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WikipediaAn Gawasnon nga Ensayklopedya
Bilnga

Baraan nga Imperyo Romano

Tikang ha Wikipedia
Holy Roman Empire
Sacrum Romanum Imperium
←
 
←
962–1806↓
Imperial BannerQuaternion Eagle
Anthem
(none official)
"Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" (Imperial anthem, 1797)
"God Save Emperor Francis"
Location of Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire around 1600, superimposed over current state borders
Capitalno official capital; imperial seat cities varied throughout history
e.g.Vienna
(Continuous ImperialResidenz City, 1483–1806)
Regensburg
(Eternal Diet, 1663–1806)
Prague
(1346–1437, 1583–1611)
LanguagesGerman,Latin,Italian,Czech,Polish,Dutch,French,Frisian,Slovene,Sorbian and others
ReligionRoman Catholicism;Lutheranism (officially recognized since thePeace of Augsburg 1555) andCalvinism (officially recognized since thePeace of Westphalia 1648)
GovernmentElective monarchy
Emperor
 - 962–973Otto I(first)
 - 1792–1806Francis II(last)
LegislatureImperial Diet
Historical eraMiddle Ages
Early modern period
 - Otto I iscrowned Emperor of the Romans2 February 962
 - Conrad II assumes
    crown ofBurgundy		2 February 1033
 - Peace of Augsburg25 September 1555
 - Peace of Westphalia24 October 1648
 - Battle of Austerlitz2 December 1805
 - Francis II abdicated6 August 1806
Population
 - 1200 est.5,000,000[1] 
 - 1500 est.16,000,000[2][3] 
 - 1618 est.21,000,000[4] 
 - 1648 est.16,000,000[4] 
 - 1786 est.26,265,000[5] 
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Middle Francia
East Francia
Confederation of the Rhine
Austrian Empire
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Saxony
Duchy of Holstein
Duchy of Oldenburg
Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
Principality of Reuss-Greiz
Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Swedish Pomerania
Electorate of Hesse
Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
Principality of Waldeck
Duchy of Saxe-Weimar
Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Today part of Austria
 Belgium
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 France
 Germany
 Italy
 Liechtenstein
 Luxembourg
 Monaco
 Netherlands
 Poland
 Slovenia
 Switzerland

AnBaraan nga Imperyo Romano amo an nagkaurusa nga teritoryo ha butnga Europa ha butnga nga panahon ngan Uruunhan nga kabag-ohan nga panahon ha ilarom han baraan nga imperador romano.

Dugang nga barasahon

[igliwat |Igliwat an wikitext]
  • Arnold, Benjamin,Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany. (Cambridge University Press, 1991)
  • Bryce, James,The Holy Roman Empire.1899 edition.
  • Coy, Jason Phillip et al.The Holy Roman Empire, Reconsidered, (Berghahn Books, 2010).
  • Evans, R. J. W., Michael Schaich and Peter H. Wilson, eds.The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806 (2011) articles by scholars
  • Donaldson, George.Germany: A Complete History (Gotham Books, New York, 1985).
  • Heer, Friedrich.Holy Roman Empire (2002).
  • Hoyt, Robert S. and Chodorow, Stanley,Europe in the Middle Ages (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1976).
  • Scribner, Bob.Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450–1630 (1995).
  • Whaley, Joachim.Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Volumes 1 and 2, (Oxford UP, 2012).
  • Wilson, Peter H.The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806 (2011)excerpt and text search.
  • Zophy, Jonathan W. ed.,The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook. Greenwood Press, 1980.

Inaleman

[igliwat |Igliwat an wikitext]
  • Heinz Angermeier,Das Alte Reich in der deutschen Geschichte. Studien über Kontinuitäten und Zäsuren, München 1991
  • Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin,Das Alte Reich 1648–1806. 4 vols. Stuttgart, 1993–2000
  • Peter Claus Hartmann,Kulturgeschichte des Heiligen Römischen Reiches 1648 bis 1806. Wien, 2001
  • Georg Schmidt,Geschichte des Alten Reiches. München, 1999
  • Deutsche ReichstagsaktenGinhipos 2013-04-08 hanWayback Machine

Mga sumpay ha gawas

[igliwat |Igliwat an wikitext]
An Wikimedia Commons mayda media nga nahahanungod han:Holy Roman Empire

Mga mapa

[igliwat |Igliwat an wikitext]
  1. ↑"Atlas of Europe in the Middle Ages", Ostrovski, Rome, 1998, page 70
  2. ↑Holy Roman Empire - 1500 - The German Empire
  3. ↑Reich und Glaubensspaltung, Deutschland 1500-1600 by Horst Rabe, p.27
  4. ↑4.04.1Introduction to Global Politics by Richard W. Mansbach,Kirsten L. Taylor
  5. ↑Nation und Nationalismus in Deutschland, 1770-1990 by Otto Dann
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