Wildlife is a valuable naturalresource. Most farmers enjoyseeing wildlife on their farm, andmany benefit economically byleasing hunting and fishing rightsto sportsmen. In North Carolina,more than $1.1 billion is spentannually by hunters and fishermenalone.
Peanut fields provide both foodand cover for wildlife. Quail andtheir docks, deer, rabbits, andother birds and mammals areattracted to peanut fields.
The value of these fields andsurrounding areas as wfldlifehabitats depends on the pesticidesused during the growing season.Many birds can be lethally poisoned by cides applied tocrop fields. SubledW poisoningcan result in an animal becomingsick. Once sick, wild birds mayneglect their youn& abandon theirnests, and become more susceptible to predators or disease.
Most pesticides used on peanutsare not highly toxic to wildlife.However, these pesticides canaffect wildlife indirectly byreducing their food and cover.Populations of gamebirds arereduced when herbicides andinsecticides are intensively used.These pesticides can destroybrood cover and reduce msectand plant foods, lowering thesurvival rate of gamebird chicks.
Careful selection and use ofpesticides, however, can lessentheir impact upon wildlife. Thispublication (1) describes howpesticides used on peanut fieldscan harm wildlife and (2) describes how farmers can minimizeadverse effects of pesticides onwfldlife.
Tables 1 and 2 listrecommended in the North CarolinaAgricultural Chemicals Manual foruse on peanuts. Table 1 rates insecticides according to theirtoxicities to birds, mammals, andfish. The effects of pesticides onwildlife and fish can be minimized by using the least toxicalternative. Inseticides in Table 2are rated low, moderate, or highbased on the hazard their usepresents to wildlife (birds andmammals). The hazard of an insecticide is based on its toxicitv towildlife, the way it is used, andother characteristics, such as itspersistence in the environment.For example, methomyl (Lannate)is acutely toxic to birds and mammals (Table 1). However, becausemethomyl does not persist in thefield, careful use of this chemicalpresents only a moderate hazardto wildlife (Table 2). Wildlifeexposed to insecticides rated highmay die or become sick. Insecticides rated moderate may alsocause death or sickness, althoughdeath is unlikely. Pesticidesrated low are unlikely to harmwildlife directly.
To reduce the danger to wildlifefrom granular formulations:
Several studies of aerial applications of pesticides have reportedsignificant drift of material intonearby wildlife habitats andponds. If it is necessary to usehighly toxic insecticides, applythem with ground equipment;this will help to minimize driftand reduce the hazard to wildlife.Ground application may alsoallow wildlife more time to leavethe area during the sprayingoperation.
Spray drift can be minimized byusing application equipment withlow drift characteristics, replacinginappropriate or worn nozzles,using appropriate pressure andvolume for the chosen nozzle, andadding a drift control agent.Ultra-low-volume sprays aremore likely to cause drift than lowpressure sprays. Of course, avoidspraymg when the wind is blowing faster than 8 mph.
Organophosphate insecticides arepoisonous to wildlife, and theireffects are additive. Thus, multiple exposure to theseinsecticides increases their harmfuleffects. Wildlife deaths are morelikely to occur when these insecticides are applied at intervals ofless than 10 days.
To reduce danger to wildlifefrom liquid insecticides:
An alternative to treating fieldswith at-planting systemic insecticides is to scout fields for thripsand leafhoppers. This IPMpractice can help to reduce costswithout sacrificing yields. If afield has reached economicthresholds for pests, select a foliarinsecticide that is not highly toxicto wildlife.
Table 1. Toxicity of Insecticides and Nematicides Used on Peanuts to Birds, Mammals, and Fish__________________________________________________________Pesticide (Brand Name) Birds Mammals Fish__________________________________________________________acephate (Orthene) M L Laldicarb (Temik) Hc H EHcarbaryl (Sevin) L L Hchlorpyrifos (Lorsban) H L EHdiazinon Hc M EHdisulfoton (Di-syston) Hc H Hesfenvalerate (Asana XL) L L EHethoprop (Mocap) Hc M Hfenamiphos (Nemacur) Hc H EHfonofos (Dyfonate) H H EHmalathion L L EHmethomyl (Lannate) H H Hphorate (Thimet) Hc H EHpropargite (Comite, Omite) L L H________________________________________________________Wildlife hazard is based on the following toxicities: H(highly toxic) = LD50 less than 30 mg/kg and/or LC50 less than 500 ppm. M(moderately toxic = LD50 > 30 mg/kg and <100 mg/kg and/or LC50 > 500 and < 1000 ppm. L(low toxicity) = LD50 > 100 mg/kg and LC50 > 1000 ppm. NT(Not toxic)Fish 96-hour LC50 toxicities are as follows: EH(Extremely toxic) less than 0.1 ppm H(Highly toxic) 0.1 to 1.0 ppm M(Moderately toxic) 1 to 10 ppm L(Low toxicity) greater than 10 ppmTo convert fish toxicities to pounds of active ingredient per acre-foot of water, multiply by 2.7.c= active ingredient (not necessarily a specific product) has caused wildlife deaths.Table 2.Hazard of Insecticides Used on Peanuts to Wildlife.________________________________________________________________________________________ WildlifeInsect Insecticide (Brand Name) hazard Kills Comments________________________________________________________________________________________Armywormacephate (Orthene) moderatenoSee corn earwormmethomyl (Lannate) moderate nocomments.________________________________________________________________________________________Beet armywormesfenvalerate(Asana XL) lownoAsana provides only fairmethomyl (Lannate) moderatenocontrol.(see publicationAG-331.) Applying Lannate by air increases hazard to high.________________________________________________________________________________________corn earwormcarbaryl (Sevin) lownoSevin and Asana XL areesfenvalerate(Asana XL) lownosafer for wildlife. Ortheneacephate (Orthene) moderatenois safer than Lannate,methomyl (Lannate) moderatenowhich is very toxic to wildlife.________________________________________________________________________________________ cutwormcarbaryl(Sevin) low noDiazinon is toxic to birdsesfenvalerate(Asana XL) lownoand fish. Broadcastingdiazinon 14G highyesgranules increases wildlife hazard.________________________________________________________________________________________Leafhopperscarbaryl(Sevin) low noAsana XL it extremelyesfenvalerate(Asana XL) low notoxic to fish. Do not spraymalathion low nowhere drift may enteracephate (Orthene) moderatenoponds. ________________________________________________________________________________________Lesser chlorpyrifos 4EC(Lorsban) low noDyfonate is highly toxic tocornstalkchlorpyrifos 15G(Lorsban) moderatenobirds. Use of Lorsban ECborerfonofos 20G (Dyfonate) high noreduces hazard.________________________________________________________________________________________Southern cornchlorpyrifos 15G moderatenoFully incorporate allrootwormfonofos 10,2OG (Dyfonate) moderatenogranules. Broadcastingethoprop 10, 15G (Mocap) high yesgranules increasesphorate 15G (Thimet) high yeswildlife hazard.________________________________________________________________________________________Spider mitespropargite (Omite, Comite)low noPropargite is toxic to fish.________________________________________________________________________________________Thrips cabaryl (Sevin) low nomalathion low noacephate (Orthene) moderate no________________________________________________________________________________________Velvetbeancarbaryl (Sevin) low noSee above. Asana XL is caterpillaresfenvalerate (Asana XL) low notoxic to fish and aquaticacephate (Orthene) moderate noinvertebrates.methomyt (Lannate) moderate no________________________________________________________________________________________Wildlife hazards high indicates possible wildlife deaths; moderate indicates possible wildlife sickness, deaths less likely; low indicates sickness unlikely.Kills yes indicates wildlife deaths due to use of the insecticide (active ingredient) have been reported. no indicates wildlife deaths have not been reported when pesticide is used according to label.
Benlate can reduce earthwormpopulations, which could indirectly affect some bird andmammal populations. Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin) may alsoreduce beneficial soil organisms.
The following recommendationsmay help to reduce the potentialfor disease in peanuts. Thus, theneed for fungicides and thenumber of applications requiredper season can be reduced by:
When habitats are reduced on afarm, there is a tremendous effecton the wildlife populations there.Wildlife need food and cover tosurvive. Wildlife populationsdecline when herbicides ormechanical methods are used tomaintain "clean" fencerows, ditchbanks, and field borders. Thesestrip habitats provide wildlifevaluable cover for nesting, broodrearing, and escaping frompredators. Many species ofwildlife, including quail andrabbits, benefit from strip habitats. Where possible, considermaintaining these areas in wildlifecover. Protect these areas fromherbicides and mow less frequently. Consider mowing filterstrips and ditch banks and othernoncrop areas only once per yearin early spring. Another approach is to mow alternate sidesof strip habitats every other year.This provides year-round coverfor wildlife.
Table 3. Hazard of Nematicides to Wildlife______________________________________________________________________________ WildlifeChemical (Brand Name) hazardKills Comments_______________________________________________________________________________metam sodium (Vapam) lownoNo reports of wildlife problems associated with use._______________________________________________________________________________1-3 dichloro-propene lownoSee above. (Telone II)_______________________________________________________________________________1-3 dichloro-propene + lownoSee above.methyl isothiocyanate (Vodex)_______________________________________________________________________________1-3 dichloro-propene + lownoSee above.choropicrin (Telone Cl7)_______________________________________________________________________________aldicarb 15G (Temik) highyesTemik granules exposed on soil surface are a hazard. Fully incorporating granules reduces hazard. Disk in spilled granules at row ends.________________________________________________________________________________fenamiphos 15G or high yes Nemacur is very toxic to wildlife. 3EC (Nemacur) Exposed granules are a hazard. Full incorporation reduces hazard. Granules spilled at row ends should be incorporated.________________________________________________________________________________Wildlife hazards high indicates possible wildlife deaths; moderate indicates possible wildlife sickness, deaths less likely; low indicates sickness unlikely.Kills yes indicates wildlife deaths due to use of the insecticide (active ingredient) have been reported. no indicates wildlife deaths have not been reported when pesticide is used according to label.Table 4. Hazard of Southern Stem Rot Treatments to Wildlife_______________________________________________________________________ WildlifeTreatment (Brand Name) hazard Kills Comments_______________________________________________________________________PCNB (Terraclor) low no PCNB is only slightly toxic to birds and mammals._______________________________________________________________________carboxin (Vitavax) low no Slight oral toxicity to wildlife._______________________________________________________________________PCNB + chlorpyrifos moderate no Granules exposed on soil (Lorsban) surface are a hazard to birds. Disk under spilled granules at row ends.________________________________________________________________________chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) moderate no See above.________________________________________________________________________PCNB + fonofos (Dyfonate) high no Fonofos is highly toxic to birds. Granules exposed on soil are a hazard. Incorporate spilled granules.________________________________________________________________________PCNB + ethoprop (Mocap) high yes Ethoprop is highly toxic to birds. Granules exposed on soil surface are a hazard.________________________________________________________________________Wildlife hazards high indicates possible wildlife deaths; moderate indicates possible wildlife sickness, deaths less likely; low indicates sickness unlikely.Kills yes indicates wildlife deaths due to use of the insecticide (active ingredient) have been reported. no indicates wildlife deaths have not been reported when pesticide is used according to label.For further information on this topic, contact your county Extension Service agent.
see also:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2026 Movatter.jp
