Movatterモバイル変換
[0]ホーム
COLLECTED BY
Organization:
Internet Archive The Internet Archive discovers and captures web pages through many different web crawls.At any given time several distinct crawls are running, some for months, and some every day or longer.View the web archive through the
Wayback Machine.
Crawl of outlinks from wikipedia.org started May, 2011. These files are currently not publicly accessible.
The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20110707195311/http://aveneca.com/westeast.html
The approximate extent of Old Norse in the 10th century, divided in the three main dialectsOld West Norse,Old East Norse, andOld Gutnish.
The purple field tries to show the area whereboth western and eastern features occur.Old Norse is usually divided into three dialect groups:Old West Norse,Old East Norse andOld Gutnish.
It's important to note that there isn't any sharp line. Characteristics of both East and West Norse overlap each other, and within the purple area there can sometimes be big variation.Traditionally, Norwegian is told to belong to the West Norse languages, and Swedish to the East Norse, but this is an oversimplification in my opinion.For example Old East Norwegian shows several important East Norse traits (such as lack of u-umlaut, and the East Norseþenn, þet andþer - West Norseþann, þat, þar), and West Norse words such assopp (EN svamp) 'mushroom' are found deep within Western Sweden.
The most important differences between Old West Norse and Old East Norse are:
- Most East Norse varieties have simplified the diphthongs of Old Norse,this can however not be said to be universal for East Norse varieties, as there are several who retain the diphthongs.
| Old Norse | Icelandic | Standard Swedish | Standard Danish | Ostrobothnian |
| røyk | reykur | rök | røg | röyk |
| stein | steinn | sten | sten | stein |
| auga | auga | öga | øje | öuga |
- Old East Norse had a lot fewer umlauted forms than Old West Norse;
| Old West Norse | Old East Norse |
| kømr, tekr, ræðr | kom, tak, rað |
| væri, føri | vari, fori |
| lǫnd, sǫk | land, sak |
- East Norse had more cases of breaking;
| Old West Norse | Old East Norse |
| ek | jak |
| stela | stjala |
- East Norse had a form of breaking that was completely missing in West Norse,y > ju in front ofngw, nkw, ggw;
| Old West Norse | Old East Norse |
| syngva | sjunga |
| lyng | ljung |
| søkkva | sjunka |
| tyggva | tjugga |
- East Norse retains /v/ before /r/;
| Old West Norse | Old East Norse |
| reiðr | vreið |
| reka | vreka |
| ríða | vríða |
- West Norse assimilatesmp, nt andnk topp, tt ogkk, this is limited in East Norse.
| Old West Norse | Old East Norse |
| ekkja | enkja |
| mǫttull | mantull |
| kroppinn | krumpin |
- The dative ending of nouns in the plural definite form is-unum in West Norse, but-umin in East Norse. They derive from a Proto-Norse-unumin.
- The reflexive verb forms end in-sk in West Norse, but-s in East Norse.
- The plural of feminine o-stems and ja-stems aer retained in East Norse, in West Norse they are merged with i-stems. In West Norse masculine i-stems ending in g or k are on the other hand retained,these change into ja-stems in East Norse. In the examples the original form is marked with an asterisk,
| Old West Norse | Old East Norse |
| sólir | sóla* |
| vefir | vefja* |
| drengir* | drengja |
- West Norse lowers /ju:/ to /jo:/ in front of dentals/alveolars. East Norse retains /ju:/.
| Old West Norse | Old East Norse |
| ljós | ljús |
| hljóð | ljúð |
| brjóta | brjúta |
- In East Norse /h/ is usually dropped before /n l r/, it does however occur sporadically in some northern varieties.
| Old West Norse | Old East Norse |
| hlaupa | laupa |
| hníga | níga |
| hrjóta | rjúta |
- In East Norse the phoneme is retained, in West Norse it merges with /r/.
| Old West Norse | Old East Norse |
| heri | hai |
| hestar | hesta |
| geirr | gei |
- East Norse lacks r-umlaut.
| Old West Norse | Old East Norse |
| heri | hai |
| hrøyr | rau |
| dýr | djú |
- West Norse (at least the insular varieties) lengthens a back vowel (alsojo, ja) before a non-homorganic /lC/ combinations.
| Old West Norse | Old East Norse |
| úlfr | ulf |
| fólk | folk |
| hjálpa | hjalpa |
| mjólk | mjolk, mjølk |
Old Gutnish distinguishes itself by features such as:
- The Old Norse diphthongsai, au andøy evolved intoai, au andoy. Gotland is the only area whereai isn't lowered toei; stainn >stain, røyk >royk, auga >auga.
- Old Norsejú evolved intojau; djúr >djaur, ljúga >ljauga.
- Several vowels were closed; mæla >mela, dœma >dyma, lét >lit.
- Proto-Norse shortu was retained;Gutland, sun, skut, fulk (Gotland, son, skot, folk).
- More cases of i-umlaut;slegr, steð, legði (slag, stað, lagði).
- No breakingy >ju;singa, sinka (syngva/sjunga, søkkva/sjunka).
© September 2009 by Aszev
[8]ページ先頭
