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W3C

MathML Accessibility API Mappings 1.0

W3C Editor's Draft

More details about this document
This version:
https://w3c.github.io/mathml-aam/
Latest published version:
https://www.w3.org/TR/mathml-aam-1.0/
Latest editor's draft:
https://w3c.github.io/mathml-aam/
History:
Commit history
Editors:
James Nurthen (Adobe)
Neil Soiffer (Invited Expert)
Former editors:
Joanmarie Diggs (Igalia, S.L.) (Editor until August 2023)
Alexander Surkov (Igalia, S.L.) (Editor until August 2023)
Michael Cooper (W3C) (Editor until August 2023)
Feedback:
GitHub w3c/mathml-aam (pull requests,new issue,open issues)

Copyright © 2020-2026World Wide Web Consortium.W3C®liability,trademark andpermissive document license rules apply.


Abstract

The MathML AccessibilityAPI Mappings (MathML-AAM) specification defines howuser agents map Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) [MathML3] to platformaccessibility APIs. It extends the Core AccessibilityAPI Mappings (CORE-AAM) specification [CORE-AAM-1.2].

This specification is intended for user agent developers responsible for MathML accessibility in their product. The goal of this specification is to maximize the accessibility of MathML content by ensuring eachassistive technology receives MathML content with theroles,states, andproperties it expects.

At the present time, this specification contains mappings for the subset of MathML contained in the MathML Core specification [MathML-Core]. The reason why is that this subset contains theelements andattributes from MathML which are exposed toassistive technologies via platformaccessibility APIs.

The MathML-AAM is part of theWAI-ARIA suite described in theWAI-ARIA Overview.

Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. A list of currentW3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in theW3C standards and drafts index.

This document is a work in progress.

To provide feedback, pleasecreate or comment on an issue in theW3C MathML AccessibilityAPI Mappings GitHub repository. If this is not feasible, send email topublic-aria@w3.org.

This document was published by theAccessible Rich Internet Applications Working Group as an Editor's Draft.

Publication as an Editor's Draft does not imply endorsement byW3C and its Members.

This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than a work in progress.

This document was produced by a group operating under theW3C Patent Policy.W3C maintains apublic list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent that the individual believes containsEssential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance withsection 6 of theW3C Patent Policy.

This document is governed by the18 August 2025W3C Process Document.

1.Introduction

2.Conformance

As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.

The key wordMUST in this document is to be interpreted as described inBCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, it appears in all capitals, as shown here.

Normative sections provide requirements that user agents and assistive technologiesMUST follow for an implementation to conform to this specification.

Non-normative (informative) sections provide information useful to understanding the specification. Such sections may contain examples of recommended practice, but it is not required to follow such recommendations in order to conform to this specification.

2.1Deprecated

There are currently no deprecated requirements.

3.Mapping MathML to Accessibility APIs

3.1General rules for exposingWAI-ARIA semantics

User agentsMUST conform toGeneral rules for exposingWAI-ARIA semantics in [CORE-AAM-1.2].

3.2Conflicts between native semantics andWAI-ARIA

User agentsMUST conform toConflicts between native markup semantics andWAI-ARIA in [CORE-AAM-1.2].

3.3Exposing features that do not directly map to accessibilityAPI

User agentsMUST conform toExposing attributes that do not directly map to accessibilityAPI properties in [CORE-AAM-1.2].

3.4MathML Element Mappings

3.4.1annotation

MathML Specificationannotation
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_STATIC
Object Attribute:tag:annotation
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:TBD

3.4.2annotation-xml

MathML Specificationannotation-xml
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:annotation-xml
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:TBD

3.4.3maction

MathML Specificationmaction
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:maction
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:TBD

3.4.4math

MathML Specificationmath
[wai-aria-1.1]math role
MSAA + IAccessible2
UIA
ATK
AX API

3.4.5merror

MathML Specificationmerror
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:merror
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathRow

3.4.6mfrac

MathML Specificationmfrac
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_MATH_FRACTION
Object Attribute:tag:mfrac
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathFraction
AXAttributes:AXMathFractionNumerator pointing to the first in-flow child
AXMathFractionDenominator pointing to the second in-flow child

3.4.7mi

MathML Specificationmi
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_STATIC
Object Attribute:tag:mi
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathIdentifier

3.4.8mmultiscripts

MathML Specificationmmultiscripts
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:mmultiscripts
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathMultiscript
AXAttributes:
  • AXMathPostscripts is an array of dictionaries ofAXMathSubscript andAXMathSupscript pointing to postsubscript and postsupscript elements , i.e. N and N + 1 in-flow children starting from the second in-flow child and preceedingmprescripts element if any;
  • AXMathPrescripts is an array of dictionaries ofAXMathSubscript andAXMathSupscript pointing to presubscript and presupscript elements, i.e. N and N + 1 in-flow children starting aftermprescripts element if any or from index 1.

3.4.9mn

MathML Specificationmn
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_STATIC
Object Attribute:tag:ms
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathNumber

3.4.10mo

MathML Specificationmo
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_STATIC
Object Attribute:tag:mo
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathOperator

3.4.11mover

MathML Specificationmover
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:mover
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathUnderOver
AXAttributes:AXMathBase pointing to the first in-flow childAXMathOver pointing to the second in-flow child

3.4.12mpadded

MathML Specificationmpadded
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:mpadded
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:TBD

3.4.13mphantom

MathML Specificationmphantom
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:mphantom
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathRow

3.4.14mprescripts

MathML Specificationmprescripts
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:mprescripts
AX APINot mapped

3.4.15mroot

MathML Specificationmroot
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_MATH_ROOT
Object Attribute:tag:mroot
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathRoot
AXAttributes:AXMathRootRadicand is an array containing the first in-flow child as its unique element,
AXMathRootIndex pointing to the second in-flow child

3.4.16mrow

MathML Specificationmrow
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:mrow
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathRow

3.4.17ms

MathML Specificationms
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_STATIC
Object Attribute:tag:ms
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:nil

3.4.18mspace

MathML Specificationmspace
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKNot mapped
AX APINot mapped

3.4.19msqrt

MathML Specificationmsqrt
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_MATH_ROOT
Object Attribute:tag:mroot
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathSquareRoot
AXAttributes:AXMathRootRadicand is an array containing the in-flow children

3.4.20mstyle

MathML Specificationmstyle
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:mstyle
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathRow

3.4.21msub

MathML Specificationmsub
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:msub
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathSubscriptSuperscript
AXAttributes:AXMathBase pointing to the first in-flow child
AXMathSubscript pointing to the second in-flow child

3.4.22msubsup

MathML Specificationmsubsup
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:msubsup
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathSubscriptSuperscript
AXAttributes:AXMathBase pointing to the first in-flow childAXMathSubscript pointing to the second in-flow child
AXMathSuperscript pointing to the third in-flow child

3.4.23msup

MathML Specificationmsup
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:msup
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathSubscriptSuperscript
AXAttributes:AXMathBase pointing to the first in-flow child
AXMathSuperscript pointing to the second in-flow child

3.4.24mtable

MathML Specificationmtable
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_TABLE
Object Attribute:tag:mtable
Interface(s):AtkTable
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathTable

3.4.25mtd

MathML Specificationmtd
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_TABLE_CELL
Object Attribute:tag:mtd
Interface(s):AtkTableCell
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathTableCell

3.4.26mtext

MathML Specificationmtext
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_STATIC
Object Attribute:tag:mtext
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathText

3.4.27mtr

MathML Specificationmtr
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_TABLE_ROW
Object Attribute:tag:mtr
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathTableRow

3.4.28munder

MathML Specificationmunder
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:munder
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathUnderOver
AXAttributes:AXMathBase pointing to the first in-flow child
AXMathUnder pointing to the second in-flow child

3.4.29munderover

MathML Specificationmunderover
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:munderover
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:AXMathUnderOver
AXAttributes:AXMathBase pointing to the first in-flow child
AXMathUnder pointing to the second in-flow child
AXMathOver pointing to the third in-flow child

3.4.30none

MathML Specificationnone
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:none
AX APIAXRole:TBD
AXSubrole:TBD

3.4.31semantics

MathML Specificationsemantics
[wai-aria-1.1]No corresponding role
MSAA + IAccessible2TBD
UIATBD
ATKRole:ATK_ROLE_SECTION
Object Attribute:tag:semantics
AX APIAXRole:NSAccessibilityGroupRole
AXSubrole:TBD

A.Change Log

A.1Substantive changes since the last public working draft

A.2Substantive changes since the creation of this specification

B.Acknowledgments

This section is non-normative.

The following people contributed to the development of this document.

B.1ARIA WG participants at the time of publication

B.2Enabling funders

This publication has been funded in part with U.S. Federal funds from the Department of Education, National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR), initially under contract number ED-OSE-10-C-0067, then under contract number HHSP23301500054C, and now under HHS75P00120P00168. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Education, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

C.References

C.1Normative references

[CORE-AAM-1.2]
Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.2. Valerie Young; Cynthia Shelly. W3C. 20 January 2026. CRD. URL:https://www.w3.org/TR/core-aam-1.2/
[html]
HTML Standard. Anne van Kesteren; Domenic Denicola; Dominic Farolino; Ian Hickson; Philip Jägenstedt; Simon Pieters. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL:https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/
[MathML3]
Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) Version 3.0 2nd Edition. David Carlisle; Patrick D F Ion; Robert R Miner. W3C. 10 April 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL:https://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/
[RFC2119]
Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. S. Bradner. IETF. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL:https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119
[RFC8174]
Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words. B. Leiba. IETF. May 2017. Best Current Practice. URL:https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174
[wai-aria-1.1]
Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.1. Joanmarie Diggs; Shane McCarron; Michael Cooper; Richard Schwerdtfeger; James Craig. W3C. 14 December 2017. W3C Recommendation. URL:https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/

C.2Informative references

[dom]
DOM Standard. Anne van Kesteren. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL:https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/
[infra]
Infra Standard. Anne van Kesteren; Domenic Denicola. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL:https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/
[MathML-Core]
MathML Core. David Carlisle; Frédéric Wang. URL:https://mathml-refresh.github.io/mathml-core/
[wai-aria]
Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0. James Craig; Michael Cooper et al. W3C. 20 March 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL:https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria/


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