Two years later he playedPontius Pilate inMartin Scorsese's 1988 film ''The Last Temptation of Christ''. Bowie portrayed a disgruntled restaurant employee oppositeRosanna Arquette in ''The Linguini Incident'' (1991), and the mysteriousFBI agentPhillip Jeffries in David Lynch's ''Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me'' (1992). He took a small but pivotal role asAndy Warhol in ''Basquiat'', artist/directorJulian Schnabel's 1996 biopic ofJean-Michel Basquiat, and co-starred inGiovanni Veronesi'sSpaghetti Western ''Il Mio West'' (1998, released as ''Gunslinger's Revenge'' in the US in 2005) as the most feared gunfighter in the region. He played the ageing gangster Bernie in Andrew Goth's ''Everybody Loves Sunshine'' (1999), and appeared in the TV horror serial of ''The Hunger''. In ''Mr. Rice's Secret'' (2000), he played the title role as the neighbour of a terminally ill twelve-year-old, and the following year appeared as himself in ''Zoolander''.

Bowie portrayed physicistNikola Tesla in theChristopher Nolan film, ''The Prestige'' (2006), which was about the bitter rivalry between two magicians in the late 19th century. He voice-acted in the animated film ''Arthur and the Invisibles'' as the powerful villain Maltazard, and lent his voice to the character Lord Royal Highness in the ''SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis'' television film. In the 2008 film ''August'', directed byAustin Chick, he played a supporting role as Ogilvie, alongsideJosh Hartnett andRip Torn, with whom he had worked in 1976 for ''The Man Who Fell to Earth''.

Sexual orientation

In a 1983 interview with ''Rolling Stone'', Bowie said his public declaration of bisexuality was "the biggest mistake I ever made", and on other occasions he said his interest inhomosexual and bisexual culture had been more a product of the times and the situation in which he found himself than his own feelings; as described by Buckley, he said he had been driven more by "a compulsion to flout moral codes than a real biological and psychological state of being".

Asked in 2002 by ''Blender'' whether he still believed his public declaration was the biggest mistake he ever made, he replied:}}

Buckley's view of the period is that Bowie, "a taboo-breaker and a dabbler ... mined sexual intrigue for its ability to shock", and that "it is probably true that Bowie was never gay, nor even consistently actively bisexual ... he did, from time to time, experiment, even if only out of a sense of curiosity and a genuine allegiance with the 'transgressional'." Biographer Christopher Sandford says that according to Mary Finnigan, with whom Bowie had an affair in 1969, the singer and his first wife Angie "lived in a fantasy world [...] and they created their bisexual fantasy." Sandford tells how, during the marriage, Bowie "made a positive fetish of repeating the quip that he and his wife had met while 'fucking the same bloke' [...] Gay sex was always an anecdotal and laughing matter. That Bowie's actual tastes swung the other way is clear from even a partial tally of his affairs with women."

Musicianship

Musicologist James Perone observes Bowie's use of octave switches for different repetitions of the same melody, exemplified in his commercial breakthrough single, "Space Oddity", and later in the song "Heroes", to dramatic effect; Perone notes that "in the lowest part of his vocal register [...] his voice has an almost crooner-like richness."

Voice instructor Jo Thompson describes Bowie's vocal vibrato technique as "particularly deliberate and distinctive". Schinder and Schwartz call him "a vocalist of extraordinary technical ability, able to pitch his singing to particular effect." Here, too, as in his stagecraft and songwriting, the singer's chamaeleon-like nature is evident: historiographer Michael Campbell says that Bowie's lyrics "arrest our ear, without question. But Bowie continually shifts from person to person as he delivers them [...] His voice changes dramatically from section to section."

Bowie plays many instruments, among them electric, acoustic, andtwelve-string guitar, alto, tenor and baritone saxophone, keyboards including piano, synthesizers andMellotron, harmonica,Stylophone,xylophone,vibraphone,koto, drums and percussion, and string instruments includingviola and cello.

Legacy

Buckley writes that, in an early 1970s pop world that was "Bloated, self-important, leather-clad, self-satisfied, ... Bowie challenged the core belief of the rock music of its day." As described byJohn Peel, "The one distinguishing feature about early-70s progressive rock was that it didn't progress. Before Bowie came along, people didn't want too much change." Buckley says that Bowie "subverted the whole notion of what it was to be a rock star", with the result that "After Bowie there has been no other pop icon of his stature, because the pop world that produces these rock gods doesn't exist any more. ... The fierce partisanship of the cult of Bowie was also unique—its influence lasted longer and has been more creative than perhaps almost any other force within pop fandom." Buckley concludes that "Bowie is both star and icon. The vast body of work he has produced ... has created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture. ... His influence has been unique in popular culture—he has permeated and altered more lives than any comparable figure."

Bowie was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996. Through perpetual reinvention, he has seen his influence continue to broaden and extend: music reviewer Brad Filicky writes that over the decades, "Bowie has become known as a musical chameleon, changing and dictating trends as much as he has altered his style to fit", influencing fashion and pop culture.". Biographer Thomas Forget adds, "Because he has succeeded in so many different styles of music, it is almost impossible to find a popular artist today that has not been influenced by David Bowie."

Awards and recognition

Bowie's 1969 commercial breakthrough, the song "Space Oddity", won him anIvor Novello Special Award For Originality. For his performance in the 1976 science fiction film ''The Man Who Fell to Earth'', he won aSaturn Award for Best Actor. In the ensuing decades he has been honoured with numerous awards for his music and its accompanying videos, receiving, among others, twoGrammy Awards and twoBRIT Awards.

In 1999, Bowie was made a Commander of theOrdre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government. He received an honorary doctorate fromBerklee College of Music the same year. He declined the royal honour ofCommander of the British Empire in 2000, and turned down aknighthood in 2003, stating: "I would never have any intention of accepting anything like that. I seriously don't know what it's for. It's not what I spent my life working for."

Throughout his career he has sold an estimated 250 million albums. In the United Kingdom, he has been awarded 9 Platinum, 11 Gold and 8 Silver albums, and in the United States, 5 Platinum and 7 Gold. In the BBC's 2002 poll of the100 Greatest Britons, he was ranked 29. In 2004, ''Rolling Stone'' magazine ranked him 39th on their list of the 100 Greatest Rock Artists of All Time and the 23rd best singer of all time. Bowie was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame on 17 January 1996.

Discography

Filmography

As Actor

As Musician

As Producer

Documentaries

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Category:1947 birthsCategory:Actors from LondonCategory:Bisexual actorsCategory:Bisexual musiciansCategory:Brit Award winnersCategory:Columbia Records artistsCategory:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des LettresCategory:Decca Records artistsCategory:EMI Records artistsCategory:English film actorsCategory:English male singersCategory:English multi-instrumentalistsCategory:English people of Irish descentCategory:English record producersCategory:English rock musiciansCategory:English singer-songwritersCategory:Glam rockCategory:Grammy Award winnersCategory:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winnersCategory:Ivor Novello Award winnersCategory:LGBT musicians from the United KingdomCategory:LGBT people from EnglandCategory:Living peopleCategory:Musicians from LondonCategory:People from BrixtonCategory:RCA Victor artistsCategory:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducteesCategory:Singers from LondonCategory:Saturn Award winnersCategory:Virgin Records artistsCategory:AndrogynyCategory:Tin Machine members

WithGeorges Biassou andJeannot, he was among those whomDutty Boukman prophesied would lead the revolution. Jean François emerged as one of the principal leaders of the black insurrection during the period 1791-1795. Whites who were taken prisoner during the early stages of the insurrection described him as humane and sensible, and less violent than Biassou. In 1794, however, François led a massacre of over 700 French civilians atFort Dauphin.

Together with other Haitian leaders, François fought with theSpanish royalists against theFrench Revolutionary authorities incolonial Haïti. Defeated by his former allyToussaint Louverture, who supported the French after they freed the slaves, François remained in Spanish service.

He relocated to Spain, where he died during the Napoleonic period.

External links

Category:Haitian rebel slavesCategory:People of the Haitian RevolutionCategory:People of the Latin American wars of independence

After embarking on an acting career in 1950, at the age of 20, Grace Kelly appeared in New York City theatrical productions as well as in more than forty episodes of live drama productions broadcast during the early 1950sGolden Age of Television. In October 1953, with the release of ''Mogambo'', she became a movie star, a status confirmed in 1954 with aGolden Globe Award andAcademy Award nomination as well as leading roles in five films, including ''The Country Girl'', in which she gave a deglamorized,Academy Award-winning performance. She retired from acting at 26 to enter upon her duties inMonaco. She and Prince Rainier had three children:Caroline,Albert, andStéphanie. She also retained her American roots, maintaining dual US andMonégasque citizenships.

She died on September 14, 1982, when she lost control of her automobile and crashed after suffering a stroke. Her daughter Princess Stéphanie, who was in the car with her, survived the accident.

In June 1999, theAmerican Film Institute ranked her No.13 in their list oftop female stars of American cinema.

Family

When Grace was born, the Kellys already had two children, Margaret Katherine, known as Peggy (June 13, 1925 – November 23, 1991) andJohn Brendan, Jr., known as Kell (May 24, 1927 – May 2, 1985). Another daughter, Elizabeth Anne, known as Lizanne (June 25, 1933 – November 24, 2009), was born three and a half years after Grace.

At Margaret's baptism in 1925, Jack Kelly's mother, Mary Costello Kelly, expressed her disappointment that the baby was not named Grace in memory of her last daughter who died young. Upon his mother's death the following year, Jack Kelly resolved that his next daughter would bear the name and, three years later, with the arrival of Grace Patricia in November 1929, his late mother's wish was honored.

Following in his father's athletic footsteps, John Jr. won in 1947 theJames E. Sullivan Award as the country's top amateur athlete. Also, similar to his father's gold medals inrowing at the1920 and1924 Summer Olympics, he competed in the sport at the1948,1952 and the1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne where, on November 27, seven months after his sister's Monaco wedding, he won a bronze medal, which he gave to her as a gift of the occasion. He also served as a city councilman and Philadelphia's Kelly Drive is named for him.

Two of Grace Kelly's uncles were prominent in the arts; her father's eldest brother,Walter C. Kelly (1873–1939), was avaudeville star whose nationally known act, ''The Virginia Judge'', was filmed as a 1930MGM short and a 1935Paramount feature, and another older brother,George Kelly (1887–1974), estranged from the family due to his homosexuality, became renowned in the 1920s as a dramatist, screenwriter and director with a hit comedy-drama, ''The Show Off'', in 1924–25, and was awarded the 1926Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his next play, ''Craig's Wife''.

Acting career

Theater and television

Television producerDelbert Mann cast Kelly as Bethel Merriday, an adaptation of theSinclair Lewis novel of the same name, in her first of nearly sixty live television programs. Success on television eventually brought her a role in a major motion picture. Kelly made her film debut in a small role in the 1951 film ''Fourteen Hours''. She was noticed during a visit to the set byGary Cooper, who subsequently starred with her in ''High Noon''. Cooper was charmed by Kelly and said that she was "different from all these actresses we've been seeing so much of." However, her performance in ''Fourteen Hours'' was not noticed by critics, and did not lead to her receiving other film acting roles. She continued her work in the theater and on television, although she lacked "vocal horsepower" and would likely not have had a lengthy stage career. Kelly was performing in Colorado’sElitch Gardens when she received a telegram from Hollywood producerStanley Kramer, offering her a co-starring role oppositeGary Cooper in ''High Noon''.

Actress for MGM

After the success of ''Mogambo'', Kelly starred in a TV play ''The Way of an Eagle'', withJean-Pierre Aumont before being cast in the film adaptation ofFrederick Knott's Broadway hit ''Dial M for Murder''. DirectorAlfred Hitchcock also saw the 1950 screen test and would become one of Kelly's last mentors. He took full advantage of Kelly's virginal beauty on-camera. In a scene in which her character Margot Wendice is nearly murdered, a struggle breaks out between her and her would-be-killerTony Dawson as she kicks her legs and flails her arms attempting to fight off her killer. ''Dial M for Murder'' opened in theaters in May 1954 to both positive reviews and box-office triumph.

Kelly began filming scenes for her next film, ''The Bridges at Toko-Ri'', in January 1954 withWilliam Holden. The role of Nancy, the wife of naval officer Harry (Holden), proved to be a minor but pivotal part of the story. Released in January 1955, ''The New Yorker'' wrote of Kelly and Holden's unbridled on-screen chemistry, taking note of Kelly's performance of the part "with quiet confidence."

In committing to the role of Lisa Fremont in ''Rear Window'', Kelly unhesitatingly turned down the opportunity to star alongsideMarlon Brando in ''On the Waterfront'', which won her replacement,Eva Marie Saint, an Academy Award. "All through the making of ''Dial M for Murder'', he [Hitchcock] sat and talked to me about ''Rear Window'' all the time, even before we had discussed my being in it." Much like the shooting of ''Dial M for Murder'', Kelly and Hitchcock shared a close bond of humor and admiration. Sometimes, however, minor strife would emerge on set concerning the wardrobe:

Kelly's new co-star,James Stewart, was highly enthusiastic about working with her. The role of Lisa Fremont, a wealthy Manhattan socialite and model, was unlike any of the previous women which she had played. For the very first time, she was an independent career woman. Stewart played a speculative photographer with a broken leg, bound to a wheelchair and so reduced to curiously observing the happenings outside his window. Kelly is not seen until twenty-two minutes into the movie. Just as he had done earlier, Hitchcock provided the camera with a slow-sequenced silhouette of Kelly, along with a close-up of the two stars kissing and finally lingering closely on her profile. With the film's opening in October 1954, Kelly was again praised. ''Variety'''s film critic remarked on the casting, commenting about the "earthy quality to the relationship between Stewart and Miss Kelly. Both do a fine job of the picture's acting demands."

Kelly won the role ofBing Crosby's long-suffering wife, Georgie Elgin, in ''The Country Girl'', after a pregnantJennifer Jones bowed out. Already familiar with the play, Kelly was desperate for the part. This meant that, to MGM's dismay, she would have to be loaned out toParamount. Kelly threatened the studio that she would pack her bags and leave for New York for good. The vanquished studio caved in, and the part was hers.

The film also paired Kelly again with William Holden. The wife of a washed-up alcoholic singer, played by Crosby, Kelly's character is emotionally torn between two lovers. Holden willfully begs Kelly to leave her husband and be with him. A piece of frail tenderness manages to cloak itself inside of her, even after having been demonized by Crosby, describing "a pathetic hint of frailty in a wonderful glowing man. That appeals a lot to us. It did to me. I was so young. His weaknesses seemed touching and sweet, they made me love him more."

As a result of her performance in ''The Country Girl'', Kelly was nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Actress. Her main competitor for the prize wasJudy Garland's much heralded comeback performance in ''A Star Is Born''; playing not only the part of an up and coming actress-singer, but also ironically, the wife of an alcoholic movie star. Although Kelly won theNew York Film Critics Circle Award for best actress for her performances in her three big movie roles of 1954 (''Rear Window'', ''Dial M For Murder'', and ''The Country Girl''), she and Garland both receivedGolden Globe Awards for their respective performances.

By the following March, the race between Kelly and Garland for the Oscar was very close. On the night of the Academy Awards telecast, March 30, 1955, Garland was unable to attend because she was in the hospital having just given birth to her son, Joseph Luft. However, she was rumored to be the odds-on favorite, and NBC Television cameras were set up in her hospital room so that if she was announced as the winner, Garland could make her acceptance speech live from her hospital bed. However, when William Holden announced Kelly as the winner, the technicians immediately dismantled the cameras without saying one word to Garland. Garland was reported not to have been very gracious about Kelly's win, saying in later years, "I didn't appreciate Grace Kelly taking off her makeup and walking away with my Oscar."

In April 1954, Kelly flew toColombia for a 10-day shoot on her next project, ''Green Fire'', withStewart Granger. Kelly plays Catherine Knowland, a coffee plantation owner. In Granger's autobiography he writes of his distaste for the film's script, while Kelly later confided toHedda Hopper, "It wasn't pleasant. We worked at a pathetic village – miserable huts and dirty. Part of the crew got shipwrecked ... It was awful." ''Green Fire'' was a critical and box-office failure.

After the back-to-back filming of ''Rear Window'', ''Toko-Ri'', ''Country Girl'' and ''Green Fire'', Kelly flew to France, along with department store heir Bernard "Barney" Strauss, to begin work on her third and last film for Alfred Hitchcock, ''To Catch a Thief''. Kelly and her co-star,Cary Grant, developed a mutual admiration. The two cherished their time together for the rest of their lives. Years later, when asked to name his all-time favorite actress, Grant replied without hesitation: "Well, with all due respect to dearIngrid Bergman, I much preferred Grace. She had serenity." The fireworks scene has been the subject of much commentary, as Hitchcock peppers an undertone of sexual innuendo during the sequence.

Marriage

Upon returning to America, Kelly began work on ''The Swan'', in which she coincidentally portrayed a princess. Meanwhile, she was privately beginning a correspondence with Rainier. In December, Rainier came to America on a trip officially designated as a tour, although it was speculated that Rainier was actively seeking a wife. A 1918 treaty with France stated that if Rainier did not produce an heir, Monaco would revert to France as a result of theMonaco Succession Crisis of 1918. At a press conference in the United States, Rainier was asked if he was pursuing a wife, to which he answered, "No." A second question was posed, asking, "If you ''were'' pursuing a wife, what kind would you like?" Rainier smiled and answered, "I don't know – the best." Rainier met Kelly and her family, and after three days, the prince proposed. Kelly accepted and the families began preparing for what the press called "The Wedding of the Century." Kelly and her family had to provide Prince Rainier with adowry of 2 million USD in order for the marriage to go ahead. The religious wedding was set for April 19, 1956. News of the engagement was a sensation even though it meant the possible end to Kelly's film career. Industry professionals realized that it would have been impractical for her to continue acting and wished her well, and Kelly was uninterested in remaining an actress as she aged. Alfred Hitchcock had quipped that he was "very happy that Grace has found herself such a good part."

Preparations for the wedding were elaborate. The Palace of Monaco was painted and redecorated throughout. On April 4, 1956, leaving from Pier 84 inNew York Harbor, Kelly, with her family, bridesmaids, poodle, and over eighty pieces of luggage boarded the ocean linerSS ''Constitution'' for theFrench Riviera. Some 400 reporters applied to sail, though most were turned away. Thousands of fans sent the party off for the eight-day voyage. In Monaco, more than 20,000 people lined the streets to greet the futureprincess consort.

That same year, MGM released Kelly's last film, the musical comedy ''High Society'' (based on the studio's 1940 comedy ''Philadelphia Story''). One highlight of the film was Kelly's duet with Bing Crosby, singing "True Love," with words and music byCole Porter.

Princess of Monaco

As Princess of Monaco, she foundedAMADE Mondiale, a Monaco-based non-profit organization eventually recognized by the UN as a Non-Governmental Organization. According toUNESCO's website, AMADE promotes and protects the "moral and physical integrity" and "spiritual well-being of children throughout the world, without distinction of race, nationality or religion and in a spirit of complete political independence." Her daughter Princess Caroline carries the torch for AMADE today in her role as President.

Children and family

Later years

As princess, Kelly was active in improving the arts institutions of Monaco, and eventually the Princess Grace Foundation was formed to support localartisans. She was one of the first celebrities to support and speak on behalf ofLa Leche League, an organization that advocates breastfeeding; she planned a yearly Christmas party for local orphans, and dedicated a Garden Club that reflected her love of flowers.

Kelly was also a member of theInternational Best Dressed List since 1960.

In 1981, the Prince and Princess celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary.

Personal life

During the making of ''Dial M for Murder'', her co-starRay Milland probably seduced her. Milland was 22 years older than she. Milland was married to Muriel Milland for thirty years, and the couple had a son. Milland assured Kelly that he had left his wife, which she would later find out to have been a lie. Muriel Milland was one of the most popular wives in Hollywood and had the support of many friends, including gossip columnistHedda Hopper. After Muriel Milland found out about the alleged affair, Kelly was branded a homewrecker. After Kelly gave a press interview explaining her side of the story the town seemed to lose interest in the scandal. It was never proven that Kelly actually succumbed to Milland's advances; in fact, her friends at the time, such asRita Gam, believed she had little interest in him.

Russian fashion designerOleg Cassini, having just seen ''Mogambo'' earlier that evening, encountered Grace Kelly having dinner at Le Veau d'Or. Formerly married to actressGene Tierney, the original choice to play ''Mogambo'''s Linda Nordley, Cassini was raised inFlorence and had a cultured air with an abundance of charm and courtliness. He became just as captivated by Kelly in person as he had been while watching her in the film and soon piqued her curiosity by sending her a daily bouquet of red roses. His persistence paid off when she accepted his invitation to lunch, with the provision that her eldest sister, Peggy, join them. Although Kelly and Cassini almost married, their relationship ended with her parents' refusal to accept a divorced non-Catholic as a future son-in-law.

When she was a princess, Prince Rainier laid down a list of strict rules when it came to the encounters with the Princess at the palace, which included, no autographs, no photographs, no audio recording devices, and nobody was allowed to leave the room for anything, unless, and until, the Princess left the room first, so that she would avoid being trapped by a mob of fans. This observation was reported in 1963. Whether either had extramarital affairs is unclear, but the couple had become closer before Kelly's death.

In a 1960s interview, Kelly explained how she had grown to accept the scrutiny as a part of being in the public eye, but expressed concern for her children’s exposure to such relentless scandalmongering. After her death,celebrity biographers chronicled the rumors with renewed enthusiasm.

Friendship with Josephine Baker

Death

Grace was buried in the Grimaldi family vault on September 18, 1982, after a requiem mass inSaint Nicholas Cathedral, Monaco. The 400 guests at the service included representatives of foreign governments and of present and past European royal houses.Diana, Princess of Wales represented the British royal family. Cary Grant was among the members of the film community in attendance.Nearly 100 million people worldwide watched her funeral.Prince Rainier, who did not remarry, was buried alongside her following his death in 2005.

In his eulogy,James Stewart said:

Legacy

The Princess Grace Foundation, Monaco was founded in 1964 with the aim of helping those with special needs for whom no provision was made within the ordinary social services. In 1983, following Princess Grace's death,Caroline, Princess of Hanover assumed the duties of President of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation.Albert II, Prince of Monaco is Vice-President.

The Princess Grace Foundation-USA (PGF-USA) was established following the death of Princess Grace of Monaco to continue the work that she had done, anonymously, during her lifetime, assisting emerging theater, dance and film artists in America. Incorporated in 1982, PGF-USA is headquartered in New York and is a tax-exempt, not-for-profit, publicly supported organization. The Princess Grace Awards, a program of the Princess Grace Foundation-USA, has awarded nearly 500 artists at more than 100 institutions in the U.S. with more than $7 million to date. The Princess Grace Foundation-USA also holds the exclusive rights to, and facilitates the licensing of, Princess Grace of Monaco's name and likeness throughout the world.Princess Grace Foundation-USA

On June 18, 1984, Prince Rainier inaugurated a public rose garden in Monaco in Princess Grace's memory because of her passion for the flower.

In 1993, Princess Grace became the first U.S. actress to appear on a U.S. postage stamp.

During her pregnancy in 1956, Princess Grace was frequently photographed clutching a distinctive leather hand-bag manufactured by Hermes. The purse, or Sac à dépêches, was likely a shield to prevent Kelly's baby bump from being exposed to the prying eyes of the Paparazzi. However, the photographs popularized the purse and became so closely associated with the fashion icon that the purse would thereafter be known as the Kelly Bag.

In 2003, 83 years after Olympic Gold Medalist John Kelly, Sr. was refused entry to the most prestigious rowing event in the world, theHenley Royal Regatta renamed the Women's Quadruple Sculls after his daughter, "Princess Grace Challenge Cup". Princess Grace was invited to present the prizes at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1981 as a peace offering by the Henley Stewards to put a long conflict (61 years) between the Kelly family and Stewards to rest. Her brother, John Kelly, Jr., won the Diamond Sculls at Henley in 1947 and 1949 as well as a Bronze Medal in the single sculls at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. In 2004 her son, Prince Albert, presented the prizes at the Henley Royal Regatta.

On April 1, 2006,The Philadelphia Museum of Art presented an exhibition entitled, ''Fit for a Princess: Grace Kelly's Wedding Dress'', that ran through May 21, 2006. The exhibition was in honor of the 50th anniversary of Princess Grace and Prince Rainier's wedding.

To commemorate the 25th anniversary of her death€2 commemorative coins were issued on July 1, 2007 with the "national" side bearing the image of Princess Grace. In Monaco (at the Grimaldi Forum) and the United States (at Sotheby's) a large Princess Grace exhibition, coordinated by the Princely Family, called "Grace, Princess of Monaco: A Tribute to the Life and Legacy of Grace Kelly", celebrated her life and her contribution to the arts through her Foundation.

In October 2009, a plaque was placed on the "Rodeo Drive Walk of Style" in recognition of Princess Grace's contributions to style and fashion.

In November 2009, to commemorate what would have been her 80th birthdayTCM named her as star of the month which sawPrince Albert II pay a special tribute to his mother.

Titles and styles

Princess Grace's official style and title was:''Her Serene Highness'' The Princess of Monaco, Duchess of Valentinois, Marchioness of Baux, Countess of Carlades, Baroness of Saint-Lô, 101 times Dame. Upon her marriage to Prince Ranier III, she received 138 titles in all.

Screen credits

Filmography

Television appearances and filmography

Discography

References

External links

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Category:1929 birthsCategory:1982 deathsCategory:20th-century actorsCategory:Actors from Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaCategory:American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumniCategory:American emigrants to MonacoCategory:American film actorsCategory:American people of Irish descentCategory:American Roman CatholicsCategory:American television actorsCategory:Best Actress Academy Award winnersCategory:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winnersCategory:Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winnersCategory:Burials at Saint Nicholas Cathedral, MonacoCategory:House of GrimaldiCategory:Kelly familyCategory:Monegasque people of Irish descentCategory:Monegasque Roman CatholicsCategory:Naturalized citizens of MonacoCategory:Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumniCategory:Pennsylvania DemocratsCategory:People from Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaCategory:Princesses of MonacoCategory:Road accident deaths in MonacoCategory:Western (genre) film actors

Roger Federer () (born 8 August 1981) is a Swiss professional tennis player who holds theATPNo. 1 position for arecord 237 consecutive weeks. He was number 1 ranked for a total of 285 weeks, second only by a week toPete Sampras' 286 weeks. As of 27 February 2012, he is ranked World No. 3 by theAssociation of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Federer has won a men's record 16Grand Slam singles titles. He is one of seven male players to capture thecareer Grand Slam and one of three (withAndre Agassi andRafael Nadal) to do so on three different surfaces (clay, grass, and hard courts). He is the only male player in tennis history to have reached the title match of each Grand Slam tournament at least five times and also the final at each of the nine ATP Masters 1000 Tournaments. Many sports analysts, tennis critics, and former and current players consider Federer to be the greatest tennis player of all time.

Federer has appeared in an unprecedented 23 career Grand Slam tournament finals, including a men's record ten in a row, and appeared in 18 of 19 finals from the2005 Wimbledon Championships through the2010 Australian Open, the lone exception being the2008 Australian Open. He holds the record of reaching the semifinals or better of 23 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments over five and a half years, from the2004 Wimbledon Championships through the2010 Australian Open. At the2012 Australian Open, he reached a record 31st consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal.

Federer has won a record 6ATP World Tour Finals and 18ATP Masters Series tournaments (second all-time). He also won theOlympic gold medal in doubles with his compatriotStanislas Wawrinka at the2008 Summer Olympic Games. He spent eight years (2003–2010) continuously in the top 2 in the year-end rankings and nine (2003–2011) in the Top 3, also a record among male players. His rivalries withRafael Nadal andNovak Djokovic are considered two of the greatest of all time in the sport (also dubbed theTrivalry). Federer is greatly respected by fans and by fellow players alike as shown by the fact that he has won the ATPWorldTour.com Fans' Favorite Award a record 9 consecutive times (2003-2011) and the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award (which is voted for by the players themselves) a record 7 times overall and six times consecutively (2004-2009, 2011). Federer also won the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year Award in 2006. In 2011, he was voted the second most trusted and respected human in the world, second only toNelson Mandela.

As a result of Federer'ssuccesses in tennis, he was named theLaureus World Sportsman of the Year for a record four consecutive years (2005–2008). He is often referred to as the Federer Express or abbreviated to Fed Express, or FedEx, the Swiss Maestro, or simply Maestro.

Personal life

Childhood and early life

Marriage and family

Outreach and charitable efforts

Similar to the 2010 event, Hit for Haiti, Federer organized and participated in a charity match called Rally for Relief on 16 January 2011, to benefit those that were affected by the2010-2011 Queensland floods.

Federer is currently number 25 on Forbes top 100 celebrities.

Tennis career

Pre-1998: Junior years

1998–2002: Early career in the ATP

2003–2007: Breakthrough and dominance

During 2004, Federer won three Grand Slam singles titles for the first time in his career and became the first person to do so sinceMats Wilander in 1988. His first Grand Slam hard-court title came at theAustralian Open overMarat Safin. He then won hissecond Wimbledon crown overAndy Roddick. Federer defeated the2001 US Open champion,Lleyton Hewitt, at theUS Open for his first title there. Federer won three ATP Masters Series 1000 events. One was on clay in Hamburg, and the other two were on hard surfaces at Indian Wells and in Canada. Federer took the ATP 500 series event at Dubai and wrapped up the year by winning the year-end championships for the second time.

In 2005, Federer failed to reach the finals of the first two Grand Slam tournaments, losing the Australian Open semifinal to eventual champion Safin and the French Open semifinal to eventual championRafael Nadal. However, Federer quickly reestablished his dominance on grass, winning theWimbledon Championships overAndy Roddick. At theUS Open, Federer defeatedAndre Agassi in the latter's last Grand Slam final. Federer also took four ATP Masters Series 1000 wins: Indian Wells, Miami, and Cincinnati on hard court, and Hamburg on clay. Furthermore, Federer won two ATP 500 series events at Rotterdam and Dubai. Federer lost the year-end championships toDavid Nalbandian in the final.

In 2006, Federer won three Grand Slam singles titles and reached the final of the other, with the only loss coming against Nadal in theFrench Open. This was the two men's first meeting in a Grand Slam final. Federer defeated Nadal in theWimbledon Championships final. In theAustralian Open, Federer defeatedMarcos Baghdatis, and at theUS Open, Federer defeated Roddick (2003 champion). In addition, Federer made it to six ATP Masters Series 1000 finals, winning four on hard surfaces and losing two on clay to Nadal. Federer won one ATP 500 series event in Tokyo and captured the year-end championships for the third time in his career.

In 2007, Federer reached all four Grand Slam singles finals, winning three of them. He won theAustralian Open overFernando González,Wimbledon overRafael Nadal for the second time, and theUS Open overNovak Djokovic. Federer lost theFrench Open to Nadal. Federer made five ATP Masters Series 1000 finals in 2007, winning the Hamburg and Cincinnati titles. Federer won one 500 series event in Dubai and won the year-end championships.

2008 to present

In 2008, Federer won one Grand Slam singles title, which came at theUS Open over BritonAndy Murray. Federer was defeated by Nadal in two Grand Slam finals, at theFrench Open, and atWimbledon, when he was going for six straight wins to breakBjörn Borg's record. At theAustralian Open, Federer lost in the semifinals to Djokovic, which ended his record of 10 consecutive finals. Federer lost twice in Master Series 1000 finals on clay to Nadal, at Monte Carlo and Hamburg. However, Federer captured two titles in 250-level events at Estoril and Halle and one title in a 500 level event in Basel. In doubles, Federer andStanislas Wawrinka won the gold medal at theOlympic Games.

In 2009, Federer won two Grand Slam singles titles, theFrench Open overRobin Söderling, andWimbledon overAndy Roddick. Federer reached two other Grand Slam finals, losing to Nadal at theAustralian Open, and toJuan Martín del Potro at theUS Open. Federer won two more events, the first at the Madrid Masters over Nadal in the final on clay. The second was in Cincinnati over Djokovic, although Federer lost to Djokovic in Basel, later in the year. Federer completed a career Grand Slam by winning his first French Open title and won a men's record fifteenth Grand Slam singles title, which is one more thanPete Sampras's mark of fourteen.

In 2010, Federer slowed down in his milestones and achievements. The year started with a win at theAustralian Open, defeatingAndy Murray in the final. But at theFrench Open, Federer failed to reach a Grand Slam semifinal for the first time since the2004 French Open, losing to Söderling, in the quarterfinals, and losing his no. 1 ranking. At the French Open, Federer won his 700th tour match and 150th tour match on clay. Federer was just one week away from equalingPete Sampras's record of 286 weeks as world no. 1. In a big surprise at Wimbledon, Federer lost in the quarterfinal toTomáš Berdych, and fell to world no. 3 in the rankings. At the2010 US Open, Federer reached the semifinals, avenging his French Open loss to Söderling in the quarterfinals, but then lost a five-set match to third seedNovak Djokovic. Federer made it to fourMasters 1000 finals, losing three of them (theMadrid Open, theCanadian Masters, and theShanghai Masters) while winning theCincinnati Masters againstMardy Fish. In 2010 Federer equaled Agassi for the number of Masters wins at 17 and tiedBjorn Borg's mark for number of total titles won, moving to just one behind Sampras. Towards the middle of July, Federer hiredPete Sampras' old coachPaul Annacone to put his tennis game and career on the right path on a trial basis.Federer won two lesser titles at theStockholm Open and theDavidoff Swiss Indoors which brought his tally to 65 career titles. Lastly, Federer won the year-end championships by beating rivalRafael Nadal, for his fifth title at the event. He showed much of his old form, beating all contenders except Nadal in straight sets. Since Wimbledon 2010, Federer had a win-loss record of 34–4 and had multiple match points in two of his losses: toNovak Djokovic in the semifinal of the US Open, and toGaël Monfils in the semifinal of the Paris Masters. Federer did not play in the 2010 Davis Cup.

The year 2011, although great by most players' standards, was a lean year for Federer. He was defeated in straight sets in the semifinals of the2011 Australian Open by eventual championNovak Djokovic, marking the first time since July 2003 that he did not hold any of the four Major titles. In theFrench Open semifinal, Federer ended Djokovic's undefeated streak of 43 consecutive wins with a stunning four-set victory, arguably his best performance ever on clay. However, Federer then lost in the final toRafael Nadal. At Wimbledon, Federer advanced to his 29th consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal, but lost toJo-Wilfried Tsonga. It marked the first time in his career that he had lost a Grand Slam match after winning the first two sets. At theUS Open, Federer lost a much-anticipated semifinal match withNovak Djokovic, after squandering two match points in the fifth set which repeated his previous year's result against Djokovic and added a second loss from two sets up in Grand Slam play to his record. The loss at Flushing Meadows meant that Federer did not win any of the four Majors in 2011, the first time this has happened since 2002.

During this 2011 season, Federer won theQatar Open, defeatingNikolay Davydenko in the final. However, he lost the final in Dubai to Djokovic and lost in theMiami Masters andMadrid Open semifinals toRafael Nadal. In pulling out of the2011 Shanghai Masters, Federer dropped out of the top 3 for the first time since June 2003. Later in the season, things picked up for Federer. He ended a 10-month title drought and won theSwiss Indoors for the fifth time, defeating youngsterKei Nishikori, who had defeated an ailing Djokovic in the semifinals. Federer followed this up with his first win at the Paris Masters, where he reached his first final at the event and defeatedJo-Wilfried Tsonga. At the2011 ATP World Tour Finals, Federer crushed Rafael Nadal in exactly one hour en route to the semifinals, where he defeated David Ferrer to reach the final at the year-end championships for the seventh time, his 100th tour-level final overall. As a result of this win, Federer also regained the world no. 3 ranking fromAndy Murray. In the final, he defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga for the third consecutive Sunday and, in doing so, claimed his record sixth ATP World Tour Finals title.

Federer began his 2012 season with theQatar Open, where he withdrew in the semifinals. He then played in the2012 Australian Open, where he defeated players such asIvo Karlović,Bernard Tomic, andJuan Martín del Potro en route to setting up a 27th career meeting with Nadal in the semifinals, which he lost in four tight sets. He then participated in theDavis Cup representingSwitzerland in the2012 Davis Cup World Group, but Switzerland was eliminated in a home tie against the United States played on indoor clay inFribourg. The loss included a four-set defeat for Federer at the hands ofJohn Isner as well as a tight four-set loss withStanislas Wawrinka in the doubles rubber againstMardy Fish andMike Bryan. He then played the ATP 500 tournament in Rotterdam for the first time since 2005, where he won the title. He beat Del Potro in the final to clinch his second title in Rotterdam. Federer then played the ATP 500 Dubai event, where he reached the final by defeating Del Potro 7-6(5), 7-6(6) in the semifinal. Federer defeatedAndy Murray in the final, improved his record against him to 7-8, and clinched the Dubai Duty Free championship for the fifth time in his career which was his 72nd career title. He is next scheduled to play the BNP Paribas Showdown exhibition in New York against Andy Roddick, prior to Indian Wells and then Miami Masters Tournaments along with Maria Sharapova and Caroline Wozniacki at 7 pm EST.

Rivalries

Federer vs. Nadal

They held the top two rankings on the ATP Tour from July 2005 until 14 September 2009, when Nadal fell to World No. 3 (Andy Murray became the new No. 2). They are the only pair of men to have ever finished four consecutive calendar years at the top. Federer was ranked number 1 for a record 237 consecutive weeks beginning in February 2004. Nadal, who is five years younger, ascended to No. 2 in July 2005 and held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks before surpassing Federer in August 2008.

Nadal leads their head-to-head 18–9. However, most of their matches have been on clay, which is statistically Nadal's best surface and statistically Federer's worst surface. Federer has a winning record on grass (2–1) and indoor hard courts (4–0) while Nadal leads the outdoor hard courts by 5–1 and clay by 12–2. Because tournament seedings are based on rankings, 19 of their matches have been in tournament finals, including an all-time record 8 Grand Slam finals. From 2006 to 2008 they played in every French Open and Wimbledon final, and then they met in the 2009 Australian Open final and the 2011 French Open final. Nadal won six of the eight, losing the first two Wimbledons. Three of these matches were five set-matches (2007 and 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 Australian Open), and the 2008 Wimbledon final has been lauded as the greatest match ever by many long-time tennis analysts. They have also played in arecord 9Masters Series finals, including their lone five hour match at the 2006Rome Masters which Nadal won in a fifth-set tie-break having saved two match points.

Until 14 September 2009, when Juan Martín del Potro beat Nadal in the US Open semifinal on his way to defeating Federer in the final itself, no player had beaten both Nadal and Federer in the same Grand Slam. Federer was undefeated in US Open finals until losing in five sets to del Potro (5). Both Federer and Nadal have won Grand Slam events on three different surfaces successively (2008 French Open, 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 Australian Open for Nadal and 2008 US Open, 2009 French Open, 2009 Wimbledon for Federer). This rivalry is also part of the "Trivalry" between Federer, Nadal, and Djokovic.

Federer vs. Djokovic

Because of the continuously improving game and general rise of Djokovic in the last 3 years, many experts include Djokovic when talking about Nadal and Federer (all 3 have played each other at least 24 times) and Federer has cited his rivalry with Djokovic as his second favorite after his rivalry with Nadal. Experts such as John McEnroe have said that this is the beginning of a new change in tennis and have coined the current situation "The Trivalry" between Djokovic, Nadal, and Federer. Djokovic's recent back-to-back-to-back wins against Federer at the Australian Open, Dubai and Indian Wells tournament have made this rivalry even more intense. During that span, Djokovic had gone on a 43–0 winning streak dating back to the Davis Cup final the previous year. Federer ended Djokovic's perfect 41–0 season defeating him in the semifinals of the 2011 French Open, but Djokovic was able to avenge his loss at the 2011 US Open, and Federer lost with a score of 6–7, 4–6, 6–3, 6–2, 7–5. Federer cited this as one of the greatest losses in his career, as he had 2 consecutive match points in set five, with his serve, and was 2 sets up before Djokovic came back in what has become one of the greatest comebacks in tennis history (according to John McEnroe). McEnroe claimed that Djokovic's crosscourt forehand return was "one of the great all-time shots in tennis history" and that the semifinal was one of the greatest matches in history. Djokovic contributed to ending Federer's eight-year streak of winning at least one Grand Slam title per year and Djokovic became the second male tennis player to have at least 10 wins against Federer (the other being Nadal).

This rivalry is part of the "Trivalry" that consists of Djokovic, Nadal, and Federer. This rivalry is one of the greatest in the Open Era, and many experts have included the rivalry between Federer and Djokovic as one of the best hard-court rivalries in the Open Era.

Federer vs. Hewitt

Federer vs. Nalbandian

Federer vs. Murray

Federer vs. Roddick

In the 2009 Wimbledon final Roddick took Federer to five sets. It included a fifth-set made up of 30 games (a Grand Slam final record) with the match lasting over 4 hours. With that victory, Federer broke Pete Sampras' record of 14 major titles.

Playing style

Federer is an all-court, all-round player known for his speed, fluid style of play, and exceptional shot making. Federer mainly plays from the baseline but is also comfortable at the net, being one of the best volleyers in the game today. He has a powerful, accuratesmash and very effectively performs rare elements in today's tennis, such as backhand smash, half-volley and jump smash (slam dunk).David Foster Wallace compared the brute force of Federer's forehand motion with that of "a great liquid whip," whileJohn McEnroe has referred to Federer's forehand as "the greatest shot in our sport." Federer is also known for his efficient movement around the court and excellent footwork, which enables him to run around shots directed to his backhand and instead hit a powerful inside-out or inside-in forehand, one of his best shots. Federer plays with a single-handed backhand which gives him great variety. Federer's forehand and backhand slice are both known as the best ever to enter the game. He employs theslice, occasionally using it to lure the opponent to the net and pass him. Federer can also firetopspin winners and possesses a 'flick' backhand where he can generate pace with his wrist; this is usually used to pass the opponent at the net. Hisserve is difficult to read because he always uses a similar ball toss regardless of what type of serve he is going to hit and where he aims to hit it, and turns his back to his opponents during his motion. He is often able to produce big serves on key points during a match. His first serve is typically around 200 km/h (125 mph); however, he is capable of serving at 220 km/h (137 mph). Federer is also accomplished atserve and volleying, and employed this tactic especially frequently in his early career. His speciality is a half-volley from the baseline which enables him to play close to the baseline and to pick up even the deeper shots very early after they bounce, giving his opponents less time to react. Later in his career Federer added the drop shot to his arsenal, and can perform a well-disguised one off both wings. He sometimes uses a between-the-legs shot, which is colloquially referred to as a "tweener." His most notable use of the tweener was in the semifinals of the2009 US Open againstNovak Djokovic, bringing him triple match point, on which he capitalised for a straight-set victory over the Serb.

Equipment, apparel, endorsements

Federer is one of the highest-earning athletes in the world. He has a contract withNike footwear and apparel. For the 2006 championships at Wimbledon, Nike designed a jacket emblazoned with a crest of three tennis racquets, symbolising the three Wimbledon Championships he had previously won, and which was updated the next year with four racquets after he won the Championship in 2006. In Wimbledon 2008 and again in 2009, Nike continued this trend by making him a personalised cardigan. He also has his own logo, an R and F joined together.Federer endorsesGillette,Jura, a Swiss-based coffee machine company, as well asMercedes-Benz andNetJets. Federer also endorsesRolex watches, although he was previously an ambassador forMaurice Lacroix. Also in 2009 Federer became brand ambassador for Swiss chocolate makersLindt. In 2010 his endorsement by Mercedes-Benz China was extended into a global Mercedes-Benz partnership deal.

Career statistics

Grand Slam tournament performance timeline

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97%|-!Tournament!!1998!!1999!!2000!!2001!!2002!!2003!!2004!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!2012!!width=50|SR!!width=50|W–L!!width=50|Win %|-| colspan="20"|'''Grand Slam Tournaments|-| |Australian Open|A|LQ||3R||3R||4R||4R|bgcolor=lime|'''W||SF|bgcolor=lime|'''W|bgcolor=lime|'''W||SF||F|bgcolor=lime|'''W||SF||SF||4 / 13||63–9||87.50|-| |French Open|A||1R||4R||QF||1R||1R||3R||SF||F||F||F|bgcolor=lime|'''W||QF||F|||1 / 13||49–12||80.33|-| |Wimbledon|A||1R||1R||QF||1R|bgcolor=lime|'''W|bgcolor=lime|'''W|bgcolor=lime|'''W|bgcolor=lime|'''W|bgcolor=lime|'''W||F|bgcolor=lime|'''W||QF||QF|||6 / 13||59–7||89.39|-| |US Open|A|LQ||3R||4R||4R||4R|bgcolor=lime|'''W|bgcolor=lime|'''W|bgcolor=lime|'''W|bgcolor=lime|'''W|bgcolor=lime|'''W||F||SF||SF|||5 / 12||61–7||89.71|-!style=text-align:left|Win–Loss!0–0!0–2!7–4!13–4!6–4!13–3!22–1!24–2!27–1!26–1!24–3!26–2!20–3!20–4!4–1!16 / 51!232–35!86.89|}

;Finals: 23 (16 titles, 7 runners-up){|class="sortable wikitable"|-!width=100|Outcome!width=50|Year!width=200|Championship!width=75|Surface!width=200|Opponent in the final!width=210|Score in the final|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2003||Wimbledon (1)||Grass||Mark Philippoussis||7–6^(7–5), 6–2, 7–6^{(7–3)|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2004||Australian Open (1)||Hard||Marat Safin||7–6(7–3), 6–4, 6–2|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2004||Wimbledon (2)||Grass||Andy Roddick||4–6, 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 6–4|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2004||US Open (1)||Hard||Lleyton Hewitt||6–0, 7–6(7–3), 6–0|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2005||Wimbledon (3)||Grass||Andy Roddick||6–2, 7–6(7–2), 6–4|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2005||US Open (2)||Hard||Andre Agassi||6–3, 2–6, 7–6(7–1), 6–1|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2006||Australian Open (2)||Hard||Marcos Baghdatis||5–7, 7–5, 6–0, 6–2|-|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2006||French Open (1)||Clay||Rafael Nadal||6–1, 1–6, 4–6, 6–7(4–7)|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2006||Wimbledon (4)||Grass||Rafael Nadal||6–0, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(2–7), 6–3|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2006||US Open (3)||Hard||Andy Roddick||6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–1|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2007||Australian Open (3)||Hard||Fernando González||7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–4|-|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2007||French Open (2)||Clay||Rafael Nadal||3–6, 6–4, 3–6, 4–6|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2007||Wimbledon (5)||Grass||Rafael Nadal||7–6(9–7), 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–2|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2007||US Open (4)||Hard||Novak Djokovic||7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–2), 6–4|-|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2008||French Open (3)||Clay||Rafael Nadal||1–6, 3–6, 0–6|-|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2008||Wimbledon (1)||Grass||Rafael Nadal||4–6, 4–6, 7–6(7–5), 7–6(10–8), 7–9|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2008||US Open (5)||Hard||Andy Murray||6–2, 7–5, 6–2|-|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2009||Australian Open (1)||Hard||Rafael Nadal||5–7, 6–3, 6–7(3–7), 6–3, 2–6|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2009||French Open (1)||Clay||Robin Söderling||6–1, 7–6(7–1), 6–4|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2009||Wimbledon (6)||Grass||Andy Roddick||5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14|-|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2009||US Open (1)||Hard||Juan Martín del Potro||6–3, 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 6–7(4–7), 2–6|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2010||Australian Open (4)||Hard||Andy Murray||6–3, 6–4, 7–6(13–11)|-|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||2011||French Open (4)||Clay||Rafael Nadal||5–7, 6–7(3–7), 7–5, 1–6|}}

Year-End Championship performance timeline

;Finals: 7 (6 titles, 1 runner-up)

{|class="sortable wikitable"|-!width=100|Outcome!width=50|Year!width=150|Championship!width=75|Surface!width=200|Opponent in the final!width=225|Score in the final|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2003||Houston||Hard||Andre Agassi||6–3, 6–0, 6–4|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2004|| Houston||Hard||Lleyton Hewitt||6–3, 6–2|-||Runner-up||2005|| Shanghai||Carpet (i)||David Nalbandian||7–6^(7–4), 7–6^(13–11), 2–6, 1–6, 6–7^{(3–7)|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2006|| Shanghai||Hard (i)||James Blake||6–0, 6–3, 6–4|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2007|| Shanghai||Hard (i)||David Ferrer||6–2, 6–3, 6–2|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2010|| London||Hard (i)||Rafael Nadal||6–3, 3–6, 6–1|-|bgcolor=98FB98|Winner||2011|| London||Hard (i)||Jo-Wilfried Tsonga||6–3, 6–7(6–8), 6–3|}}

Olympic games

Records

{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"|-!Time span!Selected Grand Slam tournament records!Players matched|-|2003 Wimbledon — 2009 French Open||Career Grand Slam||Rod LaverAndre AgassiRafael Nadal|-|2003 Wimbledon — 2010 Australian Open||16 titles||'''Stands alone|-|2003 Wimbledon — 2011 French Open||23 finals||'''Stands alone|-|2005 Wimbledon — 2007 US Open||10 consecutive finals||'''Stands alone|-|2004 Wimbledon — 2010 Australian Open||23 consecutive semifinals||'''Stands alone|-|2004 Wimbledon — 2012 Australian Open||''31 consecutive quarterfinals''||'''Stands alone|-|2004 & 2006–2007||3 years winning 3+ titles||'''Stands alone|-|2004–2007 & 2009||5 years winning 2+ titles||'''Stands alone|-|2006–2007||2 consecutive years winning 3+ titles||'''Stands alone|-|2004–2007||4 consecutive years winning 2+ titles||'''Stands alone|-|2003–2010||8 consecutive years winning 1+ title||Björn BorgPete Sampras|-|2004 Australian Open — 2011 US Open||''8 consecutive years winning 20+ matches''||'''Stands alone|-|2003 Wimbledon — 2010 Australian Open||4+ titles at 3 different Majors||'''Stands alone|-|2003 Wimbledon — 2011 French Open||5+ finals at all 4 Majors||'''Stands alone|-|2003 Wimbledon — 2011 French Open||6+ semifinals at all 4 Majors||'''Stands alone|-|2001 French Open — 2011 US Open||8+ quarterfinals at all 4 Majors||'''Stands alone|-|2003 Wimbledon — 2008 US Open||5 consecutive titles at 2 different Majors||'''Stands alone|-|2003 Wimbledon — 2007 French Open||2+ consecutive finals at all 4 Majors||Ivan Lendl|-|2003 Wimbledon — 2009 French Open||5+ consecutive semifinals at all 4 Majors||'''Stands alone|-|2003 Wimbledon — 2011 US Open||7+ consecutive quarterfinals at all 4 Majors||'''Stands alone|-|2003 Wimbledon — 2006 Australian Open||First 7 finals won||'''Stands alone|-|2004 Australian Open — 2010 Australian Open||9 hard-court titles||'''Stands alone|-|2006 French Open — 2009 US Open||Runner-up finishes at all 4 Majors||Ivan Lendl|-|2004 French Open — 2008 Wimbledon||18 consecutive No. 1 seeds||'''Stands alone|-|2006 US Open — 2007 French Open||36 consecutive sets won||'''Stands alone|-|2007 US Open||35 consecutive service points won||'''Stands alone|-|2009 Wimbledon||50 aces in a final||'''Stands alone|-|2009 Australian Open — 2009 US Open||1042 games played in a single year||'''Stands alone|-|2007 US Open||$2.4 million earned at one event||'''Stands alone|-|2005 Wimbledon — 2007 French Open||2 winning streaks of 25+ matches||'''Stands alone|-|2005 Wimbledon — 2009 US Open||3 winning streaks of 20+ matches||'''Stands alone|-|2004 Wimbledon — 2009 US Open||5 winning streaks of 15+ matches||'''Stands alone|}

{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"|-!Grand Slam tournaments!Time Span!Records at each Grand Slam tournament!Players matched|-|Australian Open||2004–2010||4 titles overall||Andre Agassi|-|Australian Open||2006–2007||2 consecutive titles||Ken RosewallGuillermo VilasJohan KriekMats WilanderStefan EdbergIvan LendlJim Courier Andre AgassiNovak Djokovic|-|Australian Open||2004–2007||3 titles in 4 years||Andre Agassi|-|Australian Open||2004–2010||5 finals overall||Stefan Edberg|-|''Australian Open''||''2004–2012''||''9 consecutive semifinals''||''Stands alone|-|Australian Open||2007||Won without dropping a set||Ken Rosewall|-|Australian Open||2000–2012||63 match wins overall||Stands alone|-|French Open||2006–2009||4 consecutive finals||Björn Borg Ivan LendlRafael Nadal|-|French Open||2006–2008, 2011||4 runner-ups||Stands alone|-|French Open||2006–2008||3 consecutive runner-ups||Stands alone|-|French Open||2005–2009||5 consecutive semifinals||Stands alone|-|French Open—Wimbledon||2009||Accomplished a "Channel Slam": Winning both tournaments in the same year||Rod Laver Björn Borg Rafael Nadal|-|Wimbledon||2003–2007||5 consecutive titles||Björn Borg|-|Wimbledon||2003–2009||7 finals overall||Boris BeckerPete Sampras|-|Wimbledon||2003–2009||7 consecutive finals||Stands alone|-|Wimbledon||2003–2009||7 consecutive semifinals||Stands alone|-|US Open (Tennis)|US Open||2004–2008||5 titles overall||Jimmy ConnorsPete Sampras|-|US Open|| 2004–2008||5 consecutive titles||Stands alone|-|US Open|| 2004–2009||40 consecutive match wins||Stands alone|}

{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"|-!Time span!Other selected records!Players matched|-|2 February 2004 — 17 August 2008||237 consecutive weeks at No. 1||'''Stands alone|-|2003–2005||26 consecutive match victories vs. top 10 opponents||'''Stands alone|-|2005–2006||56 consecutive hard court match victories||'''Stands alone|-|2003–2008||65 consecutive grass court match victories||'''Stands alone|-|2003–2005||24 consecutive tournament finals won||'''Stands alone|-|2003–2009||11 grass court titles||'''Stands alone|-|2002–2012||50 hard court titles||'''Stands alone|-|2006||9 hard court titles in 1 season||Jimmy Connors|-|1998–2012||309 tiebreaks won||'''Stands alone|-|1999–2011||87.18% (102–15) grass court match winning percentage||Stands alone|-|1998–2012||83.00% (503–103) hard court match winning percentage||Stands alone|-|2006||94.12% of tournament finals reached in 1 season||'''Stands alone|-|2002–2011||30 Masters 1000 finals reached||'''Stands alone|-|2004–2008||2 consecutive Olympic games as wire-to-wire No. 1||'''Stands alone|-|2005–2007||3 consecutive calendar years as wire-to-wire No. 1||'''Stands alone|-|2005–2007||3 calendar years as wire-to-wire No. 1||Jimmy Connors|-|2003–2010||Ended 8 years ranked inside the top 2||Jimmy Connors|-|2003–2011||6 ATP World Tour Finals titles||'''Stands alone|-|2002–2011||39 ATP World Tour Finals match wins||Ivan Lendl|-|2007||$10 million prize money earned in a season||Rafael NadalNovak Djokovic|-|2005–2007||2 winning streaks of 35+ matches||Björn Borg|-|2004–2012||7 winning streaks of 20+ matches||'''Stands alone|}

See also

References and notes

Further reading

Video

External links

Profiles

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