vi_diff.txt ForVim version 9.2. Last change: 2026 Feb 14VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram MoolenaarDifferences between Vim andVivi-differencesThis file lists the differences between Vim and Vi/Ex and gives an overview ofwhatis in Vim thatis not in Vi.Vimis mostly POSIX 1003.2-1 compliant. The only command known to be missingis ":open". There are probablya lot of small differences (either because Vimis missing something or becausePosixis beside the mark).1. Simulated commandsimulated-command2. Missingoptionsmissing-options3. Limitslimits4. The most interesting additionsvim-additions5. Other vim featuresother-features6. SupportedVi featuresvi-features7.Command-line argumentscmdline-arguments8. POSIX complianceposix-compliance9. Supported Operating Systemsos-support==============================================================================1. Simulated commandsimulated-commandThis commandis in Vi, but Vim only simulates it::o:op:open:[range]o[pen]Works like:visual:endEx mode.{Vi: start editing in open mode}:[range]o[pen] /pattern/As above, additionally move the cursor to thecolumn where "pattern" matches in the cursorline.Vim does not support open mode, since it's not really useful. For thosesituations where ":open" would start open mode Vim will leaveEx mode, whichallows executing the same commands, but updates the whole screen instead ofonly one line.==============================================================================2. Missingoptionsmissing-optionsTheseoptions are in theUnix Vi, but not in Vim. If you try to set one ofthem you won't get an error message, but the valueis not used and cannot beprinted.autoprint (ap)boolean(default on)'autoprint''ap'beautify (bf)boolean(default off)'beautify''bf'flash (fl)boolean(default on)'flash''fl'graphic (gr)boolean(default off)'graphic''gr'hardtabs (ht)number(default 8)'hardtabs''ht'number of spaces thata<Tab> moves on the displaymesgboolean(default on)'mesg'noviceboolean(default off)'novice'openboolean(default on)'open'optimize (op)boolean(default off)'optimize''op'redrawboolean(default off)'redraw'slowopen (slow)boolean(default off)'slowopen''slow'sourceanyboolean(default off)'sourceany'w300number(default 23)'w300'w1200number(default 23)'w1200'w9600number(default 23)'w9600'Vi did not allow forchanging thetermcap entries, you would have to exit Vi,edit thetermcap entry and try again. Vim has theterminal-options.==============================================================================3. LimitslimitsVim has onlya fewlimits for the files that can be edited {Vi: can not handle<Nul> characters and characters above 128, has limited line length, many otherlimits}.Maximum line length 2147483647 characters. Longer lines are split.Maximum number of lines 2147483647 lines.Maximum file size 2147483647 bytes (2 Gbyte) whena long integeris 32 bits. Much more for 64 bit longs. Also limited by available diskspace for theswap-file.E75Length ofa file pathUnix and Win32: 1024 characters, otherwise 256 characters (oras muchas the system supports).Length of an expandedstring optionUnix and Win32: 1024 characters, otherwise 256 charactersMaximum display widthUnix and Win32: 1024 characters, otherwise 255 charactersMaximum lhs ofamapping 50 characters.Number of different highlighting types: over 30000Range ofaNumber variable: -2147483648 to 2147483647 (might be more on 64 bit systems) See also:v:numbermax,v:numbermin andv:numbersizeMaximum length ofa line inatags file: 512 bytes.E1541Maximum value for/\U and/\%U: 2147483647 (for 32bit integer).Information forundo and text inregistersis kept in memory, thus when making(big) changes the amount of (virtual) memory availablelimits the number ofundo levels and the text that can be kept in registers. Other things are alsokept in memory:Command-line history, errormessages forQuickfix mode, etc.Memory usagelimits-------------------The option'maxmem' ('mm')is used to set the maximum memory used for onebuffer (in kilobytes).'maxmemtot'is used to set the maximum memory used forallbuffers (in kilobytes). The defaults depend on the system used. For theAmiga,'maxmemtot'is set depending on the amount of memory available.These are not hard limits, but tell Vim when to move text intoa swap file.If you don't like Vim to swap toa file, set'maxmem' and'maxmemtot' toavery large value. The swap file will then only be used for recovery. If youdon't wanta swap fileat all, set'updatecount' to 0, or use the "-n"argument whenstarting Vim.==============================================================================4. The most interesting additionsvim-additionsVi compatibility.'compatible'Although Vimis 99%Vi compatible, some things inVi can beconsidered to bea bug, orat least need improvement. But still, Vimstarts ina mode which behaves like the "real"Vias muchas possible.To make Vim behavea little bit better, try resetting the'compatible'option::set nocompatibleOr start Vim with the "-N" argument:vim -NVim starts with'nocompatible' automatically if you havea.vimrcfile. Seestartup.The'cpoptions' option can be used to setVi compatibility on/off fora number of specific items.Support for different systems.Vim can be used on:- AllUnix systems (it works on all systemsit was tested on, although theGUI andPerlinterface may not work everywhere).-Amiga (500, 1000, 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000, ...).-MS-Windows-VMS-Macintosh- IBM OS/390Note that on some systems features need to be disabled to reduceresource usage. For some outdated systems you need to use an olderVim version.Multi level persistent undo.undo'u' goes backward in time, 'CTRL-R' goes forward again. Set option'undolevels' to the number of changes to be remembered (default 1000).Set'undolevels' to0 fora Vi-compatible one level undo. Setit to-1 for noundoat all.When all changes ina buffer have been undone, the bufferis notconsidered changed anymore. You can exitit with :q, without <!>.When undoinga few changes and then makinga new change Vim willcreatea branch in theundo tree. This means you cango back to anystate of the text, thereis no risk ofa change causing text to belost forever.undo-treeTheundo informationis stored ina file when the'undofile' optionisset. This means you can exit Vim, start Vim ona previously editedfile andundo changes that were made beforeexiting Vim.GraphicalUserInterface (GUI).guiIncluded support for GUI: menu's, mouse, scrollbars, etc. You candefine your own menus. Better support for CTRL/SHIFT/ALT keys incombination with special keys and mouse. Supported forvariousplatforms, suchasX11 with Motif, GTK,Win32 (Windows XP and later),Amiga and Macintosh.Multiplewindows and buffers.windows.txtVim can split the screen into several windows, each editingadifferent buffer or the same bufferata different location. Bufferscan still be loaded (and changed) but not displayed ina window. Thisis calleda hidden buffer. Many commands andoptions have been addedfor this facility.Vim can also use multipletab pages, each with one or more windows.Aline withtab labels can be used to quickly switch between thesepages.tab-pageTerminal window.:terminalVim can createawindow in whichaterminal emulator runs. This canbe used to execute an arbitrary command,a shell ora debugger.Syntax highlighting.:syntaxVim can highlight keywords, patterns and other things. Thisisdefined bya number of:syntax commands, and can be made tohighlight most languages and file types.A number of files areincluded for highlighting the most common languages, like C, C++,Java, Pascal, Makefiles, shell scripts, etc. The colors used forhighlighting can be defined for ordinary terminals, color terminalsand theGUI with the:highlight command.A convenient way todothisis usinga:colorscheme command.The highlighted text can be exportedas HTML.convert-to-HTMLOther items that can be highlighted are matches with the searchstring'hlsearch', matching parensmatchparen and the cursor line andcolumn'cursorline''cursorcolumn'.Text propertiestextprop.txtVim supports highlighting text bya plugin. Property types can bespecified withprop_type_add() and properties can be placed withprop_add().Spell checking.spellWhen the'spell' optionis set Vim will highlight spelling mistakes.About 50 languages are currently supported, selected with the'spelllang' option. In source code only comments and strings arechecked for spelling.Folding.foldingA range of lines can be shownas one "folded" line. This allowsoverviewinga file and moving blocks of text around quickly.Folds can be created manually, from thesyntax of the file, by indent,etc.Diff mode.diffVim can show two versions ofa file with the differences highlighted.Parts of the text that are equal are folded away. Commands can beused to move text from one version to the other.Plugins.add-pluginThe functionality can be extended by droppingaplugin file in theright directory. That's aneasy way to start using Vim scriptswritten by others. Plugins can be for all kind of files, orspecifically fora filetype.Packages make this even easier.packagesAsynchronous communication and timers.channeljobtimerVim can exchangemessages with other processes in the background.This makesit possible to have serversdo work and send back theresults to Vim.channelVim can starta job, communicate withit and stop it.jobTimers can fire once or repeatedly and invokea function todo anywork.timerRepeata series of commands.q"q{c}" startsrecording typed characters into named register{c}.A subsequent "q" stops recording. The register can then be executedwith the "@{c}" command. Thisis very useful to repeata complexaction.Flexibleinsert mode.ins-special-specialThe arrow keys can be used ininsert mode to move around in the file.This breaks theinsert in two partsas farasundo andredoisconcerned.CTRL-O can be used to executea singleNormal mode command. Thisisalmost the sameas hitting<Esc>, typing the command and doinga.Visual mode.Visual-modeVisual mode can be used to first highlighta piece of text and thengivea command todo something with it. Thisis an (easy to use)alternative to first giving theoperator and then moving to theend ofthe text to be operated upon.v andV are used to startVisual mode.v works on charactersandV on lines. Move the cursor to extend theVisual area. Itisshown highlighted on the screen. By typing "o" the otherend of theVisual area can be moved. TheVisual area can be affected by anoperator:ddeletecchangeyyank> or<insert or delete indent!filter through external program=filter through indent:start: command for theVisual lines.gqformat text to'textwidth' columnsJjoin lines~swapcaseumakelowercaseUmakeuppercase{Vi has noVisual mode, the name "visual"is used forNormal mode, todistinguishit fromEx mode}Block operators.visual-blockWithVisual modea rectangular block of text can be selected. StartVisual mode withCTRL-V. The block can be deleted("d"), yanked("y")or itscase can be changed("~", "u" and "U").A deleted or yankedblock can beput into the text with the "p" and "P" commands.Help system.:helpHelpis displayed ina window. The usual commands can be used tomove around, search fora string, etc. Tags can be used to jumparound in thehelp files, just like hypertext links. The:helpcommand takes an argument to quickly jump to the info ona subject.<F1>is the quick access to thehelp system. The name of thehelpindex file can be set with the'helpfile' option.Command-line editing and history.cmdline-editingYou caninsert or deleteat any place in the command-line using thecursor keys. The right/left cursor keys can be used to moveforward/backward one character. The shifted right/left cursor keyscan be used to move forward/backward one word.CTRL-B/CTRL-E can beused togo to the begin/end of the command-line.{Vi: can only alter the last character in the line}{Vi: when hitting<Esc> the command-lineis executed. Thisisunexpected for most people; thereforeit was changed in Vim. But whenthe<Esc>is part ofa mapping, the command-lineis executed. If youwant theVi behaviour also when typing<Esc>, use ":cmap ^V<Esc>^V^M"}cmdline-historyThe command-lines are remembered. The up/down cursor keys can be usedto recall previous command-lines. The'history' option can be set tothe number of lines that will be remembered. Thereisa separatehistory for commands and for search patterns.Command-line completion.cmdline-completionWhile enteringa command-line (on the bottom line of the screen)<Tab> can be typed to complete whatexample- command:e<Tab>-tag:ta scr<Tab>- option:set sc<Tab>- option value:set hf=<Tab>- file name:e ve<Tab>- etc.If there are multiple matches,CTRL-N (next) andCTRL-P (previous)will walk through the matches.<Tab> works likeCTRL-N, but wrapsaround to the first match.The'wildchar' option can be set to the character for command-linecompletion,<Tab>is the default.CTRL-D can be typed after an(incomplete) wildcard; all matches will be listed.CTRL-A willinsertall matches.CTRL-L willinsert the longest common part of thematches.Insert-mode completion.ins-completionInInsert mode theCTRL-N andCTRL-P keys can be used to completeaword that appears elsewhere.i_CTRL-NWithCTRL-X another modeis entered, through which completion can bedone for:i_CTRL-X_CTRL-F file namesi_CTRL-X_CTRL-K words from'dictionary' filesi_CTRL-X_CTRL-T words from'thesaurus' filesi_CTRL-X_CTRL-I words from included filesi_CTRL-X_CTRL-L whole linesi_CTRL-X_CTRL-] words from thetags filei_CTRL-X_CTRL-Ddefinitions or macrosi_CTRL-X_CTRL-O Omni completion: clever completionspecifically fora file typei_CTRL-X_CTRL-R contents fromregistersetc.Long line support.'wrap''linebreak'If the'wrap' optionis off, long lines will not wrap and only partof them will be shown. When the cursoris moved toa part thatis notshown, the screen will scroll horizontally. The minimum number ofcolumns to scroll can be set with the'sidescroll' option. Thezhandzl commands can be used to scroll sideways.Alternatively, long lines are broken in between words when the'linebreak' optionis set. This allows editinga single-lineparagraph conveniently (e.g. when the textis later read intoa DTPprogram). Move the cursor up/down with thegk andgj commands.Text formatting.formattingThe'textwidth' option can be used to automatically limit the linelength. This supplements the'wrapmargin' option of Vi, which was notvery useful. Thegqoperator can be used to formata piece of text(for example,gqap formats the current paragraph). Commands fortext alignment::center,:left and:right.Extended search patterns.patternThere are many extra items to matchvarious text items. Examples:A "\n" can be used ina searchpattern to matcha line break."x\{2,4}" matches "x" 2 to 4 times."\s" matchesa whitespace character.Directory, remote and archive browsing.netrwVim can browse the file system. Simply edita directory. Move aroundin thelist with the usual commands and press<Enter> togo to thedirectory or file under the cursor.This also works for remote files over ftp, http, ssh, etc.Zip andtar archives can also be browsed.tarzipEdit-compile-edit speedup.quickfixThe:make command can be used to run the compilation and jump to thefirst error.A file with compiler errormessagesis interpreted. Vimjumps to the first error.Each line in the error fileis scanned for the name ofa file, linenumber and error message. The'errorformat' option can be set toalist of scanf-like strings to handle output from many compilers.The:cn command can be used to jump to the next error.:cl lists all the error messages. Other commands are available.The'makeef' option has the name of the file with error messages.The'makeprg' option contains the name of the program to be executedwith the:make command.The'shellpipe' option contains thestring to be used toput theoutput of the compiler into the errorfile.Finding matches in files.:vimgrepVim can search forapattern in multiple files. This uses theadvanced Vimregexp pattern, works on all systems and also works tosearch in compressed files.Improved indenting for programs.'cindent'When the'cindent' optionis on the indent of each lineisautomatically adjusted.Csyntaxis mostly recognized. The indentforvarious styles can be set with'cinoptions'. The keys to triggerindenting can be set with'cinkeys'.Comments can be automatically formatted. The'comments' option can beset to the characters that start andenda comment. This works bestforC code, but also works for e-mail(">"at start of the line) andother types of text. The=operator can be used to re-indentlines.For many other languages an indentpluginis present to supportautomatic indenting.30.3Searching for words in included files.include-searchThe[i command can be used to search fora match of theword underthe cursor in the current and included files. The'include' optioncan be set toapattern that describesa command to includea file(the defaultis forC programs).The[I command lists all matches, the[_CTRL-I command jumps toa match.The[d,[D and[_CTRL-D commandsdo the same, but only forlines where thepattern given with the'define' option matches.Automatic commands.autocommandCommands can be automatically executed when readinga file,writingafile, jumping to another buffer, etc., depending on the file name.Thisis useful to setoptions and mappings forC programs,documentation, plain text, e-mail, etc. This also makesit possibleto edit compressed files.Scripts and Expressions.expressionCommands have been added to form upa powerfulscript language.:if Conditional execution, which can be used for exampleto setoptions depending on the value of $TERM.:while Repeata number of commands.:for Loop overa list.:echo Print the result of an expression.:let Assigna value to an internal variable, option, etc.Variable types are Number, String,List and Dictionary.:execute Executea command formed by an expression.:try Catch exceptions.etc., etc. Seeeval.Debugging andprofiling are supported.debug-scriptsprofileIf thisis not enough, aninterfaceis provided toPython,Ruby,Tcl,Lua,Perl andMzScheme.Viminfo.viminfo-fileThe command-line history, marks andregisters can be stored ina filethatis read on startup. This can be used to repeata search commandor command-line command afterexiting and restarting Vim. Itis alsopossible to jump right back to where the last edit stopped with'0.The'viminfo' option can be set to select which items to store in the.viminfo file. Thisis off by default.Printing.printingThe:hardcopy command sends text to the printer. This can includesyntax highlighting.Mouse support.mouse-usingThe mouseis supported in theGUI version, in an xterm for Unix, forBSDs with sysmouse, for Linux with gpm, and Win32. It can be used toposition the cursor, select the visual area, pastea register, etc.Usage of key names.<>key-notationSpecial keys now all havea name like<Up>,<End>, etc.This name can be used in mappings, to makeiteasy to edit them.Editing binary files.edit-binaryVim can edit binary files. You can changea few characters in anexecutable file, without corrupting it. Vim doesn't remove NULcharacters (they are representedas<NL> internally).-b command-line argument to start editinga binary file'binary'Option set by-b. Prevents adding an<EOL> for thelast line in the file.Multi-language support.multi-langFiles in double-byte ormultibyte encodings can be edited. ThereisUTF-8 support to be able to editvarious languagesat the same time,without switching fonts.UTF-8Messages andmenus are available in different languages.Move cursor beyond lines.When the'virtualedit' optionis set the cursor can move all over thescreen, also where thereis no text. Thisis useful to edit tablesand figures easily.==============================================================================5. Other vim featuresother-featuresArandom collection of nice extra features.When Vimis started with "-s scriptfile", the characters read from"scriptfile" are treatedas if you typed them. Ifend of fileis reachedbefore the editor exits, further characters are read from the console.The "-w" option can be used to record all typed characters inascript file.This file can then be used toredo the editing, possibly on another file orafterchanging some commands in thescript file.The "-o" option opensawindow for each argument. "-o4" opens four windows.Vi requires severaltermcap entries to be able to work full-screen. Vim onlyrequires the "cm" entry (cursor motion).In command mode:When the'showcmd' optionis set, the command characters are shown in the lastline of the screen. They are removed when the commandis finished.If the'ruler' optionis set, the current cursor positionis shown in thelast line of the screen."U" still works after having moved off the last changed line and after "u".Characters with the 8th bit set are displayed. The characters between '~' and0xa0 are displayedas "~?", "~@", "~A", etc., unless they are included in the'isprint' option."][" goes to the next ending ofaC function ('}' in column 1)."[]" goes to the previous ending ofaC function ('}' in column 1)."]f", "[f" and "gf" start editing the file whose nameis under the cursor.CTRL-Wf splits thewindow and starts editing the file whose nameis underthe cursor."*" searches forward for the identifier under the cursor, "#" backward."K" runs the program defined by the'keywordprg' option, with the identifierunder the cursoras argument."%" can be preceded witha count. The cursor jumps to the line thatpercentage down in the file. The normal "%" function to jump to the matchingbrace skips braces inside quotes.With theCTRL-] command, the cursor may be in the middle of the identifier.The usedtags are remembered. Commands that can be used with thetag stackareCTRL-T, ":pop" and ":tag". ":tags" lists thetag stack.Vi uses'wrapscan' when searching fora tag. When jumping toatagVi startssearching in line 2 of another file. It does not findatag in line 1 ofanother file when'wrapscan'is not set.The'tags' option can be set toalist oftag file names. Thus multipletag files can be used. For file names that start with "./", the "./"isreplaced with the path of the current file. This makesit possible to useatags file in the same directoryas the file being edited.{Vi: always uses binary search in some versions}{Vi does not have the security prevention for commands in tag files}Previously used file names are remembered in the alternate file name list.CTRL-^ acceptsa count, whichis anindex in this list.":files" command shows thelist of alternate file names."#<N>"is replaced with the<N>th alternate file name in the list."#<"is replaced with the current file name without extension.Search patterns have more features. The<NL> characteris seenas part of thesearchpattern and the substitutestring of ":s".Vi seesitas theend ofthe command.Searches canput the cursor on theend ofa match and may includea characteroffset.Count added to "~", ":next", ":Next", "n" and "N".The command ":next!" with'autowrite' set does not write the file. Invi thefile was written, but thisis considered to bea bug, because one does notexpectit and the fileis not written with ":rewind!".InVi when enteringa<CR> in replace mode deletesa character only when'ai'is set (but does not showit until you hit<Esc>). Vim always deletesacharacter (and showsit immediately).Added:wnext command. Sameas ":write" followed by ":next".The ":w!" command always writes, also when the fileis write protected. InViyou would have todo ":!chmod +w%:S" and ":set noro".When'tildeop' has been set, "~"is anoperator (must be followed byamovement command).With the "J" (join) command you can reset the'joinspaces' option to have onlyonespace aftera period (Vi inserts two spaces)."cw" can be used to change whitespace formed by several characters (Viisconfusing: "cw" only changes one space, while "dw" deletes all white space).{Vi: "cw" when ona blank followed by other blanks changes only the firstblank; thisis probablya bug, because "dw" deletes all the blanks}"o" and "O" acceptacount forrepeating theinsert (Vi clearsa part ofdisplay).Flags afterEx commands not supported (no plans to include it).On non-UNIX systems ":cd" command shows current directory instead of going tothehome directory (there isn't one). ":pwd" prints the current directory onall systems.Aftera ":cd" command the file names (in the argument list, opened files)still point to the same files. InVi ":cd"is not allowed ina changed file;otherwise the meaning of file names change.":source!" command readsVi commands froma file.":mkexrc" command writes current modifiedoptions and mappings toa ".exrc"file. ":mkvimrc" writes toa ".vimrc" file.No check for "tail recursion" with mappings. This allows things like":map! foo ^]foo".Whenamapping starts with number,vi loses thecount typed beforeit (e.g.when using themapping ":mapg 4G" the command "7g" goes to line 4). Thisisconsideredavi bug. Vim concatenates the counts (in the exampleit becomes"74G"),as most people would expect.The :put! command inserts the contents ofa register above the current line.The "p" and "P" commands ofvi cannot be repeated with "." when the puttedtextisless thana line. In Vim they can always be repeated.":noremap" command can be used to enteramapping that will not be remapped.Thisis useful to exchange the meaning of two keys. ":cmap", ":cunmap" and":cnoremap" can be used formapping in command-line editing only. ":imap",":iunmap" and ":inoremap" can be used formapping ininsert mode only.Similar commands exist for abbreviations: ":noreabbrev", ":iabbrev"":cabbrev", ":iunabbrev", ":cunabbrev", ":inoreabbrev", ":cnoreabbrev".InVi the command ":map foobar" would removea previousmapping":map bug foo". Thisis considereda bug, soitis not included in Vim.":unmap! foo" does remove ":map! bug foo", because unmapping would be verydifficult otherwise (thisisvi compatible).The ':' register contains the last command-line.The '%' register contains the current file name.The '.' register contains the last inserted text.":dis" command shows the contents of theyank registers.CTRL-O/CTRL-I can be used to jump to older/newer positions. These are thesame positionsas used with the'' command, but may be in another file. The":jumps" command lists the older positions.If the'shiftround' optionis set, an indentis rounded toa multiple of'shiftwidth' with ">" and "<" commands.The'scrolljump' option can be set to the minimum number of lines to scrollwhen the cursor gets off the screen. Use this whenscrollingis slow.The'scrolloff' option can be set to the minimum number of lines to keepabove and below the cursor. This gives some context to where you areediting. When set toa large number the cursor lineis always in the middleof the window.Uppercase marks can be used to jump between files. The ":marks" command listsall currently set marks. The commands "']" and "`]" jump to theend of thepreviousoperator orend of the text inserted with theput command. "'[" and"`["do jump to the start.{Vi: no uppercase marks}The'shelltype' option can be set to reflect the type of shell used on theAmiga.The'highlight' option can be set for the highlight mode to be used forseveral commands.TheCTRL-A (add) andCTRL-X (subtract) commands are new. Thecount to thecommand (default 1)is added to/subtracted from the numberat or after thecursor. That number may be decimal,octal (starts witha '0') or hexadecimal(starts with '0x'). Very useful in macros.With the:set command the prefix "inv" can be used to invertboolean options.In bothVi and Vim you can createa line break with the ":substitute" commandby usingaCTRL-M. ForVi this means you cannotinserta realCTRL-M in thetext. With Vim you canputa realCTRL-M in the text by precedingit withaCTRL-V.InInsert mode:If the'revins' optionis set,insert happens backwards. Thisis for typingHebrew. Wheninserting normal characters the cursor will not be shifted andthe text moves rightwards. Backspace,CTRL-W andCTRL-U will also work inthe opposite direction.CTRL-B toggles the'revins' option. In replace mode'revins' has no effect. Only when enabledat compile time.Thebackspace key can be used just likeCTRL-D to remove auto-indents.You can backspace,CTRL-U andCTRL-W over line breaks if the'backspace' (bs)option includes "eol". You canbackspace over the start ofinsert if the'backspace' option includes "start".When the'paste' optionis set,a fewoptions are reset andmapping ininsertmode and abbreviation are disabled. This allows for pasting text in windowingsystems without unexpected results. When the'paste' optionis reset, the oldoption values are restored.CTRL-T/CTRL-D always insert/delete an indent in the current line, no matterwhat column the cursoris in.CTRL-@ (insert previously inserted text) works always (Vi: only when typedasfirst character).CTRL-A works likeCTRL-@ but does not leaveinsert mode.CTRL-R{register} can be used toinsert the contents ofa register.When the'smartindent' optionis set,C programs will be better auto-indented.With'cindent' even more.CTRL-Y andCTRL-E can be used to copya character from above/below thecurrent cursor position.AfterCTRL-V you can entera three digit decimal number. This byte valueisinserted in the textasa single character. Useful for internationalcharacters that are not on your keyboard.When the'expandtab' (et) optionis set,a<Tab>is expanded to theappropriate number of spaces.Thewindow always reflects the contents of the buffer (Vi does notdo thiswhenchanging text and in some other cases).If Vimis compiled with DIGRAPHS defined,digraphs are supported.A set ofnormaldigraphsis included. They are shown with the ":digraph" command.More can be added with ":digraph{char1}{char2}{number}".Adigraphisentered with "CTRL-K{char1}{char2}" or "{char1} BS{char2}" (only when'digraph' optionis set).Whenrepeating an insert, e.g. "10atest<Esc>"vi would only handle wrapmarginfor the first insert. Vim doesit for all.Acount to the "i" or "a" commandis used for all the text.Vi uses thecountonly for one line. "3iabc<NL>def<Esc>" wouldinsert "abcabcabc<NL>def" inVibut "abc<NL>defabc<NL>defabc<NL>def" in Vim.InCommand-line mode:<Esc> terminates the command-line without executing it. Invi the commandline would be executed, whichis not what most people expect (hitting<Esc>should always get you back to command mode). To avoid problems with someobscure macros, an<Esc> inamacro will execute the command. If you wantatyped<Esc> to execute the command likevi does you can fix this with":cmap ^V<Esc> ^V<CR>"General:The'ttimeout' optionis like'timeout', but only works for cursor andfunction keys, not for ordinary mapped characters. The'timeoutlen' optiongives the number of milliseconds thatis waited for. If the'esckeys' optionis not set, cursor and function keys that start with<Esc> are not recognizedininsert mode.Thereis an option for eachterminal string. Can be used whentermcapis notsupported or to change individual strings.The'fileformat' option can be set to select the<EOL>: "dos"<CR><NL>, "unix"<NL> or "mac"<CR>.When the'fileformats' optionis not empty, Vim tries to detect the type of<EOL> automatically. The'fileformat' optionis set accordingly.On systems that have nojobcontrol (olderUnix systems and non-Unix systems)theCTRL-Z, ":stop" or ":suspend" command startsa new shell.If Vimis started on theAmiga without an interactivewindow for output,awindowis opened (and:sh still works). You can givea device to use forediting with the-d argument, e.g. "-d con:20/20/600/150".The'columns' and'lines'options are used to set or get the width and heightof the display.Option settings are read from the first and last few lines of the file.Option'modelines' determines how many lines are tried (defaultis 5).Notethat thisis different from theVi versions that can execute anyEx commandinamodeline (a major security problem).trojan-horseIf the'insertmode' optionis set (e.g. in .exrc), Vim starts ininsert mode.Andit comes back there, when pressing<Esc>.Undo informationis kept in memory. Available memorylimits the number andsize of change that can be undone. Thisis hardlya problem on theAmiga andalmost never withUnix and Win32.If the'backup' or'writebackup' optionis set: Beforea fileis overwritten,abackup file (.bak)is made. If the "backup" optionis setitis leftbehind.Vim createsa file ending in ".swp" to store parts of the file that have beenchanged or thatdo not fit in memory. This file can be used to recover froman aborted editing session with "vim-r file". Using the swap file can beswitched off by setting the'updatecount' option to0 orstarting Vim withthe "-n" option. Use the'directory' option for placing the .swp filesomewhere else.Vimis able to work correctly on filesystems with 8.3 file names, also whenusing messydos or crossdos filesystems on the Amiga, or any 8.3 mountedfilesystem under Unix. See'shortname'.Errormessages are shownat least one second (Vi overwrites error messages).If Vim gives thehit-enter prompt, you can hit any key. Characters otherthan<CR>,<NL> and<Space> are interpretedas the (start of)a command.{Vi: only ":" commands are interpreted}The contents of the numbered and unnamedregistersis remembered whenchanging files.The "No lines in buffer" messageisa normal message instead of an errormessage, since that may causeamapping to be aborted.{Vi: errormessages may be overwritten with othermessages before you haveachance to read them}The AUX: device of theAmigais supported.==============================================================================6. SupportedVi featuresvi-featuresVim supports nearly allVi commands and mostly in the same way. Thatis whenthe'compatible' optionis set and'cpoptions' contains all flags. What theeffectis of resetting'compatible' and removing flags from'cpoptions' can befoundat thehelp for the specific command.Thehelp files used tomark features that are in Vim but not inVi with {notin Vi}. However, since these remarks cluttered thehelp files we nowdoitthe other way around: Belowis listed whatVi already supported. Anythingelse has been added by Vim.The following Ex commands are supported by Vi::abbreviate enter abbreviation:append append text:args print the argumentlist:cd change directory; Vi: no "cd-":change replacea line or series of lines:chdir change directory:copy copy lines:delete delete lines:edit edita file:exit sameas:xit:file show or set the current file name; Vi: without the columnnumber:global execute commands for matching lines:insertinsert text:join join lines; Vi: not :join!:k setamark:list print lines:map show or enteramapping:mark setamark:move move lines:Nextgo to previous file in the argumentlist{Vi: no count}:nextgo to next file in the argumentlist{Vi: no count}:number print lines with line number:open start open mode (not implemented in Vim):pop jump to older entry intag stack (only in some versions):preserve write all text to swap file{Vi: might also exit}:previous sameas:Next{Vi: only in some versions}:print print lines:putinsert contents of register in the text:quit quitVi:read read file into the text:recover recovera file froma swap file {Vi: recovers in another wayand sends mail if thereis something to recover}:rewindgo to the first file in the argument list; no++opt:set set option; but not `:set inv{option}`, `:set option&`,`:set all&`, `:set option+=value`, `:set option^=value``:set option-=value` `:set option<`:shellescape toa shell:source readVi orEx commands froma file:stopsuspend the editor orescape toa shell:substitute find and replace text; Vi: no '&', 'i', 's', 'r' or 'I' flag,confirm prompt only supports 'y' and 'n', no highlighting:suspend sameas ":stop":t sameas ":copy":tag jump totag:unabbreviate remove abbreviation:undoundo last change{Vi: only one level}:unmap removemapping:vglobal execute commands for not matching lines:version print version number and other info:visual sameas ":edit", but turns off "Ex" mode:wq write toa file and quitVi:write write toa file:xit write if buffer changed and quitVi:yankyank lines intoa register:z print some lines{not in all versions of Vi}:!filter lines or execute an external command:" comment:# sameas ":number":* execute contents ofa register:& repeat last ":substitute":<shift lines one'shiftwidth' left:= print the cursor line number:>shift lines one'shiftwidth' right:@ execute contents ofa register; but not:@;:@@ only insome versionsCommon for these commandsis thatVi doesn't support the++opt argument on:edit and other commands that opena file.The following Normal mode commands are supported by Vi:note: See the beginning ofnormal-index for the meaning of WORD, N, Nmoveand etc in the description text.CTRL-B scrollN screens BackwardsCTRL-C interrupt current (search) commandCTRL-D scroll DownN lines (default: halfa screen); Vim scrolls'scroll' screen lines,Vi scrolls file lines; makesadifference when lines wrapCTRL-E scrollN lines upwards (N lines Extra)CTRL-F scrollN screens ForwardCTRL-G display current file name and position<BS> sameas "h"CTRL-H sameas "h"<NL> sameas "j"CTRL-J sameas "j"CTRL-L redraw screen<CR> cursor to the first CHARN lines lowerCTRL-M sameas<CR>CTRL-N sameas "j"CTRL-P sameas "k"CTRL-R in someVi versions: sameasCTRL-LCTRL-T jump toN older Tag intaglistCTRL-UN lines Upwards (default: halfa screen) {Vi used file lineswhile Vim scrolls'scroll' screen lines; makesa differencewhen lines wrap}CTRL-Y scrollN lines downwardsCTRL-Zsuspend program (or start new shell)CTRL-]:ta to ident under cursor{Vi: identifier after the cursor}CTRL-^ edit alternate file{Vi: no count}<Space> sameas "l"!filter Nmove text through the{filter} command!!filterN lines through the{filter} command"use register{a-zA-Z0-9.%#:-"} for next delete,yank orput(uppercase to append) ({.%#:} only work with put)$ cursor to theend of Nth next line% find the next (curly/square) bracket on this line andgo toits match, orgo to matching comment bracket, orgo tomatching preprocessor directive (Vi: nocount supported)& repeat last:s' jump tomark (Vi: onlylowercase marks)( cursorN sentences backward) cursorN sentences forward+ sameas<CR>, repeat latest f, t,F orT in opposite directionN times- cursor to the first CHARN lines higher. repeat last change withcount replaced withN/ search forward for the Nth occurrence of{pattern}0 cursor to the first char of the line: start entering anEx command; repeat latest f, t,F orTN times<shift Nmove lines one'shiftwidth' leftwards<<shiftN lines one'shiftwidth' leftwards=filter Nmove lines through "indent"==filterN lines through "indent">shift Nmove lines one'shiftwidth' rightwards>>shiftN lines one'shiftwidth' rightwards? search backward for the Nth previous occurrence of{pattern}@ execute the contents of register{a-z}N times{Vi: only named registers}@@ repeat the previous @{a-z}N timesA append text after theend of the lineN timesB cursorN WORDS backwardC change from the cursor position to theend of the lineD delete the characters under the cursor until theend of theline and N-1 more lines [into register x]; synonym for "d$"E cursor forward to theend ofWORDNF cursor to the Nth occurrence of{char} to the leftG cursor to line N, default last lineH cursor to lineN from top of screenIinsert text before the first CHAR on the lineN timesJ JoinN lines; defaultis 2L cursor to lineN from bottom of screenM cursor to middle line of screenN repeat the latest '/' or '?'N times in opposite directionO begina new line above the cursor andinsert text, repeatNtimes{Vi: blank [count] screen lines}Pput the text [from register x] before the cursorN times{Vi: no count}Q switch to "Ex" modeR enter replace mode: overtype existing characters, repeat theentered text N-1 timesS deleteN lines [into register x] and start insert; synonym for"cc".T cursor till after Nth occurrence of{char} to the leftUundo all latest changes on one line{Vi: while not moved off of the last modified line}W cursorN WORDS forwardX deleteN characters before the cursor [into register x]YyankN lines [into register x]; synonym for "yy"ZZ store current file if modified, and exit[[ cursorN sections backward]] cursorN sections forward^ cursor to the first CHAR of the line_ cursor to the first CHARN- 1 lines lower` cursor to themark{a-zA-Z0-9}a append text after the cursorN timesb cursorN words backwardc delete Nmove text [into register x] and startinsertcc deleteN lines [into register x] and startinsertd delete Nmove text [into register x]dd deleteN lines [into register x]e cursor forward to theend ofwordNf cursor to Nth occurrence of{char} to the righth cursorN chars to the leftiinsert text before the cursorN timesj cursorN lines downwardk cursorN lines upwardl cursorN chars to the rightm setmark{A-Za-z}at cursor positionn repeat the latest '/' or '?'N timeso begina new line below the cursor andinsert text{Vi: blank [count] screen lines}pput the text [from register x] after the cursorN times{Vi: no count}r replaceN chars with{char} {Vi:CTRL-V<CR> still replaceswitha line break, cannot replace something witha<CR>}s (substitute) deleteN characters [into register x] and startinsertt cursor till before Nth occurrence of{char} to the rightuundo changes{Vi: only one level}w cursorN words forwardx deleteN characters under and after the cursor [into registerx]yyank Nmove text [into register x]yyyankN lines [into register x]z<CR> current line to the topz- current line to the bottomz+ cursor on lineNz^ cursor on lineN{ cursorN paragraphs backward|cursor to columnN} cursorN paragraphs forward~ switchcase ofN characters under the cursor; Vim: depends on'tildeop'{Vi: no count, no 'tildeop'}<Del> sameas "x"The following commands are supported in Insert mode by Vi:CTRL-@insert previously inserted text and stopinsert{Vi: only when typed as first char, only up to 128 chars}CTRL-Cquitinsert mode, without checking for abbreviation, unless'insertmode' set.CTRL-Ddelete one shiftwidth of indent in the current line{Vi: CTRL-D works only when used after autoindent}<BS>delete character before the cursor {Vi: does not deleteautoindents, does not cross lines, does not delete past startposition of insert}CTRL-Hsameas<BS><Tab>inserta<Tab> characterCTRL-Isameas<Tab><NL>sameas<CR>CTRL-Jsameas<CR><CR>begin new lineCTRL-Msameas<CR>CTRL-Tinsert one shiftwidth of indent in current line {Vi: only whenin indent}CTRL-V{char}insert next non-digit literally{Vi: no decimal byte entry}CTRL-Wdeleteword before the cursorCTRL-Zwhen'insertmode' set:suspendVi<Esc>endinsert mode (unless'insertmode' set)CTRL-[sameas<Esc>0CTRL-Ddelete all indent in the current line^CTRL-Ddelete all indent in the current line, restoreit in the nextline<Del>delete character under the cursorThe following options are supported by Vi:'autoindent''ai' take indent for new line from previous line {Vi does this slightly differently: After the indentis deleted when typing<Esc> or<CR>, the cursor position when moving up or downis after the deleted indent;Vi puts the cursor somewhere in the deleted indent}.'autowrite''aw' automatically write file if changed'directory''dir'list of directory names for the swap file {Vi: directory toput temp file in, defaults to "/tmp"}'edcompatible''ed'toggle flags of ":substitute" command'errorbells''eb' ring the bell for errormessages'ignorecase''ic' ignorecase in search patterns'lines' number of lines in the display'lisp' automatic indenting for Lisp {Vi: Doesita little bit differently}'list' show<Tab> and<EOL>'magic' changes special characters in search patterns'modeline''ml' recognize'modelines'at start orend of file{called modelines in some Vi versions}'number''nu' print the line number in front of each line'paragraphs''para' nroff macros that separate paragraphs'prompt''prompt' enable prompt inEx mode'readonly''ro' disallowwriting the buffer {Vim sets'readonly'when editinga file with:view}'remap' allow mappings to work recursively'report' threshold for reporting nr. of lines changed'scroll''scr' lines to scroll withCTRL-U andCTRL-D'sections''sect' nroff macros that separate sections'shell''sh' name of shell to use for external commands'shiftwidth''sw' number of spaces to use for (auto)indent step'showmatch''sm' briefly jump to matching bracket ifinsert one'showmode''smd' message on status line to show current mode'tabstop''ts' number of columns between twotab stops'taglength''tl' number of significant characters foratag'tags''tag'list of file names used by thetag command{Vi: default is "tags /usr/lib/tags"}'tagstack''tgst' pushtags onto thetag stack {not in all versionsof Vi}'term' name of theterminal'terse' shorten somemessages'timeout''to' time out on mappings and key codes'timeoutlen''tm' time for'timeout'{only in some Vi versions}'ttytype''tty' alias for'term''verbose''vbs' give informativemessages {only in someViversionsasaboolean option}'warn' warn for shell command when buffer was changed'window''wi' nr of lines to scroll forCTRL-F andCTRL-B {Vi also uses the option to specify the number of displayed lines}'wrapmargin''wm' chars from the right where wrapping starts{Vi: works differently and less usefully}'wrapscan''ws' searches wrap around theend of the file'writeany''wa' write to file with no need for "!" overrideAlso seemissing-options.==============================================================================7.Command-line argumentscmdline-argumentsDifferent versions ofVi have different command-line arguments. This can beconfusing. Tohelp you, thissection gives an overview of the differences.Five variants ofVi will be considered here:ElvisElvis version 2.1bNviNvi version 1.79PosixPosix 1003.2ViVi version 3.7 (for Sun 4.1.x)VileVile version 7.4 (incomplete)VimVim version 5.2Only Vimis able to acceptoptions in between and after the file names.+{command}Elvis, Nvi, Posix, Vi, Vim: Sameas "-c{command}".-Nvi, Posix, Vi: RunEx in batch mode.Vim: Read file from stdin (use-s for batch mode).--Vim: End of options, only file names are following.--cmd{command}Vim: execute{command} before sourcingvimrc files.--echo-widVim:GTK+ echoes the Window ID on stdout--helpVim: showhelp message and exit.--literalVim: take file names literally, don't expand wildcards.--noforkVim: sameas-f--noplugin[s]Vim: Skip loading plugins.--remoteVim: edit the files in another Vim server--remote-expr{expr}Vim: evaluate{expr} in another Vim server--remote-send{keys}Vim: send{keys} toa Vim server and exit--remote-silent{file}Vim: edit the files in another Vim server if possible--remote-waitVim: edit the files in another Vim server and wait forit--remote-wait-silentVim: like --remote-wait, no complaints if not possible--role{role}Vim:GTK+ 2: set role of mainwindow--serverlistVim: Outputalist of Vim servers and exit--servername{name}Vim: Specify Vim server name--socketid{id}Vim:GTKwindow socket to run Vim in--windowid{id}Vim:Win32window ID to run Vim in--versionVim: show version message and exit.-?Vile: print usage summary and exit.-aElvis: Load all specified file names intoawindow (use-o forVim).-AVim: Start inArabic mode (when compiled with Arabic).-b{blksize}Elvis: Use{blksize} blocksize for the session file.-bVim: set'binary' mode.-CVim: Compatible mode.-c{command}Elvis, Nvi, Posix, Vim: run{command}as anEx command afterloading the edit buffer.Vim: allow up to 10 "-c" arguments-d{device}Vim: Use{device} for I/O (Amiga only). {only when compiledwithout the+diff feature}-dVim: start with'diff' set.vimdiff-dev{device}Vim: Use{device} for I/O (Amiga only).-DVim: debug mode.-eElvis, Nvi, Vim: Start inEx mode,as if the executableiscalled "ex".-EVim: Start in improvedEx modegQ, like "exim".-fVim: RunGUI in foreground (Amiga: don't open new window).-f{session}Elvis: Use{session}as the session file.-FVim: Start inFarsi mode (when compiled with Farsi).Nvi: Fast start, don't read the entire file when editingstarts.-G{gui}Elvis: Use the{gui}as user interface.-gVim: Start GUI.-gNVile: start editingat lineN-hVim: Givehelp message.Vile: edit thehelp file-HVim: start Hebrew mode (when compiled with it).-iElvis: Start eachwindow inInsert mode.-i{viminfo}Vim: Use{viminfo} forviminfo file.-LVim: Sameas "-r" {only in some versions of Vi: "Listrecoverable edit sessions"}.-lNvi, Vi, Vim: Set'lisp' and'showmatch' options.-mVim: Modifications not allowed to be written, resets'write'option.-MVim: Modifications not allowed, resets'modifiable' and the'write' option.-NVim: No-compatible mode.-nVim: No swap file used.-nb[args]Vim: openaNetBeansinterface connection-O[N]Vim: Like -o, but use vertically split windows.-o[N]Vim: Open [N] windows, or one for each file.-p[N]Vim: Open [N]tab pages, or one for each file.-P{parent-title}Win32 Vim: open Vim insidea parent applicationwindow-q{name}Vim: Use{name} forquickfix error file.-q{name}Vim: Idem.-RElvis, Nvi, Posix, Vile, Vim: Set the'readonly' option.-rElvis, Nvi, Posix, Vi, Vim: Recovery mode.-SNvi: Set'secure' option.-S{script}Vim: sourcescript afterstarting up.-sNvi, Posix, Vim: Sameas "-" (silent mode), when inEx mode.Elvis: Sets the'safer' option.-s{scriptin}Vim: Read fromscript file{scriptin}; only when not inExmode.-s{pattern}Vile: search for{pattern}-t{tag}Elvis, Nvi, Posix, Vi, Vim: Edit the file containing{tag}.-t{tag}Vim: Idem.-T{term}Vim: Setterminal name to{term}.-u{vimrc}Vim: Read initializations from{vimrc} file.-U{gvimrc}Vim: ReadGUI initializations from{gvimrc} file.-vNvi, Posix, Vi, Vim: Begin inNormal mode (visual mode, inViterms).Vile:View mode, no changes possible.-VElvis, Vim: Verbose mode.-V{nr}Vim: Verbose mode with specified level.-w{size}Elvis, Posix, Nvi, Vi, Vim: Set value of'window' to{size}.-w{size}Nvi, Vi: Sameas "-w{size}".-w{name}Vim: Write toscript file{name} (must start with non-digit).-W{name}Vim: Append toscript file{name}.-xVi, Vim: Ask forencryption key. Seeencryption.-XVim: Don't connect to theX server.-yVim: Start ineasy mode, likeevim.-ZVim: restricted mode@{cmdfile}Vile: use{cmdfile}asstartup file.==============================================================================8. POSIX complianceposixposix-complianceIn 2005 the POSIX test suite was run to check the compatibility of Vim. Mostof the test was executed properly. There are the few things where Vimis not POSIX compliant, even when run inVi compatibility mode.$VIM_POSIXSet the$VIM_POSIX environment variable to have'cpoptions' include the POSIXflags when Vim starts up. This makes Vim runas POSIXasit can. That'sa bit different from beingVi compatible.You can find thePosix specification forVi here:https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/vi.htmlAnd the relatedEx specification:https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/ex.htmlThisis where Vim does not behaveas POSIXspecifies and why:posix-screen-sizeThe $COLUMNS and $LINES environmentvariables are ignored by Vim ifthe size can be obtained from theterminal ina more reliable way.Add the'|' flag to'cpoptions' to have $COLUMNS and $LINES overrulesizes obtained in another way.The "{" and "}" commands don't stopata "{" in the original Vi, butPOSIXspecifiesit does. Add the '{' flag to'cpoptions' if you wantit the POSIX way.The "D", "o" and "O" commands accepta count. Also when repeated.Add the '#' flag to'cpoptions' if you want to ignore the count.The ":cd" command fails if the current bufferis modified when the '.'flagis present in'cpoptions'.Thereis noATTENTION message, the "A" flagis added to'shortmess'.These are remarks about running the POSIX test suite:-vi test 33 sometimes fails for unknown reasons-vi test 250 fails; behavior will be changed ina new revision (dead link) opengroup.org/austin/mailarchives/ag-review/msg01710.html (link no longer works, perhaps it's now:https://www.opengroup.org/sophocles/show_mail.tpl?CALLER=show_archive.tpl&source=L&listname=austin-review-l&id=1711)-vi test 310 fails; exit code non-zero when any error occurred?-ex test 24 fails because testis wrong. Changed between SUSv2 and SUSv3.-ex tests 47, 48, 49, 72, 73 fail because.exrc file isn't read in silent mode and $EXINIT isn't used.-ex tests 76, 78 fail because echois used instead of printf. (fixed) Also: problem with \s not changed to space.-ex test 355 fails because'window' isn't used for "30z".-ex test 368 fails because shell command isn't echoed in silent mode.-ex test 394 fails because "=" command output isn't visible in silent mode.-ex test 411 fails because test fileis wrong, contains stray ':'.-ex test 475 and 476 fail because reprint output isn't visible in silent mode.-ex test 480 and 481 fail because thetags file has spaces instead ofa tab.-ex test 502 fails because.exrc isn't read in silent mode.-ex test 509 fails because.exrc isn't read in silent mode. and exit codeis 1 instead of 2.-ex test 534 fails because.exrc isn't read in silent mode.==============================================================================9. Supported Operating systemsos-supportVim tries to support some old operating systems, however support for olderoperating systems might be dropped if maintenance becomesa burden or can nolonger be verified.Hereis the status of some operating systems.Note fully supported means,supportis verifiedas part of the CI test suite.System| Status:--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------Amiga (OS4, AROS& MorphOS):| supportedHaiku:| supportedLinux:| fully supported (on maintained versions)macOS:| fully supported up until v10.6 (?)MS-Windows 7, 8, 10, 11:| fully supportedOpenVMS:| supportedQNX:| still supported (?)UNIX:| supported (on maintained versions)zOS/OS390:| still supported (?)The following operating systems are no longer supported:System| Status:--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------Atari MiNT:| support was dropped with v8.2.1215BeOS:| support was dropped with v8.2.0849MS-DOS:| support was dropped with v7.4.1399MS-Windows XP and Vista:| support was dropped with v9.0.0496OS/2:| support was dropped with v7.4.1008RISC OS:| support was dropped with v7.3.0187NeXTSTEP:| support was deprecated with v9.1.1727 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: